HIS CH 16-4B PEARL HARBOR

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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Japan Attacks the United States

The tide pushing the United States toward war was flowing much faster than either leader knew. To almost everyone's surprise, however, the attack that brought the United States into the war came from an unexpected country-not from Germany but from Japan.

JAPAN'S AMBITIONS

In Japan, expansionists had long dreamed of creating a vast colonial empire that would stretch from Manchuria and China south to Thailand and Indonesia . This dream had motivated Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and of China in 1937 . South of China, though, Japan's ambitions for expansion brought them into conflict with other colonial powers . These powers included France (in French Indochina), the Netherlands (in the Dutch East Indies), Britain (in Burma, India, and Malaya), and the United States (in Guam and the Philippines) . By 1941, France and the Netherlands had fallen to Germany, and the British were too busy fighting Hitler to block Japanese expansion . Only the United States and its Pacific islands remained in Japan's way.

The Japanese began their southward push in July of 1941 by taking over French military bases in Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) . The United States protested this new act of aggression by cutting off trade with Japan. The embargoed goods included the one thing Japan could not live without-oil to fuel its war machine . Japanese military leaders warned that, without oil, Japan could be defeated without its enemies ever striking a blow. The leaders declared that Japan must either persuade the United States to end its oil embargo or seize the oil fields in the Dutch East Indies .

What was the source of tensions between the United States and Japan in 1941?

a.	Japanese exports to the United States	c.	Japan’s refusal to buy oil from the United States
b.	Japan’s desire to conquer and control Asia by force.	d.	American aggression in China

Which statement is true?

a.	Japan attacked China even though China did nothing to provoke Japan	c.	Japan attacked China because it was an ally of the United States
b.	China attacked Japan causing the Japanese invasion	d.	The U.S. was responsible for Japanese aggression in Asia

In October, the militant Japanese general Hideki Tojo became the new prime minister of Japan. Shortly after taking office, Tojo met Japan's revered emperor, Hirohito . At that meeting, Tojo promised the emperor that the government would make a final attempt to preserve peace with the Americans. If the peace talks failed, Japan would have no choice but to go to war. But on November 5, 1941, the very day that Tojo's special "peace" envoy flew to Washington for talks, the prime minister ordered the Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on the United States. This demonstrates that neither Tojo or Hirohito was interested in peace with the United states.

The U.S. military had broken Japan's secret communication codes and knew that Japan was preparing for a strike. What it didn't know was where the attack would come. Late in November, Roosevelt sent out a "war warning" to military commanders in Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines . If war could not be avoided, the warning said, "the United States desires that Japan commit the first overt act." And the nation waited.

The peace talks went on for a month. Then, late on December 6, 1941, the president received a decoded message that had been intercepted. This message instructed Japan's peace envoy to reject all American peace proposals . "This means war," Roosevelt told his friend and adviser Harry Hopkins . "It's too bad we can't strike first and prevent a surprise," Hopkins replied . "No, we can't do that," Roosevelt reportedly responded. "We are a democracy of peaceful people . We have a good record . We must stand on it."

How did we know that Japan was preparing for war with the U.S. and would not accept our peace offers?

a.	The Japanese emperor was controlled by the military leaders	c.	We were informed by the German ambassador
b.	We broke the Japanese codes and could listen to their communications	d.	Japan told the U.S. that it wanted war and would attack soon

Who was the Japanese military general who became prime minister in 1941?

a.	General Hiroheto	c.	Hideki Tojo
b.	A military leader cannot be a civilian leader	d.	General Hideki Godzilla

What did changes in the Japanese government in October 1941 mean?

a.	Japan would probably become a more peaceful nation	c.	The military was out of favor with the Japanese government
b.	The military was now in control of the Japanese government	d.	There would be restrictions and controls placed on the Japanese military

Which statement is true?

a.	Roosevelt knew Japan was going to attack the U.S. but didn’t know when and where	c.	Roosevelt had no idea that Japan was going to attack the U.S.
b.	Roosevelt knew that Japan was going to attack Pearl Harbor on December 7	d.	Roosevelt wanted to attack Japan first and that is what prompted the Japanese attack

THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR

Early the next morning, a Japanese dive-bomber swooped low over the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor the largest U.S . naval base in the Pacific. The bomber was followed by more than 180 Japanese warplanes launched from six aircraft carriers. As the first Japanese bombs found their targets, a radio operator flashed this message: "Air raid on Pearl Harbor. This is not a drill." For an hour and a half, the Japanese planes were barely disturbed by American antiaircraft guns and blasted target after target . By the time the last plane soared off around 9:30 A.M ., the devastation was appalling. John Garcia, a pipe fitter's apprentice, was there.

For Japan, the attack on Pearl Harbor was a stunning victory. The Japanese navy all but crippled the entire U.S. Pacific Fleet in one blow. Its own casualties numbered only 29 planes . In Tokyo, the elated Tojo visited a shrine to thank the spirits of his ancestors for this favorable opening of Japan's campaign to rule East Asia.

In Washington, the mood ranged from outrage to panic. At the White House, Eleanor Roosevelt watched closely as her husband, with a "deadly calm," absorbed the news from Hawaii, "each report more terrible than the last." The surprise raid had sunk or badly damaged 18 ships . About 350 planes had been destroyed or severely damaged. Some 2,400 people had died, and another 1,178 had been wounded. These losses constituted more damage than the U.S . Navy had suffered in all of World War I .

Beneath the president's calm, Eleanor could see how worried he was. "I never wanted to have to fight this war on two fronts," Roosevelt told his wife. "We haven't the Navy to fight in both the Atlantic and the Pacific . . . so we will have to build up the Navy and the Air Force and that will mean that we will have to take a good many defeats before we can have a victory." The next day, President Roosevelt addressed Congress. He asked for a declaration of war against Japan, which Congress quickly approved. Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States

For all the damage done at Pearl Harbor, perhaps the greatest was to the cause of isolationism. "The only thing now to do," said the isolationist senator Burton Wheeler after the attack, "is to lick (kick) the hell out of them."

What was the response of President Roosevelt to the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese?

a.	Asked Japan for a peace treaty	c.	He did nothing
b.	Asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan the next day.	d.	Asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan and Germany the next day.

Which statement is true?

a.	The attack on Pearl Harbor was a big victory for Japan	c.	The attack on Pearl Harbor was a victory for Hitler
b.	The attack on Pearl Harbor was a big loss for Japan	d.	The Japanese army led the attack on Pearl Harbor

After the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan, and the declaration of war against the U.S. by Germany, Roosevelt knew America would have to fight a two front war in Asia and Europe. How did FDR feel about fighting a two front war?

a.	He was confident that it would be a short war	c.	He wanted to ask Germany for peace so he could concentrate on Japan
b.	He was concerned and thought it would take a long time to defeat Germany and Japan	d.	He was happy that America would finally be able to show it’s strenght