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Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The Roots of American Involvement

During the 1800”s and early 1900”s the countries of Europe had many colonies in Asia and Africa. Indochina, including Vietnam, was a colony of France. During World War II the Japanese drove the French out of Viet Nam and occupied the country.
In the 1930’s the French owned many plantations in Vietnam. They controlled the countries rice and rubber trade. Some peasants revolted against the French which caused them to restrict free speech and other liberties of the peasant population.

The Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1930, organized most of the uprisings. The_ party's leader was Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh He was condemned to death by the French in 1930 for his rebellious activity and fled Vietnam that year and went in exile in the Soviet Union and China. However, throughout the 1930s, Ho Chi Minh orchestrated Vietnam's growing independence movement from exile.

When Japan took control of Viet Nam in 1940, Ho Chi Minh returned home to fight the Japanese..The Vietnamese Communists combined with other nationalist groups to form an organization called the Vietminh. The group sought Vietnam's independence from foreign rule. When the Allied defeat of Japan in August of 1945 it forced the Japanese to leave Vietnam. On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh stood in the middle of a huge crowd in the northern city of Hanoi and declared Vietnam an independent nation.

Why did the Vietnamese revolt against the French?

a.	They wanted more money for their crops	c.	They wanted to be communist
b.	They wanted Japan to win World War II	d.	They wanted to free their country from French rule and gain their civil rights

Ho Chi Minh was a .....

a.	Communist	c.	French Socialist
b.	Capitalist	d.	Japanese Facist

What was the name of the organization that was formed to fight the Japanese occupation of Vietnam duing World War II?

a.	Ho Chi Vietminh	c.	Vietkong
b.	Foreign Legion	d.	Vietminh

Some people claim that the U.S. forced Ho Chi Minh to side with the Communists and in fact he was just a Vietnamese patriot. What evedence would suggest that the U.S. did not force Ho Chi Minh to be a communist.

a.	He said he was a communist	d.	All of these are true
b.	When he went into exile he stayed in China and the Soviet Union	e.	All of these are false, the U.S. did force him to be a communist
c.	He was leader ofthe Communist Party in Vietnam in the 1930’s

FRANCE BATTLES THE VIETMINH

France had no intention of relinquishing its former colony. French troops moved back into Vietnam in 1946 after Japan left the country. Eventually the French drove the Vietminh out of the cities and regaind control of the country's southern half. Ho Chi Minh vowed to fight from the North to liberate the South from French control.

In 1950 President Truman sent nearly $15 million in economic aid to France. He saw Ho Chi Minh and the communists in Vietnam as part of the Cold War.

By 1950, however, Cold War fever had gripped much of the world. China and Eastern Europe had fallen to the Communists, and Korea appeared to be next. America saw a dual benefit in supporting France: (1) maintaining an ally against the growing Soviet presence in Europe, and (2) helping to stop another Asian country from turning Communist. The U.S. saw Ho Chi Minh as just another communist revolutionary.

The French were fighting the Vietnimh in Vietnam. Why did President Truman send economic aid to the French?

a.	Truman wanted the U.S. to control part of Vietnam	c.	He knew the French would pay the money back.
b.	Truman saw the war against the Vietminh as part of the cold war	d.	France was part of the United Nations

What part of Vietnam did Ho Chi Minh control?

a.	North	c.	South
b.	East	d.	West

THE VIETMINH DRIVE OUT THE FRENCH

Upon entering the White --House in 1953, President Eisenhower continued the policy of supplying aid to the French war effort. By this time, the United States had settled for a stalemate with the Communists in Korea, which only stiffened America's resolve to halt the spread of communism. During a news conference in 1954, Eisenhower explained the domino theory, in which he likened the countries on the brink of communism to a row of dominoes, waiting to fall one after the other. "You have a row of dominoes set up," the president said. "You knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly."

The French could not retake Vietnam. The final blow came in May of 1954, when the Vietminh overran the French base at Dien Bien Phu, in northwestern Vietnam. The French asked Eisenhow for air support but he refused. Without air support the French were doomed. Led by General Vo Nguyen Giap, the Vietminh surrounded the fort and pounded it with heavy artillery for nearly two months. In 1955 thousands of North Vietnamese catholics fled to the South to escape communism. The U.S. Navy helped the catholics escape with an operation called, “Pass to Freedom.” Mr Schneemann was there and participated in the operation.

After the fall of Dien Bien Phu, the French surrendered and began to pull out of Vietnam. From May through July 1954, the countries of France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, China, Laos, and Cambodia met in Geneva, Switzerland, with the Vietminh and with the South Vietnam's anti-Communist nationalists to hammer out a peace agreement. The Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel. The Communists and their leader, Ho Chi Minh, controlled North Vietnam from the capital of Hanoi. The anti-Communist nationalists controlled South Vietnam from the port city of Saigon. An election to unify the country was called for in 1956.

What did President Eisenhower do to help the French forces at Dien Bien Phu?

a.	He increased financial aid to the French army	c.	Nothing, he refused to give them U.S. air support
b.	He sent American troops to help the French	d.	He sent Ho Chi Minh to help the French

What was the domino theory and how did it apply to the cold war in Asia.

a.	If you do not fall like a domino into your neighbor, he will not fall into you.	c.	Asian peasants need to stand straight and tall like a domino
b.	Dominos is a popular game in Asia. The Asians will be happy if you let them play	d.	If one nation falls to communism it will make all the rest of the countries fall

What was the name of the treaty agreed to by the major countries and the Vietnimm that ended French occupation of Vietnam?

a.	Treaty of Versailles	c.	The United Nations Agreement
b.	Geneva Accords	d.	South East Asia Treaty

10.

Where was Vietnam divided between the communist north and the anti-communist South?

a.	38th parallel	c.	17th longitude
b.	17th parallel	d.	Yalu river

DIEM CANCELS ELECTIONS In the wake of France's retreat, Ngo Dinh Diem became president of South Vietnam. Although he directed a brutal and repressive regime, Ho Chi Minh won popular support in the North by breaking up large estates and redistributing land to peasants. Moreover, his years of fighting the Japanese and French had made him a national hero.
Recognizing Ho Chi Minh's widespread popularity, South Vietnam's president, Ngo Dinh Diem, a strong anti-Communist, refused to take part in the countrywide election of 1956. The United States also sensed that a countrywide election might spell victory for Ho Chi Minh and therefore supported the cancellation of elections. The Eisenhower administration promised military aid and training to Diem in return for a stable reform government in the South. Diem ushered in a government that suppressed opposition of any kind and offered little or no land distribution to peasants. In addition, Diem, a devout Catholic, angered the country's large Buddhist population by restricting Buddhist practices. He believed the Buddhists were supportive of the communists. In one famous incident a Buddhist monk burned himself alive and it was seen on television around the world. The incident horrified Americans and made Diem unpopular in the U.S. By 1957, a Communist opposition group in the South, known as the Vietcong, had begun attacks on the Diem government, assassinating thousands of South Vietnamese government officials. While the group would later be called the National Liberation Front (NLF), the United States continued to refer to the fighters as the Vietcong. Ho Chi Minh supported the group, which had strong Communist ties. In 1959, Ho Chi Minh began supplying arms to the Vietcong via a network of paths along the border of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia that became known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail. As the fighters stepped up their surprise attacks, or guerrilla tactics, South Vietnam grew more unstable. The Eisenhower administration took little action, however, deciding to "sink or swim with President Ngo Dinh Diem."

11.

____ was the president of North Vietnam and _____ was the president of South Vietnam

a.	Ngo Dinh Diem - Ho Chi Minh	c.	Viet Kong - Viet Minh
b.	Ho Chi Minh - Ngo Dinh Diem.	d.	Mao Tsi Tung - Ho Chi Minh

12.

Why did the U.S. agree with Diem to cancel the elections that they promised to hold in 1956?

a.	There was not time to organize elections.	c.	The U.S. did not want to have to pay the expense of elections.
b.	The Vietnamese people were not literate enough to elect a president	d.	They were afraid that the communist, Ho Chi Minh would win the elections

13.

What effect did the monk who burned himself alive on TV have on America?

a.	Helped to turn Americans against Diem	c.	Turned Americans against Buhhists
b.	Helped to turn Americans against Ho Chi Minh	d.	Had no effect at all

14.

Where was the base of the Vietcong?

a.	North Vietnam	c.	Communist China
b.	South Vietnam	d.	North Korea

15.

What group destablized the South Vietnam governent by murdering thousands of government officials and ordinary citizens?

a.	Vietnimh	c.	CIA
b.	Diem military squads	d.	Vietcong

	KENNEDY AND VIETNAM The Kennedy administration, which entered the White House in 1961, also supported President Diem. However. Kennedy was wary of accusations that Democrats were "soft" on communism. In fact, Kennedy, a catholic, was a strong anti-communist. Therefore, he increased financial aid to Diem's regime and sent thousands of military advisers to help train South Vietnamese troops in their battle against the NLF (National Liberation Front). By the end of 1963, almost 16,000 U.S. military personnel were in South Vietnam. Meanwhile, Diem's popularity plummeted because of social unrest and lack of land reform. To combat the growing Vietcong
presence in the South's countryside, the Diem administration initiatedt the strategic hamlet program, which meant moving all villagers to protected areas. Many Vietnamese deeply resented being moved from their home villages where they had lived for generations and where ancestors were buried. Diem also intensified his attack on the Buddist monks. Fed up with continuing Buddhist demonstrations, the South Vietnamese ruler imprisoned hundreds of Buddhist clerics and destroyed their temples. To protest, several Buddhist monks and nuns publicly burned themselves to death. Horrified, American officials urged Diem to stop the persecutions, but Diem refused. It had become clear that for South Vietnam to remain stable, Diem would have to go. On November 1, 1963, a U.S.-supported military coup toppled Diem's regime. Diem and his family were murdered. A few weeks later, Kennedy too fell to an assassin's bullet. The presidency-along with the growing crisis in Vietnam-now belonged to Lyndon B. Johnson.

16.

By 1963, which American president had put the most U.S. forces in Viet Nam and made the biggest commitment against communism there?

a.	Truman	c.	Kennedy
b.	Eisenhower	d.	Johnson

17.

President Diem attacked the Buddhist demonstrators, started a progam called the strategic hamlet program and worked to preserve the land for its owners. All of these actions made Diem _____ in Vietnam.

a.	unpopular	c.	valued
b.	popular	d.	honored

18.

What president inherited the Vietnam war from John F.Kennedy?

a.	Dwight Eisenhower	c.	Lyndon Johnson
b.	Harry Truman	d.	Barry Goldwater

	President Johnson Expands the Conflict Some people claim that shortly before his death, Kennedy had announced his intent to withdraw U.S. forces from South Vietnam. "In the final analysis, it's their war," he declared. Whether Kennedy would have, in fact, withdrawn from Vietnam remains a matter of debate. His actions show otherwise and his history shows that he was an anti-communist and committed to South Vietnam. Lyndon Johnson continued the Kennedy policies and escalated-or increased-the nation's role in Vietnam. Johnson kept most of the Kennedy advisors so there was a continuation of the Kennedy policies in the Johnson administration.
The South Grows More Unstable Diem's death brought more chaos to South Vietnam. A string of military leaders attempted to lead the country, but each regime was more unstable and inefficient than Diem's had been. Meanwhile, the Vietcong's influence in the countryside steadily grew.To President Johnson, a Communist takeover of South Vietnam would be disastrous. As a Democratic president, Lyndon Johnson was particularly sensitive to being perceived as "soft" on communism. A Democrat, Harry Truman, had been president when China fell to the Communist Party in 1948, unleashing charges by some Republicans that the Democrats had "lost" China. In addition, many of Senator Joseph McCarthy's charges during the 1950s of Communist infiltrators in America had been directed against Democrats. For these political reasons, Johnson wanted to avoid being accused of "losing" Vietnam. "If I ... let the Communists take over South Vietnam," Johnson said, "then ... my nation would be seen as an appeaser, and we would find it impossible to accomplish anything ... anywhere on the entire globe."

19.

The government that came after the Diem government was

a.	better than the Diem government	c.	worse than the Diem governmnet
b.	the same as the Diem government	d.	a little bit better than the Diem government

20.

After the Diem was assassinated the influence of the Vietcong in South Vietnam

a.	decreased	c.	stayed the same
b.	was eliminated	d.	increased

21.

America was an anti-communist country and so were her presidents. Both Kennedy and Johnson were afraid of being called _____ communism by the American public. They were both Democrats and their party had that reputation.

a.	soft on	c.	resentful to
b.	hard on	d.	unreasonable to

THE TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION
On August 2, 1964, a North Vietnamese patrol boat fired a torpedo at an American destroyer, the U.S.S. Maddox, which was patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin off the North Vietnamese coast. The torpedo missed its target, but the Maddox inflicted heavy damage on the patrol boat.

Two days later, the Maddox and another destroyer were again off the North Vietnamese coast. In spite of bad weather, technicians reported enemy torpedoes. The American destroyers began firing. The attack on the U.S. ships prompted Johnson to launch bombing strikes on North Vietnam. He also asked Congress for powers to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." Congress overwhelmingly approved Johnson's request, with only two senators voting against it. On August 7, Congress adopted the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. While not a declaration of war, it granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam.

Johnson did not tell Congress or the American people that the United States had been leading secret raids against North Vietnam. The Maddox had been in the Gulf of Tonkin to collect information for these raids. Furthermore, Johnson and his advisrors from the Kennedy administration had prepared the resolution months beforehand and was only waiting for the chance to push it through Congress.

In February of 1965, President Johnson used his newly granted powers. In response to a Vietcong attack that killed eight Americans, Johnson unleashed Operation Rolling Thunder, the first sustained bombing of North Vietnam. In March of that year the first American combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam. By June, more than 50,000 U.S. soldiers were battling the Vietcong. The Vietnam War had become Americanized.

22.

What prompted President Johnson to bomb North Vietnam?

a.	Attacks on navy ships by North Vietnam	c.	Attacks on navy ships by South Vietnam
b.	Attacks on North Vietnam boats	d.	Vietcong attacks on navy ships

23.

The U.S. Constitution says that only the U.S. Congress can declare war. Where then did President Johnson get the Power to fight the war in Vietnam?

a.	The Washington Resolution	c.	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
b.	The North Vietnam Accords	d.	Vienna Accords

24.

Kennedy and Johnson are to communism as George Bush is to ...

a.	socialism	c.	Vietnam
b.	Iraq	d.	terrorism

25.

It can safely be said that Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon after him, all agree that Vietnam was part of a world-wide struggle against communism and for freedom in the world.

a.	False	b.	True