HIS CH 16-1 DICTATORS

LAST: FIRST:

PERIOD:

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

FAILURES OF THE WORLD WAR 1 PEACE SETTLEMENT

The Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I did not create a "just and secure peace." Germans saw nothing fair in a treaty that blamed them for starting the war. Nor did they find much security in a settlement that stripped their country of territories they had long seen as German. Similarly, the Soviets resented the carving away of parts of Russia to create an independent Poland and the nations of Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia.

In addition, the peace settlement did not make the world "safe for democracy," as Wilson had hoped. At the end of the war, new democratic governments did emerge in many European nations, including Germany Austria, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece . Most of these nations lacked democratic traditions, though, and their newly elected leaders needed to made democracy succeed. However, the Versailles treaty did nothing to help the war torn nations of Europe rebuild. Instead, many of the new democracies were expected to pay off huge war debts while trying to deal with widespread hunger, homelessness, and unemployment.

Unable to cope with these problems, several new democracies collapsed and dictators seized power. Some of these dictators were content simply to collect taxes and keep order. A few, however, had far grander ambitions

The treaty that ended World War I was called the Treaty of

a.	Paris	c.	Versailles
b.	World War I	d.	London

_____ resented the fact that territory was taken away from them to create new countries after WWI.

a.	England and France	c.	Poland and Russia
b.	Russia and France	d.	Germany and Russia

Woodrw Wilson believed that WWI would make the world safe for democracy. Why did democracy fail in Europe after WWI?

a.	No new democracies were created after the war	c.	The United States was the only experienced democracy that fought in World War I
b.	Few of the new democracies had experience running their countries as democracies	d.	Fascism is a better form of government than democracy

Which statement is true about the treaty of Versailles

a.	It put unfair burdens on Germany and helped created an atmosphere where democracy could not succeed.	c.	It put unfair burdens on Poland and helped created an atmosphere where democracy could not succeed.
b.	It was unfair to England and France	d.	It treated all nations the same.

JOSEPH STALIN TRANSFORMS THE SOVIET UNION

In Russia, hopes for democracy gave way to civil war, resulting in the establishment of a Communist state, the Soviet Union, in 1922. When V I. Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, died in 1924, Joseph Stalin took control of the country. Stalin, took his name because it meant "man of steel," He was as iron-willed as his name implied. Stalin focused on creating a model Communist state in the Soviet Union. In doing so, he began an agricultural and industrial restructuring that trampled the rights of-and brought great suffering to-his people.

In 1927, Stalin launched his massive drive to transform the Soviet Union into a truly socialist country, which meant stamping out private enterprise, especially private farming. He began by ordering the collectivization of Soviet agriculture-that is, the organization of production under collective, or state, control . He forced Russia's peasants to give up their small plots of land so that they could be combined into large state-owned farms . They were then expected to work on the collective farms as wage earners .

Meanwhile, Stalin turned to his second great goal, the transformation of the Soviet Union from a backward rural nation into a great industrial power. By 1939, the Soviet Union had become the world's third largest industrial power, surpassed in overall production by only the United States and Germany.

The human costs of this transformation, however, were enormous. To accomplish his ambitious goals, the "man of steel" turned the Soviet Union into a vast police state-a state in which no one was safe from the prying eyes and ears of government spies and secret police . Anyone even suspected of criticizing the Soviet leader or his goals was arrested and shipped off to a forced labor camp in the frozen wastelands of Siberia.

Lenin and Joseph Stalin

Stalin sent millions to forced labor camps for criticizing the communist state.

Joseph Stalin was a

a.	democrat	c.	democratic communist
b.	democratic socialist	d.	communist dictator

Stalin wanted to turn the Soviet Union into

a.	a communist industrial world power	c.	capitalist state
b.	democratic republic	d.	capitalist industrial world power

Which statement is true about Stalin?

a.	he was a communist who was concerned about the civil liberties and freedom of the ordinary Soviet citizen	c.	he was a socialist who only cared about industrialization, reform of the farm system and protection of private property
b.	he was a brutal communist dictator who was responsible for the deaths of millions of his own people.	d.	he was none of these

THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY

Benito Mussolini

While Stalin was consolidating his power in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini was establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy. In 1919, Mussolini had begun his rise to power by advertising for war veterans to fight the politicians, who, in Mussolini's view, were destroying Italy. This mobilization was the beginning of fascism, a new political movement that consisted of a strong, centralized government headed by a powerful dictator. Fascism was rooted in the nationalism that had reshaped Europe over the past century. Mussolini dreamed of making Italy a great power in the world.

Unlike Stalin's Communist regime, Mussolini's Fascist state did not attempt to control farms and factories . In fact, many discontented veterans, jobless youth, and businesspeople greatly feared the spread of communism to Italy. These people became firm supporters of Mussolini. In 1921, Mussolini established the Fascist Party, which then won 35 seats in the Italian parliament. A year later, after Mussolini staged a march on Rome with thousands of his black-shirted followers, the Italian king allowed him to form a new government.

Calling himself Il Duce, or "the chief," Mussolini gradually extended Fascist control to every aspect of Italian life. Tourists marveled that Il Duce had even "made the trains run on time ." Mussolini achieved this efficiency, however, by crushing all opposition and by making Italy a totalitarian state.

Benito Mussolini was a

a.	Communist	c.	Republican leader
b.	Democratic leader	d.	Fascist leader

Benito Mussolini was elected to power and turned Italy into _____

a.	a Communist state	c.	a totalitarian dictatorship
b.	a monarchy	d.	a democratic state

10.

According to the author, European Facism is rooted in

a.	economics	c.	extreme internationalism
b.	extreme nationalism	d.	democracy

THE NAZIS TAKE OVER GERMANY In Germany,

Adolf Hitler
“One People, One State, One Leader”

Adolf Hitler had followed a path to power similar to Mussolini's, he too was a Facist. At the end of World War I, Hitler had been a jobless soldier drifting around Germany. In 1919, he joined a struggling group called the National Socialist German Workers' Party, better known as the Nazi Party. Despite the word Socialist in its name, this party had no ties to socialism and in fact hated it. Soon Hitler became the tiny party's furher, or leader.

Hitler laid out the basic beliefs of Nazism in his book Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"), published in two volumes in 1925 and 1927. A type of fascism, Nazism was based on extreme nationalism . Hitler, who had been born in Austria, dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German empire. To this element of nationalism, Hitler added his theories about race. In his view, Germans-especially blue-eyed, blond-haired "Aryans"-formed a "master race" that was destined to rule the world. He claimed that the Jews were destroying German culture.

A third element of Nazism was national expansion . Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive, it needed more lebensraum, or living space. One of the Nazis' aims, as Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf was "to secure for the German people the land and soil to which they are entitled on this earth," even if this could be accomplished only by "the might of a victorious sword."

The Great Depression helped the Nazis come to power. By 1932, some 6 million Germans were unemployed. Many of these desperate people turned to Hitler as their last hope. In elections held in March 1932, the Nazis won more votes than any other party, though not a majority. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor (prime minister) .

Once in power, the Fuhrer quickly dismantled Germany's democratic Weimar Republic. In its place he established what he called the Third Reich, or Third German Empire. Like the first German empire (the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne), and unlike the short-lived second empire established by Bismarck in the 19th century, the Third Reich, according to Hitler, would be a "Thousand-Year Reich."

11.

What was the name of the book in which Hitler laid out his basic ideas about government and society?

a.	Mein Kampf	c.	Mein Furher
b.	The Manifesto	d.	Das Capital

12.

One of the reasons Hitler invaded Eastern Europe and Russia is that Germany needed lebensraum. What is lebensraum?

a.	destruction of a nations enemies	c.	revenge
b.	superiority	d.	living space

13.

The Nazi’s used _____ to gain win elections in Germany in 1932

a.	the depression	c.	fear and suspicion of the Jews
b.	hatred of the Treaty of Versailles	d.	all of these

14.

Hitler said that he was building the new German state on the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne, and the short-lived second empire established by Bismarck in the 19th century. He called this empire

a.	the New Weirmar Republic	c.	the Weirmar Republic
b.	the Third Reich	d.	the German Republic

15.

Hitler and Mussolini were both

a.	Communists	c.	Anarchist’s
b.	Democratic	d.	Facists

MILITARISTS GAIN CONTROL IN JAPAN

Emporer Hirohito

General Tojo

Halfway around the world from Germany, nationalistic military leaders in Japan were trying to take control of their government. These leaders shared Hitler's belief in the need for more "living space" for a growing populationand the superiority of the Japanese race. The militarists launched a surprise invasion of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931 They considered the Chinese to be an inferior race. Within several months, Japanese troops controlled the entire province, a resource-rich area nearly as large as Alaska which they ruled with harsh brutality.

Japan also occupied Korea and treated the Korean people with the same contempt they had for the Chinese

The League of Nations had been established after World War I to prevent such aggressive acts. In this first test of its power, the League sent representatives to Manchuria to investigate the situation . Their report condemned Japan, which simply quit the League . Meanwhile, the success of the Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Japan's government.

16.

Japan and Germany shared the need for more living space and a belief in the superiority of their own race.

a.	true	c.	partly true
b.	false

17.

What did the League of Nations do when Japan invaded Manchuria

a.	investigated	c.	ignored Japan’s actions
b.	kicked Japan out of the League	d.	appealed to the United States to intervene

18.

What was the attitude of the Japanese toward the Chinese and Korean peoples?

a.	Japan saw Koreans and Chinese as Asian equals	c.	Japan thought the Chinese were inferior but not the Koreans
b.	Japan saw Koreans and Chinese as inferior to the Japanese race.	d.	Japan thought the Koreans were inferior but not the Chinese

19.

After the League of Nations condemed Japan for their invision of Manchuraia, what did Japan do?

a.	they started to withdraw their troops from Manchuria	c.	they quit the League of Nations
b.	they blamed the invasion on U.S. aggression	d.	they went to war against the League of Nations

AGGRESSION IN EUROPE

German troops invade the Rhineland

The failure of the League of Nations to take action against Japan did not escape the notice of Europe's dictators. In 1933, Hitler felt bold enough to pull Germany out of the League. In 1935, he began a military buildup in violation of the Versailles treaty. A year later, he sent troops into the Rhineland, a German region bordering France and Belgium which was demilitarized as a result of the Versailles treaty. He also signed the Rome- Berlin Axis Pact, which established a formal alliance between Germany and Italy. The League did nothing to stop Hitler.

Mussolini (left) and Haile Selassie (right)

Meanwhile, Mussolini began building his new Roman Empire. His first target was Ethiopia, Africa's only remaining independent country. By the fall of 1935, tens of thousands of Italian soldiers stood ready to advance on Ethiopia. The League of Nations reacted with brave talk of "collective resistance to all acts of unprovoked aggression."

When the invasion began, however, the League's response was an ineffective economic boycott-little more than a slap on Italy's wrist. By June 1936, Ethiopia had fallen . In desperation, Haile Selassie, the ousted Ethiopian emperor, appealed to the League for assistance. Nothing was done. "It is us today," he told them. "It will be you tomorrow."

20.

What did the Rome- Berlin Axis Pact do?

a.	made Germany and Italy enemies	c.	made Germany and Italy allies
b.	made Germany reject the Versailles treaty	d.	made it legal to persecute the Jews

21.

What area of the world did Italy attack?

a.	Southern Africa	c.	the Balkans
b.	North Africa	d.	Eastern Europe

22.

As a result of the Italian invasion of his country, who said "It is us today," he told them. "It will be you tomorrow."

a.	the Jews	c.	Anwar Sadat
b.	Mussolini	d.	Haile Selassie

United States Responds Cautiously

As disturbing as these events in Europe and Asia were to Americans, most believed that the United States should not get involved . In 1928, the United States had joined 61 other nations in signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact, in which they pledged never to make war again. But this agreement still permitted defensive war and did not provide for using economic or military force against nations that broke the pact.

CLINGING TO ISOLATIONISM
In the early 1930s, a flood of books argued that the United States had been dragged into World War I by greedy bankers and arms dealers. Public outrage led to the creation of a congressional committee, chaired by North Dakota senator Gerald Nye, that held hearings on these charges. The Nye committee fueled the controversy by documenting the large profits that banks and manufacturers made during the war.

The furor over these "merchants of death" made Americans more determined than ever to avoid war. A poll taken in 1937 revealed that fully 70 percent of Americans believed that the United States should not have entered World War I. Anti war feeling was so strong that the Girl Scouts of America changed the color of its uniforms from khaki to green to appear less militaristic. Across the country, college students staged antiwar rallies with banners proclaiming "Scholarships, not battleships."

Americans' growing isolationism eventually had an impact on President Roosevelt's foreign policy. When he had first taken office in 1933, Roosevelt had felt comfortable reaching out to the world in several ways. He officially recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 and agreed to exchange ambassadors with Moscow. He continued the policy of nonintervention in Latin America, begun by Presidents Coolidge and Hoover, with his Good Neighbor policy and withdrew armed forces stationed there. In 1934, Roosevelt pushed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act through Congress . This act lowered trade barriers by giving the president the power to make trade agreements with other nations and was aimed at reducing tariffs by as much as 50 percent.

Beginning in 1935, however, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts in an effort to keep the United States out of future wars. The first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war. The third act was passed in response to fighting that broke out in Spain in 1936, between the troops of the Fascist general Francisco Franco and forces loyal to the country's elected government. This act extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations undergoing civil wars.

23.

Which statement is true about the United States in the 1930’s

a.	America was anxious to get involved in Europe so it could show American superiority	c.	America wanted to stay out of the wars in Europe and Asia
b.	America wanted to get involved in Europe and Asia to profit financially from the wars	d.	Americans did not have any opinion about Japanese and German aggression

24.

What did President Roosevelt do in regards to the Soviet Union?

a.	he did nothing	c.	he condemned the atrocities of Joseph Stalin
b.	he offered diplomatic recognition	d.	he condemned the dictatorship of Stalin over the Russian people

25.

Who did the Nye committee label as the "merchants of death".

a.	the Fascists in Italy and Germany	c.	the Japanese because of their attacks on china
b.	the bankers and industrialists who made profits from World War I	d.	those who favored the death penalty

26.

What was the purpose of the Neutrality Acts passed by Congress in 1935

a.	keep the U.S. out of future wars	c.	condemn Germany and Japan
b.	force neutrality on Mexico and Latin America	d.	keep the U.S. out of the League of Nations

NEUTRALITY BREAKS DOWN

Despite congressional efforts to legislate neutrality, many Americans found it difficult not to take sides in the Spanish Civil War. When Hitler and Mussolini came to Franco's aid early in the war, some 3,000 volunteers from the United States responded by forming the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and traveling to Spain to fight Franco. 'We knew, we just knew," recalled Martha Gellhorn, "that Spain was the place to stop fascism ." Among the volunteers were African Americans still bitter about Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia the year before.

Such limited aid was not sufficient to stop the spread of fascism, however. Hitler and Mussolini, who saw the conflict as a testing ground for their military power, supported Franco with troops, weapons, tanks, and fighter planes. The Western democracies, fearful of triggering a larger war, sent only food and clothing to the anti- Fascist forces . In early 1939, after a loss of 600,000 lives and at a cost of more than $15 billion, the resistance to Franco had collapsed. Europe now had yet another totalitarian government.

Japan attacks Mancuria, China

Roosevelt himself found it impossible to remain neutral when Japan launched a new attack on China in July of 1937. Since Japan had not formally declared war against China, the president refused to enforce the Neutrality Acts . The United States continued sending arms and supplies to China.

A few months later, Roosevelt spoke out strongly against isolationism in a speech delivered in Chicago. He called on peace-loving nations to "quarantine," or isolate, aggressor nations in order to stop the spread o of war.

At last Roosevelt seemed ready to take a stand against aggression-that is, until isolationist newspapers exploded in protest and letters flooded the White House accusing the president of leading the nation into war. Roosevelt backed off. For the moment the conflicts remained "over there ."

27.

What was the purpose of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.

a.	to help the Communist anti-Soviet forces in Russia	c.	to aid the civil-rights movement in Spain
b.	to help the Communist anti-Franco forces in Spain	d.	to aid the civil-rights movement in Russia

28.

What did Roosevelt do in response to the Japanese attack on Manchuria, China?

a.	ignored it	c.	tried to justify it
b.	sent aid to China	d.	blamed it on the Republicans

29.

Which statement is true.

a.	Roosevelt saw the need for U.S. intervention in foreign affairs but the people remained isolationist.	c.	Roosevelt saw the need for U.S. intervention in foreign affairs and the people agreed with him
b.	Roosevelt did not see the need for U.S. intervention in foreign affairs but the people did.	d.	Roosevelt did not see the need for U.S. intervention in foreign affairs and the people agreed

30.

What did Hitler and Mussolini do about the civil war in Spain between the governemnt and Franco?

a.	sent military help to Franco	c.	tried to remain neutral
b.	sent military help to the Spanish government	d.	declared war on Spain

31.

General Franco became the dictator of _____

a.	Russia	c.	Spain
b.	Germany	d.	Italy

32.

Who became the Fascist dictator of Italy?

a.	Hitler	c.	Franco
b.	Mussolini	d.	Stalin