HIS CH 17-4 POST WW2

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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

PREPARATION FOR PEACE

In February 1945, Roosevelt had met with Churchill and Stalin at the Soviet city of Yalta on the Black Sea. At the Yalta Conference, the three leaders made a number of important decisions about the future. They agreed to move ahead in creating a new international peacekeeping body, the United Nations (UN), based on the principles in the Atlantic Charter. In exchange for Japan's Kuril and Sakhalin islands, Stalin promised to enter the war against Japan after the surrender of Germany. He also promised "free and unfettered elections" in Poland and in other Soviet-occupied Eastern European countries.

Yalta
What to do after the War is Over

Churchill, Truman & Stalin at the Yalta Conference

The following April, representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco to establish the United Nations. By June they had agreed on a charter. The charter created the General Assembly, which was made up of all member nations and was expected to function as a "town meeting of the world." The charter also set up administrative, judicial, and economic governing bodies

An 11-member Security Council held the real power, though. The five main wartime Allies-the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, France, and China-were given permanent seats on the Security Council. At the insistence of the Soviet Union and the United States, each permanent member had the power to veto any council action . The other six seats rotated to countries elected by the General Assembly. As the charter was signed, hopes were high that the Security Council would be far more effective than the League of Nations at keeping world peace

In July 1945, President Truman met with Churchill and Stalin at Potsdam in defeated Germany. In addition to drawing up a blueprint for disarming Germany and eliminating the Nazi regime, the Allies agreed that "stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties on our prisoners . ,

While the U.S. and England were fighting Japan, the Soviet Union refused to help.Why did the Soviet Union finally agree to declare war on Japan in 1945?.

a.	The Soviets were afraid the U.S. would invade them	c.	The Soviets were afraid that the U.S. would drop atomic bombs on them
b.	The U.S. and England agreed to let the Soviets occupy the Kuril and Sakhalin islands in Japan	d.	The U.S. and England agreed to allow the Soviet Union to take over Eastern Europe and China

What two things did the U.S., England and the Soviet Union decide at Yalta in 1945?

a.	the United Nations and rebuilding Europe	c.	the United Nations and a plan for the Soviets to declare War on Japan
b.	the takeover of China by the Communists	d.	all of these statements are true

The first United Nations met at San Francisco. How did the charter organize the U.N.?

a.	House of Representatives and Security Council	c.	House an Senate
b.	Senate and General Assembly	d.	General Assembly and Security Council

The U.S., Great Britain and the Soviet Union met at Potsdam in July, 1945. What post war problem did they work on?

a.	how to disarm and punish the Nazi’s	c.	how to rebuild Europe
b.	how to organize the United Nations	d.	how to get the Soviet Union to declare war on Japan and help the allies

THE NUREMBERG WAR TRIALS

In accordance with decisions made at Potsdam, Germany was divided into four zones, or sectors . The United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union each occupied and administered one zone. Germany's capital, Berlin, although within the Soviet zone, was also divided into four sectors, each administered by one of the occupying powers .

During the next year, in an unprecedented move, an international tribunal representing 23 nations tried Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany. Twenty-two Nazi leaders were tried at the first of the Nuremberg trials . They included Hitler's most trusted party officials, government ministers, military leaders, and powerful industrialists. As the trial began, U .S. Supreme Court justice Robert Jackson explained the significance of the event.

Twelve of the 22 defendants were sentenced to death, and most of the rest to prison. In later trials of lesser leaders, nearly 200 more Nazis were found guilty of war crimes. For the first time in history a nation's leaders had been held legally responsible for their actions during wartime

What happened at Nuremberg after World War Two?

a.	plans were made to re-arm Germany	c.	the Japanese and German leaders were put on trial for war crimes
b.	the former Nazi leaders were put on trial for war crimes	d.	plans were made to disarm Germany

At the Potsdam conference the Allies decided to divide Germany into _____ sectors.

a.	five	c.	German, American, British and Soviet
b.	Allied and Axis	d.	American, French, British and Soviet

The German capital of Berlin was located inside the _____ sector

a.	Axis	c.	American
b.	Allied	d.	Soviet

THE OCCUPATION OF JAPAN

Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. In the early months of the occupation, more than 1,100 Japanese, from former prime minister Hideki Tojo to lowly prison guards, were arrested and put on trial. Seven, including Tojo, were sentenced to death. In the Philippines, in China, and in other Asian battlegrounds, additional Japanese officials were tried for atrocities against civilians or prisoners of war.

General MacArthur and Emporer Hirohito	Tojo on trial for war crimes

During the six-year American occupation, MacArthur reformed Japan's economy by introducing free-market practices that led to a remarkable economic recovery. MacArthur also worked to transform Japan's government. He called for a new constitution that would provide for woman suffrage and guarantee basic freedoms . General MacArthur installed a democratic government presided over by a very human emperor and based on the will of the people as expressed in free elections .To this day, their constitution is known as the MacArthur Constitution.

Having taken care of responsibilities to its allies and its enemies, America was ready to begin rebuilding at home.

Who was in charge of the American occupation forces in Japan after WWII who helped Japan to make the transition to a democratic nation

a.	General Dwight Eisenhower	c.	Douglas MacArthur
b.	prime minister Hideki Tojo	d.	Harry Truman

What was the MacArthur Constitution?

a.	MacArthur’s plan for punishing former Japanese war criminals	c.	Japan’s constitution that MacArthur helped the Japanese to write.
b.	A plan made by MacArthur to protect South Korea from the Communist North	d.	MacArthur’s plan to rearm Japan for a possible war with Communist China

Opportunity and Adjustment

World War II was a time of opportunity for millions of Americans. Jobs abounded, and despite rationing and shortages, there was money to spend again. The war was America's shining moment, and the nation emerged as the world's dominant economic and military power.

ECONOMIC GAINS

The war years were good ones for working people . As defense industries boomed, unemployment fell to a low of 1 .2 percent in 1944. Even with price and wage controls, average weekly paychecks rose 70 percent during the war. And although workers complained about long hours, overtime, and night shifts, they were also able to save money for the future . Some workers invested up to half their paychecks in war bonds.

Farmers also prospered during the war. Unlike the depression years, when farmers had battled dust storms and floods, the early 1940s had good weather for growing crops. Farmers also benefited from improvements in farm machinery and fertilizers and reaped the profits from rising crop prices . As a result, crop production increased by 50 percent, and farm income tripled. Before the war ended, many farmers could pay off their mortgages.

Women also enjoyed employment gains during the war, although many lost their jobs when the war ended. Over 6 million women entered the work force for the first time, boosting the percentage of women the total work force to 35 per cent. A third of those jobs were in defense plants, which offered women more challenging work and better pay than such traditional female jobs as waitressing, clerking, and domestic service. With men away at war, many women also took advantage of openings in journalism and other professions.

Because of shortages during the war, people did not have much to buy. There was a shortage of houses and no automobiles or other consumer goods were produced during the war. People just saved their money. When American industry finally started to produce consumer goods again, people had lots of money to buy things. This pent-up demand helped the economy to grow dramatically in the years following World War Two.

10.

Which group made economic gains during World War Two?

a.	Farmers	c.	Workers
b.	Women	d.	All of these groups

11.

Which statement is true and work during World War Two?

a.	Women moved into the workforce in defense factories and the professions	c.	Very few women became defense workers. Most remained at home.
b.	Woman got jobs in the defense industry but failed to get jobs in other areas of the economy	d.	Women got jobs in the professions but did not make enough money to encourage them to work in defense plants

12.

What is it called when people have a-lot of money and nothing to spend it on?

a.	supply-side economics	c.	pent-up supply
b.	savings cycle	d.	pent-up demand

Population Shifts

In addition to revamping the economy, the war triggered one of the greatest mass migrations of American history. Not only were millions of servicemen and women sent to places all over the world, but civilians were on the move as well. Americans whose families had lived for decades in one place suddenly uprooted themselves to seek war work elsewhere . States with military bases and defense industries, such as Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, Florida, and the Pacific Coast states, all experienced large population gains. More than a million newcomers poured into California between 1941 and 1944. Towns with defense industries saw their populations double and even triple, sometimes almost overnight.

Burbank, California, the home of a major aircraft company, grew from 12,000 to 60,000 people in the first two years of the war. The populations of some major cities-including Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, San Antonio, and Dallas jumped by a third or more.

The inevitable result of such population booms was an acute housing shortage. Even though workers had money for rent, many were virtually homeless . They camped out in tents, old cars, trailer parks, rented garages, and over crowded rooming houses . Food was a problem as well. Many workers had no place to cook, yet because of food rationing, there were not enough restaurants to feed them.

13.

What was the main reason for the population shifts during World War Two?

a.	African Americans moved from the South to escape persecution	c.	White people moved from the cities to escape urban violence and gangs
b.	Workers moved to areas of the country that had defense industries	d.	People moved from the cities to the suburbs for better schools

14.

Which statement is true about population shifts during World War II?

a.	the civilian population that moved experienced shortages	c.	there were housing and transportation shortages but plenty of food
b.	there were food, housing and transportation shortages for all Americans	d.	only the populations in non defense areas experienced shortages

SOCIAL ADJUSTMENTS

Families adjusted to the changes brought on by war as best they could. With millions of fathers in the armed forces, mothers struggled to rear their children alone . Young children got used to being left with to work. Teenagers left at home without parents sometimes drifted into juvenile delinquency. And when fathers finally did come home, there was often a painful period of readjustment as families got to know one another again.

The war helped create new families, too, as it triggered a huge marriage boom. Longtime sweethearts-as well as couples who barely knew each other-rushed to marry before the soldier or sailor was shipped overseas.

Many of these romances did not survive the long separation, though. For numerous servicemen, the bad news came in much-dreaded "Dear John" letters- letters from their wife or sweetheart, saying that she had found someone new. In 1945, there were 502,000 divorces in the United States, or 31 for every 100 marriages . This was double the prewar total and enough to give the United States the highest divorce rate in the world.

In 1944, to help ease the transition of returning servicemen to civilian life, Congress passed the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, better known as the GI Bill of Rights. This bill provided education and training for veterans, paid for by the federal government. Just over half the returning soldiers, or about 7.8 million veterans, attended colleges and technical schools under the GI Bill. The act also provided federal loan guarantees to veterans buying homes or farms or starting businesses. Because of this act, millions who would otherwise never have been able to afford a college education or a house went to school, became homeowners, and improved their economic prospects after the war.

15.

Which statement is true.

a.	Because of stronger family bonds during the war, teens felt more secure	c.	World War II did not produce many cultural changes to American families
b.	Because of changes in family life during the war, teens gained more independence	d.	Because of World War II girls turned away from marriage and sought careers

16.

What was the purpose of the GI Bill of Rights?

a.	Make sure that the civil rights of the returning servicemen are not violated	c.	See that returning soldiers are not prosecuted for war crimes
b.	Make sure that returning African American servicemen get civil liberties	d.	Provide service to help servicemen adjust to civilian life.

17.

What were “Dear John” letters?

a.	Letters sent to GI’s by their wives and girlfriends telling them they found someone new	c.	Letters sent to President John Kennedy during the war
b.	Letters sent by wives and girlfriends complaining about toilet facilities on military bases	d.	Letters sent that accepted or proposed marriage.

AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE MILITARY

For African Americans, World War II was a turning point of sorts. On the one hand, segregation remained the rule in the military. Not only were African Americans assigned to all-black units, but many of them were assigned to rigidly segregated camps in the South for their training .

92nd Infantry Buffalo Soldiers	Tuskegee Airmen

On the other hand, under great pressure from civil rights organizations, the military no longer restricted its all-black units to menial tasks. Many black units distinguished themselves in combat, including the famous 92nd Infantry Division, nicknamed the Buffaloes. In just six months of fighting in Europe, the Buffaloes won 7 Legion of Merit awards, 65 Silver Stars, and 162 Bronze Stars for courage under fire. The 99th Fighter Squadron, better known as the Tuskegee Airmen, won two Distinguished Unit Citations (the military's highest commendation) for its outstanding aerial combat against the German Luftwaffe.

AFRICAN AMERICANS AT HOME

African Americans also made some progress on the home front. During the war, about 330,000 blacks left the South . The majority moved to the West Coast. There they found not only jobs, but good jobs . In 1942, civil rights leader James Farmer founded an interracial organization called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to confront urban segregation in the North. That same year, CORE staged its first sit-in at a segregated Chicago restaurant

James Farmer

As new black migrants moved into already overcrowded cities, tensions rose. In 1943, a conflict erupted in Detroit on a hot Sunday afternoon in June. What started as a tussle between blacks and whites at a beach on the Detroit River mushroomed into a riot when white sailors stationed nearby joined the fray. The fighting raged for three days, fueled by false rumors that whites had murdered a black woman and her child and that black rioters had killed 17 whites . By the time President Roosevelt sent federal troops into the city to restore order, 9 whites and 25 blacks lay dead or dying.

18.

Which statement is true?

a.	African Americans in the military were not assigned to combat duties until 1946	c.	African Americans were assigned to ground combat but prohibited from flying airplanes
b.	At first African Americans were assigned to non-combat duties until civil rights organizations pressured for change	d.	There were no restrictions on African Americans in the service

19.

James Farmer started CORE to integrate African Americans in Northern cities

true

false

JAPANESE AMERICANS IN THE WAR EFFORT

For Japanese Americans locked up in U.S. internment camps, the war was a daily struggle to maintain their dignity in the face of injustice. Many young men escaped the camps by volunteering for military service.

At the urging of General Delos Emmons, the army created the 100th Battalion, which consisted of 1,400 Hawaiian Nisei. The 100th fought in North Africa and Italy, where it saw brutal combat, becoming known as the Purple Heart Battalion because 300 of its soldiers were killed and another 650 were Wounded

Later the 100th was merged into the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team, whose slogan was "Go for Broke." It became the most decorated combat unit of the war. The 442nd took heavy casualties-more than one fourth of the unit-in the Italian campaign and then was ordered to France, where the Nisei captured the town of Bruyeres in house-to-house fighting. After that they were sent to rescue the "Lost Battalion--a unit of 211 Americans surrounded by the Germans in the Vosges Mountains.

Japanese Americans also fought for justice, both in the courts and in Congress . The initial results were discouraging . In 1944, the Supreme Court decided, in Korematsu v. United States, that the government's policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was justified on the basis of "military necessity." After the war, however, the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) pushed the government to compensate those sent to the camps for their lost property. In 1965, Congress authorized the spending of $38 million for that purposeless than a tenth of Japanese Americans' actual losses . In 1942 the Federal Reserve Bank in San Francisco estimated that the relocation had cost evacuees $400,000,000

20.

What was the Purple Heart Battalion?

a.	an army unit made up of 1,400 Hawaii Islanders	c.	an army unit made up of 1,400 Japanese from the Los Angeles area
b.	an army unit made up of 1,400 Hawaii Japanese	d.	an army unit made up of anyone in the service who received a purple heart.

21.

Where did the Japanese American soldiers do most of there service?

a.	In battles over Japanese held islands	c.	In the war in Europe with frontline combat units
b.	In U.S. non-combat units	d.	In the war in Europe in service units such as truck drivers, cooks and supply clerks

22.

Who rescued the Lost Battalion that was surrounded by Germans.

a.	George Patton’s third army	c.	the all-Nisei 442nd Combat Team,
b.	The Korematsu all Japanese combat unit	d.	a mixed Japanese, and German American 442nd Combat Team

23.

How did the Supreme Court rule in the Korematsu v. United States case?

a.	Japanese Americans should receive compensation for their illegal imprisonment during World War II	c.	the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) had no right to push the government to compensate Japanese Americans
b.	The government had no right to put Japanese Americans in camps for the duration of the war	d.	The government had a right to put Japanese Americans in camps for the duration of the war