HIS CH 21-1 SEGREGATION

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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The Segregation System Segregated buses might never have rolled through the streets of Montgomery or anywhere else in the United States-if the Civil Rights Act of 1875 had remained in force. This act outlawed segregation in public facilities by decreeing that “all persons . . . shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations . . . of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement.” In 1883, however, the Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional
*PLESSY V. FERGUSON* During the 1890s, a number of other court decisions and state laws severely limited African-American rights . In 1890, Louisiana passed a law requiring railroads to provide “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races.” In the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896, the Supreme Court ruled that this law did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees all Americans equal treatment under the law. Armed with the Plessy decision, states throughout the nation, but especially in the South, passed what were known as Jim Crow laws, or laws aimed at separating the races. Laws forbade marriage between blacks and whites and established many other restrictions on social and religious contact between the races . There were separate schools, as well as separate streetcars, waiting rooms, railroad coaches, elevators, witness stands, and public restrooms. The facilities provided for blacks were always far inferior to those provided for whites . Nearly every day, African Americans faced humiliating signs that read, Colored Water; No Blacks Allowed; Whites Only.

In 1873 a civil rights act was passed that made segregation unconstitutional in the United States. If this is true, why did segregation continue until the late 1900’s?

a.	The government refused to enforce the law	c.	People in the North ignored the law
b.	The Supreme Court said the law was unconstitutional	d.	People in the South ignored the law

The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution says that the law must be applied equally to all citizens. In the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896, what did the Supreme Court rule?

a.	The U.S. government should not interfere in segregation cases.	c.	Separate facilities for the races did not violate the 14th Amendment
b.	Slavery is unconstitutional	d.	Separate facilities for the races did violate the 14th Amendment

What were Jim Crow laws?

a.	Laws designed to separate the races	c.	Law that forbid the sale of bourbon whisky to African Americans
b.	Laws designed to bring the races together	d.	Laws designed to protect black people

SEGREGATION CONTINUES INTO THE 20^TH CENTURY In the late 1800s, some African Americans tried to escape Southern racism by moving north. This migration of Southern African Americans speeded up greatly during World War I, as many African-American sharecroppers abandoned the farms for the promise of industrial jobs in Northern cities . However, once African Americans reached the North, they discovered that racial prejudice and segregation patterns existed there as well. Most African Americans could find housing only in all black neighborhoods. In addition, many white workers resented competition from blacks, resentment which sometimes led to violence .	*African American war plant workers*
In many ways, the events of World War II set the stage for the civil rights movement. First, the demand for soldiers in the early 1940s created a shortage of white male laborers, which opened up new job opportunities for African Americans, and women. Second, about 700,000 African Americans served in the armed forces, which needed so many fighting men that they gradually had to end discriminatory policies that had kept African Americans from serving in fighting units. Many African-American soldiers returned from the war determined to fight for their own freedom now that they had helped defeat Fascist regimes overseas . Third, during the war, civil rights organizations actively campaigned for African-American voting rights and challenged Jim Crow laws. In response to protests, President Roosevelt issued a presidential directive prohibiting racial discrimination by federal agencies and all companies that were engaged in war work. The groundwork was laid for more organized campaigns to end segregation throughout the United States.

During the 20th century many African Americans moved from the South to the North. What was the main motivation for this migration?

a.	The civil rights movement was stronger in the North	c.	In the North there was no segregation
b.	Good paying factory jobs in the North	d.	Martin Luther King encouraged blacks to move North

Which World War II events motivated black people to want more civil rights and set the stage for the civil rights movement of the 50’s and 60’s?

a.	Black men serving in the military	d.	Roosevelt declaring an end to segregation in war industries
b.	Blacks working in the war plants	e.	All of these set the state for the civil rights movement
c.	Civil rights leaders campaigned for an end to Jim Crow laws and for voting rights

In World War II African Americans

a.	secretly wanted Japan to win the war because they were not white	c.	were pro American patriots who worked and fought for the United States
b.	agreed with the Black Muslims who refused to help the U.S. in the war	d.	hated the United States because of segregation

Challenging Segregation in Court Since 1909, the NAACP had fought to end segregation. One influential figure in this campaign was Charles Hamilton Houston, a brilliant Howard University professor who trained African-American law students and who also served as chief legal counsel for the NAACP from 1934 to 1938.	*Thurgood Marshall*
THE NAACP LEGAL STRATEGY - In deciding the NAACP’s legal strategy, Houston considered the blatant inequality between the separate schools many states provided for the two races . At that time, the nation spent ten times as much money educating a white child as it did educating an African-American child. It was to redress this injustice that Houston chose to focus the organization’s limited resources on challenging segregated public education . For help, Houston recruited some of his most able law students to prepare a battery of cases to take before the Supreme Court. In 1938, he placed the team under the direction of Thurgood Marshall. Over the next 23 years, Marshall and his NAACP lawyers would win 29 out of 32 cases argued before the Supreme Court. Several of the cases that Marshall and his team of lawyers won became legal milestones, each one chipping away at the segregationist tenets of Plessy v. Ferguson . · In the 1946 case Morgan v. Virginia, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional those state laws mandating segregated seating on interstate buses . · In 1950, the high court ruled in Sweatt v. Painter that state law schools must admit black applicants, even if separate black schools exist. · In another 1950 case that Marshall and his team argued, the court ruled that blacks admitted to state graduate schools were entitled to the use of all the school’s facilities. · BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION Marshall’s most stunning victory came on May 17, 1954, in the case known as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas . In this case, the court responded to a brilliant legal brief written by Marshall that addressed segregated education in four states-Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware. The court lumped the state cases together in a single ruling named for the case concerning nine-year-old Linda Brown. Her father, Oliver Brown, had charged the board of education of Topeka with violating Linda’s rights by denying her admission to an all-white elementary school four blocks from her house. The state had directed Linda to cross a railroad yard and then take a bus to an all-black elementary school 21 blocks away. In a landmark verdict, the Supreme Court unanimously struck down segregation as unconstitutional . The Court’s decision, written by Chief Justice Earl Warren, in part stated the following. To separate [African-American children] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone. . . . We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . CHIEF JUSTICE EARL WARREN, Brown v. Board of Education

How did Charles Hamilton Houston decide to attack racism?

a.	In the streets	c.	In the courts
b.	In the workplace	d.	In the inner city

Charles Hamilton Houston was especially upset of inequality in

a.	the work place	c.	in the churches
b.	in the schools	d.	in the military

What was the 1946 case Morgan v. Virginia case concerned with?

a.	segregation in the workplace	c.	segregation in transportation
b.	segregation in the military	d.	segregation in schools

10.

What was the Sweatt v. Painter case about

a.	admission of black applicants to law schools	c.	work place segregation
b.	promotion of blacks in the military	d.	admission of black men to medical colleges

11.

What was the name of the very able African American lawyer who worked with the NAACP for 23 years and won 29 of the 32 cases he argued before the Supreme Court?

a.	Plessy Fergusson	c.	Charles Hampton
b.	Charles Houston	d.	Thurgood Marshall

12.

What was the Brown v Board of Education case all about?

a.	A nine year old girl, Linda Brown, was not allowed to go to a white school 4 blocks from her house because she was black	c.	Linda Brown was not permitted to go to an all black school, just 4 blocks from her house.
b.	Linda Brown, a white girl, was forced to go to an all black school as part of a forced integration plan for Topeka, Kansas	d.	Linda Brown could not go to school because there were not black schools in Topeka, Kansas

13.

There are 9 judges on the Supreme Court. How many voted to end segregation in the Brown v Board of Education case.

a.	5	c.	8
b.	6	d.	9

14.

Earl Warren was a conservative Republican appointed to the Supreme Court by Republican President, Dwight Eisenhower. How did Warren feel about segregation in public schools?

a.	He was in favor of segregation as long as the schools for blacks and whites were equal	c.	He was opposed to segregated schools because black and white school were inherently unequal
b.	He was not if favor of segregated schools, even though he thought black and white schools could be equal	d.	He had no opinion about segregated schools and thought the U.S. government should stay out of the controversy.

15.

The Brown v Board of Education decision was based on the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the U.S. What constitutional principle is part of the 14th Amendment.

a.	free speech	c.	equal protection of the law
b.	freedom of the press	d.	the right to have a lawyer in court

Reaction to the Brown Decision
The ruling thrilled African Americans and many other Americans . “I was so happy, I was numb,” declared Thurgood Marshall . The Chicago Defender, an African-American newspaper, pronounced, “[It’s] a second emancipation proclamation .” The Brown decision immediately affected some 12 million school children in 21 states . Official reaction to the ruling was mixed. In Kansas and Oklahoma, state officials said they expected segregation to end with little trouble. In Texas the governor promised to comply but warned that plans might “take years” to work out. In Mississippi and Georgia, officials vowed total resistance. Governor Herman Talmadge of Georgia branded the decision “a flagrant abuse of judicial power” and pledged, “The people of Georgia . . . will map a program to insure . . . permanent segregation of the races .”

16.

How did the states react to the Brown v Board of Education decision?

a.	The reaction was solidly against the decision	c.	The reaction was mixed
b.	The reaction was solidly for the decision	d.	The states did not react to the decision

RESISTANCE TO SCHOOL INTEGRATION

Within a year of the Brown decision, more than 500 school districts in the nation had desegregated their classrooms. In the cities of Baltimore, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C ., African-American and white students sat side by side for the first time in history.
However, in areas where African Americans made up the majority of the population, whites often resisted desegregation because they feared losing control of the schools . In some places, the Ku Klux Klan reappeared and White Citizens Councils boycotted businesses that supported desegregation. To hasten compliance, the Supreme Court handed down a second Brown. ruling in 1955 that ordered district courts to implement school desegregation “with all deliberate speed.” Neither Congress nor President Eisenhower moved to put teeth into the court order. In Congress, more than 90 Southern members issued the “Southern Manifesto,” which denounced the Brown decision and called on the states to resist it “by all lawful means.” Although the president accepted the Courts ruling as law, he also confided privately to an aide, “The fellow who tries to tell me that you can do these things by force is just plain nuts .” Events in Little Rock, Arkansas, would soon force Eisenhower to act against this belief.

17.

Why were white people afraid in districts where black people made-up a majority of the citizens?

a.	Whites were afraid that they would have to incorporate “black studies” into the curriculum	c.	Whites were afraid they would loose control of the schools
b.	Whites were afraid blacks and whites would have to go to school together	d.	Whites were afraid of the increased costs of educating black students

18.

A second Brown decision was handed down by the Supreme Court in 1955. What did it say.

a.	The schools can take as much time as they needed to desegregate	c.	The schools did not have to desegregate if they were planning on a challenge to the 1954 Brown decision
b.	The schools must desegregate right away	d.	The schools must segregate right away

19.

In Congress, more than 90 Southern members issued the “Southern Manifesto,” What did it say?

a.	States should use any lawful means to resist desegregation	c.	States should use any means, even violence, to resist desegregation
b.	States should use any lawful means to resist segregation	d.	States should use any means, even violence, to resist segregation

CRISIS IN LITTLE ROCK
In 1948, Arkansas had become the first Southern state to admit African Americans to the state universities without being required by a court order. By the 1950s, some scout troops and labor unions in Arkansas had quietly ended their Jim Crow practices. In Little Rock itself; citizens had elected two men to the school board who publicly backed desegregation-and the school superintendent, Virgil Blossom, had been working on a plan for gradual desegregation since 1953. However, state politics created an explosive situation . Caught in a tight reelection race, Governor Orval Faubus jumped on the segregationist bandwagon . In September 1957, he ordered the National Guard to turn away the nine African-American students who had volunteered to integrate Little Rock’s Central High School as the first step in Blossom’s

plan. That afternoon, a federal judge ordered Faubus to let the students into school the next day. Eight members of the “Little Rock Nine” received phone calls from ministers who volunteered to escort the students to school for their safety. The family of the ninth student, Elizabeth Eckford, did not have a phone . The next morning, she put on the carefully ironed white-and-black dress she had made for her first day at an integrated school and set out alone . On the sidewalk outside Central High, Eckford faced an abusive crowd of students and adults . Terrified, the 15-year-old Eckford searched the mob for a friendly face. “I looked into the face of an old woman, and it seemed a kind face,” she later told one interviewer. “But when I looked at her again, she spat on me.” Trailed by the mob, Eckford managed to make it to a bus stop, where two friendly whites stayed with her until the bus came.
President Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and ordered a thousand paratroopers into Little Rock. Under the watchful eye of these soldiers, the nine African American teenagers attended class. But even these soldiers could not protect the students from troublemakers who confronted them on stairways, in the halls, and in the cafeteria. Nor could the soldiers block interference by Faubus, who shut down Central High at the end of the school year rather than let integration continue.

20.

Why did Governor Orval Faubus try to stop integration of Little Rock Central High School?

a.	He was an old time segregationist	c.	He did not try to block integration at Central High School
b.	He thought integration would cost the city too much money	d.	He was trying to be popular with the voters of Arkansas

21.

_____ was governor of _____ during the _____ high school incident in Little Rock.

a.	Orville Faubus - Alabama - Central	c.	George Wallace - Alabama - Northeast
b.	Orville Faubus - Arkansas - Central	d.	George Wallace - Mississippi - Lincoln

22.

Who did Governor Faubus use to turn away the black students who were trying to enroll in Central High School.

a.	The Little Rock Police force	c.	The Arkansas Highway Patrol
b.	The Little Rock National Guard	d.	The Arkansas National Guard

23.

What did President Eisenhower do to force Central High School to accept the 9 black students?

a.	made Central High School a Federal High School so it was no longer under the control of Arkansas	c.	placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and ordered a thousand paratroopers into Little Rock
b.	Eisenhower did nothing because he was against integration of the schools	d.	Eisenhower did nothing because he was afraid

24.

At the end of the school year, what did Governor Faubus do to Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas?

a.	finally allowed the school to be integrated	c.	made it a private school
b.	turned the school into an all black high school	d.	shut the high school rather than integrate

25.

In the United States the schools are under the control of the states. What gave the U.S. government the right to force the schools in Little Rock, Arkansas to integrate?

a.	the Brown v Board of Education decision by the U.S. Supreme Court	c.	The U.S. government had no right to force the states to integrate
b.	the Brown v Board of Education decision by the state courts	d.	The Plessy v Ferguson decision by the Supreme Court of the U.S.