HIS CH 16-1a DICTATORS

Last Name: Period:

First Name:

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

FAILURES OF THE WORLD WAR 1 PEACE SETTLEMENT

The Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I did not create a "just and secure peace." Germans saw nothing fair in a treaty that blamed them for starting the war. Nor did they find much security in a settlement that stripped their country of territories they had long seen as German. Similarly, the Soviets resented the carving away of parts of Russia to create an independent Poland and the nations of Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia.

In addition, the peace settlement did not make the world "safe for democracy," as Wilson had hoped. At the end of the war, new democratic governments did emerge in many European nations, including Germany Austria, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece . Most of these nations lacked democratic traditions, though, and their newly elected leaders needed to made democracy succeed. However, the Versailles treaty did nothing to help the war torn nations of Europe rebuild. Instead, many of the new democracies were expected to pay off huge war debts while trying to deal with widespread hunger, homelessness, and unemployment.

Unable to cope with these problems, several new democracies collapsed and dictators seized power. Some of these dictators were content simply to collect taxes and keep order. A few, however, had far grander ambitions

The treaty that ended World War I was called the Treaty of

a.	Paris	c.	Versailles
b.	World War I	d.	London

_____ resented the fact that territory was taken away from them to create new countries after WWI.

a.	England and France	c.	Poland and Russia
b.	Russia and France	d.	Germany and Russia

Woodrw Wilson believed that WWI would make the world safe for democracy. Why did democracy fail in Europe after WWI?

a.	No new democracies were created after the war	c.	The United States was the only experienced democracy that fought in World War I
b.	Few of the new democracies had experience running their countries as democracies	d.	Fascism is a better form of government than democracy

Which statement is true about the treaty of Versailles

a.	It put unfair burdens on Germany and helped created an atmosphere where democracy could not succeed.	c.	It put unfair burdens on Poland and helped created an atmosphere where democracy could not succeed.
b.	It was unfair to England and France	d.	It treated all nations the same.

JOSEPH STALIN TRANSFORMS THE SOVIET UNION

In Russia, hopes for democracy gave way to civil war, resulting in the establishment of a Communist state, the Soviet Union, in 1922. When V I. Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, died in 1924, Joseph Stalin took control of the country. Stalin, took his name because it meant "man of steel," He was as iron-willed as his name implied. Stalin focused on creating a model Communist state in the Soviet Union. In doing so, he began an agricultural and industrial restructuring that trampled the rights of-and brought great suffering to-his people.

In 1927, Stalin launched his massive drive to transform the Soviet Union into a truly socialist country, which meant stamping out private enterprise, especially private farming. He began by ordering the collectivization of Soviet agriculture-that is, the organization of production under collective, or state, control . He forced Russia's peasants to give up their small plots of land so that they could be combined into large state-owned farms . They were then expected to work on the collective farms as wage earners .

Meanwhile, Stalin turned to his second great goal, the transformation of the Soviet Union from a backward rural nation into a great industrial power. By 1939, the Soviet Union had become the world's third largest industrial power, surpassed in overall production by only the United States and Germany.

The human costs of this transformation, however, were enormous. To accomplish his ambitious goals, the "man of steel" turned the Soviet Union into a vast police state-a state in which no one was safe from the prying eyes and ears of government spies and secret police . Anyone even suspected of criticizing the Soviet leader or his goals was arrested and shipped off to a forced labor camp in the frozen wastelands of Siberia.

Lenin and Joseph Stalin

Stalin sent millions to forced labor camps for criticizing the communist state.

Joseph Stalin was a

a.	democrat	c.	democratic communist
b.	democratic socialist	d.	communist dictator

Stalin wanted to turn the Soviet Union into

a.	a communist industrial world power	c.	capitalist state
b.	democratic republic	d.	capitalist industrial world power

Which statement is true about Stalin?

a.	he was a communist who was concerned about the civil liberties and freedom of the ordinary Soviet citizen	c.	he was a socialist who only cared about industrialization, reform of the farm system and protection of private property
b.	he was a brutal communist dictator who was responsible for the deaths of millions of his own people.	d.	he was none of these

THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY

Benito Mussolini

While Stalin was consolidating his power in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini was establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy. In 1919, Mussolini had begun his rise to power by advertising for war veterans to fight the politicians, who, in Mussolini's view, were destroying Italy. This mobilization was the beginning of fascism, a new political movement that consisted of a strong, centralized government headed by a powerful dictator. Fascism was rooted in the nationalism that had reshaped Europe over the past century. Mussolini dreamed of making Italy a great power in the world.

Unlike Stalin's Communist regime, Mussolini's Fascist state did not attempt to control farms and factories . In fact, many discontented veterans, jobless youth, and businesspeople greatly feared the spread of communism to Italy. These people became firm supporters of Mussolini. In 1921, Mussolini established the Fascist Party, which then won 35 seats in the Italian parliament. A year later, after Mussolini staged a march on Rome with thousands of his black-shirted followers, the Italian king allowed him to form a new government.

Calling himself Il Duce, or "the chief," Mussolini gradually extended Fascist control to every aspect of Italian life. Tourists marveled that Il Duce had even "made the trains run on time ." Mussolini achieved this efficiency, however, by crushing all opposition and by making Italy a totalitarian state.

Benito Mussolini was a

a.	Communist	c.	Republican leader
b.	Democratic leader	d.	Fascist leader

Benito Mussolini was elected to power and turned Italy into _____

a.	a Communist state	c.	a totalitarian dictatorship
b.	a monarchy	d.	a democratic state

10.

According to the author, European Facism is rooted in

a.	economics	c.	extreme internationalism
b.	extreme nationalism	d.	democracy

THE NAZIS TAKE OVER GERMANY In Germany,

Adolf Hitler
“One People, One State, One Leader”

Adolf Hitler had followed a path to power similar to Mussolini's, he too was a Facist. At the end of World War I, Hitler had been a jobless soldier drifting around Germany. In 1919, he joined a struggling group called the National Socialist German Workers' Party, better known as the Nazi Party. Despite the word Socialist in its name, this party had no ties to socialism and in fact hated it. Soon Hitler became the tiny party's furher, or leader.

Hitler laid out the basic beliefs of Nazism in his book Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"), published in two volumes in 1925 and 1927. A type of fascism, Nazism was based on extreme nationalism . Hitler, who had been born in Austria, dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German empire. To this element of nationalism, Hitler added his theories about race. In his view, Germans-especially blue-eyed, blond-haired "Aryans"-formed a "master race" that was destined to rule the world. He claimed that the Jews were destroying German culture.

A third element of Nazism was national expansion . Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive, it needed more lebensraum, or living space. One of the Nazis' aims, as Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf was "to secure for the German people the land and soil to which they are entitled on this earth," even if this could be accomplished only by "the might of a victorious sword."

The Great Depression helped the Nazis come to power. By 1932, some 6 million Germans were unemployed. Many of these desperate people turned to Hitler as their last hope. In elections held in March 1932, the Nazis won more votes than any other party, though not a majority. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor (prime minister) .

Once in power, the Fuhrer quickly dismantled Germany's democratic Weimar Republic. In its place he established what he called the Third Reich, or Third German Empire. Like the first German empire (the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne), and unlike the short-lived second empire established by Bismarck in the 19th century, the Third Reich, according to Hitler, would be a "Thousand-Year Reich."

11.

What was the name of the book in which Hitler laid out his basic ideas about government and society?

a.	Mein Kampf	c.	Mein Furher
b.	The Manifesto	d.	Das Capital

12.

One of the reasons Hitler invaded Eastern Europe and Russia is that Germany needed lebensraum. What is lebensraum?

a.	destruction of a nations enemies	c.	revenge
b.	superiority	d.	living space

13.

The Nazi’s used _____ to gain win elections in Germany in 1932

a.	the depression	c.	fear and suspicion of the Jews
b.	hatred of the Treaty of Versailles	d.	all of these

14.

Hitler said that he was building the new German state on the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne, and the short-lived second empire established by Bismarck in the 19th century. He called this empire

a.	the New Weirmar Republic	c.	the Weirmar Republic
b.	the Third Reich	d.	the German Republic

15.

Hitler and Mussolini were both

a.	Communists	c.	Anarchist’s
b.	Democratic	d.	Facists

MILITARISTS GAIN CONTROL IN JAPAN

Emporer Hirohito

General Tojo

Halfway around the world from Germany, nationalistic military leaders in Japan were trying to take control of their government. These leaders shared Hitler's belief in the need for more "living space" for a growing populationand the superiority of the Japanese race. The militarists launched a surprise invasion of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931 They considered the Chinese to be an inferior race. Within several months, Japanese troops controlled the entire province, a resource-rich area nearly as large as Alaska which they ruled with harsh brutality.

Japan also occupied Korea and treated the Korean people with the same contempt they had for the Chinese

The League of Nations had been established after World War I to prevent such aggressive acts. In this first test of its power, the League sent representatives to Manchuria to investigate the situation . Their report condemned Japan, which simply quit the League . Meanwhile, the success of the Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Japan's government.

16.

Japan and Germany shared the need for more living space and a belief in the superiority of their own race.

a.	true	c.	partly true
b.	false

17.

What did the League of Nations do when Japan invaded Manchuria

a.	investigated	c.	ignored Japan’s actions
b.	kicked Japan out of the League	d.	appealed to the United States to intervene

18.

What was the attitude of the Japanese toward the Chinese and Korean peoples?

a.	Japan saw Koreans and Chinese as Asian equals	c.	Japan thought the Chinese were inferior but not the Koreans
b.	Japan saw Koreans and Chinese as inferior to the Japanese race.	d.	Japan thought the Koreans were inferior but not the Chinese

19.

After the League of Nations condemed Japan for their invision of Manchuraia, what did Japan do?

a.	they started to withdraw their troops from Manchuria	c.	they quit the League of Nations
b.	they blamed the invasion on U.S. aggression	d.	they went to war against the League of Nations

AGGRESSION IN EUROPE

German troops invade the Rhineland

The failure of the League of Nations to take action against Japan did not escape the notice of Europe's dictators. In 1933, Hitler felt bold enough to pull Germany out of the League. In 1935, he began a military buildup in violation of the Versailles treaty. A year later, he sent troops into the Rhineland, a German region bordering France and Belgium which was demilitarized as a result of the Versailles treaty. He also signed the Rome- Berlin Axis Pact, which established a formal alliance between Germany and Italy. The League did nothing to stop Hitler.

Mussolini (left) and Haile Selassie (right)

Meanwhile, Mussolini began building his new Roman Empire. His first target was Ethiopia, Africa's only remaining independent country. By the fall of 1935, tens of thousands of Italian soldiers stood ready to advance on Ethiopia. The League of Nations reacted with brave talk of "collective resistance to all acts of unprovoked aggression."

When the invasion began, however, the League's response was an ineffective economic boycott-little more than a slap on Italy's wrist. By June 1936, Ethiopia had fallen . In desperation, Haile Selassie, the ousted Ethiopian emperor, appealed to the League for assistance. Nothing was done. "It is us today," he told them. "It will be you tomorrow."

20.

What did the Rome- Berlin Axis Pact do?

a.	made Germany and Italy enemies	c.	made Germany and Italy allies
b.	made Germany reject the Versailles treaty	d.	made it legal to persecute the Jews

21.

What area of the world did Italy attack?

a.	Southern Africa	c.	the Balkans
b.	North Africa	d.	Eastern Europe

22.

As a result of the Italian invasion of his country, who said "It is us today," he told them. "It will be you tomorrow."

a.	the Jews	c.	Anwar Sadat
b.	Mussolini	d.	Haile Selassie

23.

General Franco became the dictator of _____

a.	Russia	c.	Spain
b.	Germany	d.	Italy

24.

Who became the Fascist dictator of Italy?

a.	Hitler	c.	Franco
b.	Mussolini	d.	Stalin