Cold War B

Name:

Cold War B

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

It was a conflict that devastated one nation and divided another. Vietnam brought a new dimension to the Cold War -- and forced the United States to rethink its goals in the superpower rivalry.
DIVIDED
For eight years, Vietnam was a colonial battleground -- as France fought a nationalist movement led by Ho Chi Minh. Despite financial backing from the United States, the French lost control of Vietnam in 1954 -- after a Vietnamese force captured the French outpost at Dien Bien Phu.
An international peace conference in Geneva temporarily divided Vietnam into a communist-led North and non-communist South and agreed that countrywide elections would be held in 1956. America opposed the elections, fearing the communists would gain control. The elections were never held.

The names of the two countries to the West of Vietnam, through which parts of the Ho Chi Minh trail went were named _____ and _____

a.	Burma - Vietnam	c.	Thailand - Laos
b.	China - Laos	d.	Laos - Cambodia

Saigon was the capital of

a.	North Vietnam	c.	The DMZ
b.	South Vietnam	d.	Laos

Hanoi was the capital of

a.	North Vietnam	c.	Cambodia
b.	South Vietnam	d.	Laos

What was the final battle that drove the French out of Vietnam?

a.	Ho Chi Minh	c.	the battle of la Drang
b.	the battle of Hue	d.	Dien Bien Phu

What does Mutual Assured Destruction mean

a.	The country that stats the war will be destroyed	c.	The country that is attacked will be destroyed
b.	Both countries who go to war are guaranteed to be destroyed	d.	Both countries agree that neither will be destroyed in a war

What is a “nuclear paradox?”

a.	War is good for all countries who engage in it	c.	Only nuclear war can save a nation from destruction
b.	The paradox bomb is the most powerful bomb in the world	d.	You go to war to save your country but your country is guaranteed to be destroyed

In the early 60’s the U.S. had hundreds of missiles and airplanes with nuclear warheads pointed at the Soviet Union. In case of war the Soviets were warned that all of their cities and most of their military would be destroyed. What was this policy called?

a.	Massive retaliation	c.	The No Win Policy
b.	One city at a time	d.	The No Loss Policy

Look at the map. Which country does not border on Afghanistan?

a.	Russia	c.	Pakistan
b.	China	d.	Iraq

Iran is the capital of Afghanistan

true

false

DIVIDED
For eight years, Vietnam was a colonial battleground -- as France fought a nationalist movement led by Ho Chi Minh. Despite financial backing from the United States, the French lost control of Vietnam in 1954 -- after a Vietnamese force captured the French outpost at Dien Bien Phu.
DMZ
Vietnam's Demilitarized Zone was established in 1954 at the Geneva conference -- which created Vietnam from the former French colony of Indochina. It was meant to be a temporary divide between the rival governments in the north and south of the country -- a six-mile-wide buffer zone. But the DMZ soon became the de facto border between the communist North and the Catholic South Vietnam.

10.

What was the name of the divide between North and South Vietnam

a.	38th parallel	c.	Communist divide
b.	Ho Chi Minh Trail	d.	Demilitarized Zone DMZ

11.

Communism preaches atheism and they have been persecuting Catholics for a long time. At one time a large percentage of the Vietnamese people were Catholics and Vietnam’s Catholics were afraid of the communists. After 1955, where did most of the Vietnamese Catholics reside?

a.	Laos	c.	South Vietnam
b.	Cambodia	d.	North Vietnam

IRON FISTS
The North Vietnamese embarked on radical land reforms, persecuting and imprisoning landowners and aggravating a refugee crisis. By 1955, close to a million people had fled south.
In South Vietnam, the United States supported the regime of President Ngo Dinh Diem, a catholic anti-communist determined to resist Hanoi. To fight Diem and unite Vietnam under the Hanoi government, the communists in 1960 created the National Liberation Front -- the guerrilla organization also known as the Viet Cong.
Groups such as the Viet Cong were encouraged by Moscow. U.S. President John F. Kennedy, after suffering a setback against the communists in Cuba and trying to control the crisis in Berlin, wanted to show U.S. resolve in Asia. He sent American military advisers to South Vietnam. His advisors, including Robert McNamara, began early to organize and plan U.S. operations in Vietnam.

12.

What U.S. president began America’s involvement in Vietnam?

a.	Kennedy	c.	Nixon
b.	Johnson	d.	Roosevelt

13.

Who was the leader of South Vietnam in the early 60’s?

a.	Ho Chi Minh	c.	Ngo Dinh Diem
b.	Cho En Lai	d.	Dien Biem Phu

14.

What fact made Vietnam part of the Cold War and more than just a civil war between Vietnam factions?

a.	The Soviet Union backed North Vietnam and the Vietcong	c.	The side that eventually took control of Vietnam would put the communists or the West in a position to take control of the rest of Southeast Asia (domino theory)
b.	The U.S. backed the government of South Vietnam	d.	All of these facts are true

15.

Why did millions of people flee from the North to South Vietnam

a.	escape from capitalist reforms	c.	better farming in the South
b.	escape from communism	d.	escape the North Vietnam draft

OVERTHROW
Diem's attempts to control the Viet Cong grew more extreme and created growing discontent in South Vietnam. Several monks burned themselves to death as part of public protests against the Diem regime.
A group of Diem's generals turned against him. On November 1, 1963, they attacked the Presidential Palace, believing they had or would have American support. By the next day, the government was overthrown and Diem was dead, murdered by his own soldiers.
While the people of Saigon initially responded with enthusiasm to Diem's overthrow, the coup left the country with no clear leader

Diem - First President of South Vietnam

16.

Which of the following statements is true

a.	Diem was a communist and would have turned the country over to the North	c.	The death of Diem and his family made the leadership of North Vietnam weak
b.	The death of Diem and his family left a power vacuum in South Vietnam with no clear leader.	d.	The generals who took over after Diem unified the country in strong opposition to the North

17.

The generals who overthrew and murdered Diem had the support of

a.	the Johnson Administration	c.	the Nixon Administration
b.	the Kennedy Administration	d.	no American government officials

GULF OF TONKIN
Within weeks of Diem's murder, President Kennedy was assassinated.
Vice President Lyndon Johnson assumed office determined not to lose Vietnam to the communists. He kept former President Kennedy’s foreign policy advisors. He sent Defense Secretary Robert McNamara to South Vietnam to re-pledge U.S. support.
In August 1964, the USS Maddox, an American destroyer on patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin, exchanged fire with North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Two days later, the ship's captain reported he was under attack again. Despite conflicting evidence, the Pentagon insisted there had been a second unprovoked attack.
The incident prompted Johnson to push the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution through Congress. The measure allowed LBJ to wage war in Vietnam

18.

Why did President Johnson push for the Gulf of Tonkin resolution?

a.	He wanted to unify support in Vietnam for the U.S.	c.	He wanted the support of Congress so he could take further military action in Vietnam
b.	He wanted North Vietnam to give us a naval base	d.	He wanted the support of the former Kennedy administration and the people of South Vietnam

19.

Robert McNamara was a key player in the Vietnam war. Who was he?

a.	U.S. Secretary of State	c.	Democratic Council Chairman
b.	U.S. National Security Advisor Chairman	d.	U.S. Secretary of Defense

20.

Where is the Gulf of Tonkin?

a.	South Vietnam	c.	International Waters
b.	Southern China	d.	North Vietnam

21.

Who was president when the Gulf of Tonkin incident took place?

a.	Kennedy	c.	Nixon
b.	Johnson	d.	McNamara

ESCALATION
In March 1965, four months after Johnson was elected president by a landslide, the first U.S. ground troops landed at Da Nang.
Johnson was convinced that, without the support of a massive U.S. force, South Vietnam was doomed. In response to the U.S. troop buildup, North Vietnam began to send thousands of soldiers to fight in South Vietnam. In the Ia Drang valley in Vietnam's central highlands, the North Vietnamese and U.S. armies met in the first major battle of the war. It was an American victory -- but U.S. casualties were heavy.
American GIs, meanwhile, found themselves in a baffling war. They were unable to distinguish friend from foe. American bombing and shelling drove tens of thousands of Vietnamese from their villages. American television networks kept a running tally of the U.S. "body count."
Johnson attempted to force the North Vietnamese to the negotiating table by bombing North Vietnam -- including the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the primitive but highly effective supply line that linked North Vietnam with its fighters and supporters in the South. But the tactic failed

22.

Why didn’t President Johnson give military aide to the South and let them fight the war on their own?

a.	Congress was angry and wanted war	c.	Johnson was a “war monger”
b.	He did not think the South could win on their own	d.	Johnson was a catholic and hated North Vietnam

23.

Which statement is true

a.	Because the Vietcong hid among the civilian population, the U.S. was forced to bomb many Vietnam villages and farms	c.	The U.S. lost its first encounter with the communists at the battle of Phu
b.	The U.S. won its first encounter with the Communists at Dien Bien Phu	d.	all of these statements are true

24.

What is “Escalation”

a.	Every time one side builds up its forces, the other side builds up its forces too	c.	The Ho Chi Minh trail
b.	The body count goes higher and higher	d.	Verbalization

25.

In 1965, President Johnson

a.	had only weak support in the U.S.	c.	decided to resign from office
b.	was very unpopular because of the war	d.	was very popular in the United States

26.

Who was president with the war ended in Vietnam

a.	Johnson	c.	Nixon
b.	Kissinger	d.	McNamara

QUAGMIRE
The growing scale and savagery of the war in Vietnam created growing dissent back in the United States. Johnson was politically weakened by the anti-war movement.
In 1968, communist forces launched wide-scale attacks throughout South Vietnam to coincide with Tet, the Vietnamese new year. The communists hoped to spark a general uprising across the country, a mission that ultimately failed. But the strength of the offensive came as a shock to the American public and Johnson.
He offered to begin peace talks with the North Vietnamese -- and announced he would not run for another term in office.
In May 1968, peace talks began in Paris but soon deadlocked. Richard Nixon, who had begun his campaign for the presidency, called for an "honorable" end to U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. The North wanted full control of the South and the U.S. believed it could not abandon South Vietnam. The war was to last another four years, costing thousands more lives. President Nixon sent Henry Kissinger to negotiate with the North and a peace treaty was eventually signed.

27.

What was the “quagmire” in Vietnam?

a.	The use of body count to measure the success of the war	c.	Getting bogged down in a long “never ending” war
b.	The request for peace talks in Quagmire France	d.	The use of guerilla tactics by the North

28.

If the U.S. was supplying and helping South Vietnam, who was helping and supplying North Vietnam?

a.	France and Soviet Union	c.	China and Laos
b.	Soviet Union and Cambodia	d.	Soviet Union and China

29.

Why did the peace talks drag on for so long?

a.	The U.S. did not want to sacrifice the people of South Vietnam to the North	c.	The North did not want to return U.S. prisoners
b.	North Vietnam wanted large sums of money from the U.S.	d.	The South wanted more territory in the North.

30.

The Tet Offensive was

a.	a psychological loss but a military success for the North	c.	a military defeat but a psychological victory for the North
b.	a psychological success and a military success for the South	d.	a military success and a psychological success for the North

BUILDUP
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev wanted to remind the West of his nation's power. On October 30, 1961, he broke a moratorium (agreement not to test) on nuclear testing. A Russian bomber dropped the largest bomb the world had ever seen. Its explosion was the equivalent of more than 50 million tons of TNT, more than all the explosives used in World War II. It was so powerful that people 50 miles from ground zero were blown off their feet.
President Kennedy, angered by the new Soviet tests, announced that the United States would proceed in its development of nuclear weapons. But public opinion in the West was turning against the nuclear arms buildup. In Europe, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and other "ban the bomb" groups began to emerge. Kennedy and his defense secretary, Robert McNamara, meanwhile, were having second thoughts about the strategy of massive retaliation -- now it meant the United States would be initiating the use of nuclear weapons against an equally equipped Soviet Union.

McNamara presented U.S. military planners with an appealing alternative: No Cities/Counterforce. Soviet cities were no longer to be targeted, only Soviet military forces. But the new strategy was dismissed by the Soviets as self-deluding.

31.

Why did Khrushchev detonate the massive hydrogen bomb in October 1961

a.	He wanted to impress the West with Soviet power	c.	The Soviets were trying to get rid of old weapons.
b.	The U.S. and the Soviets had an agreement that they could test whenever they wanted	d.	He wanted to warn the Soviet people to remain loyal to communism

32.

Groups who were opposed to the use of nuclear weapons in war were called

a.	military support groups	c.	conservatives
b.	ban the bomb groups	d.	nuke-em groups

33.

The Soviets thought that the Kennedy administration idea that we should not target each other cities any longer was

a.	unrealistic	c.	something they were already doing
b.	a good idea	d.	hateful

CLOSE CALL
In October 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. For nearly two weeks, Moscow and Washington were involved in a tense contest of wills over the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Khrushchev, confronted by Kennedy's nuclear superiority, backed down -- ending the crisis. But both sides were shocked at how close they had come to nuclear war. They set up a "hot line," a direct communications link between the Soviet and U.S. capitals.
Several months later, the Soviet Union, United States and Britain agreed to a Limited Test Ban Treaty, ending atmospheric tests. Nuclear testing would continue, but underground. The race to increase stockpiles continued as well, as the Kremlin -- smarting from the Cuban crisis -- vowed never again to confront America from a position of weakness.
A grim logic was beginning to emerge. Nuclear disarmament was not achievable, yet nuclear war was unthinkable. The White House became convinced that the strategy of MAD, mutual assured destruction, was the only deterrent to nuclear conflict

War?

34.

How did the Soviets react to the Cuban Missile Crisis?

a.	They cut back on the development of more powerful bombs	c.	Proposed a ban on nuclear weapons
b.	They built up their nuclear forces to become more of a nuclear threat	d.	Destroyed all of their nuclear weapons.

35.

What did the U.S., Britain and the Soviets do to ban atmospheric testing?

a.	Agreed to limit bombs to those already in their stockpiles	c.	Agreed to test bombs underground
b.	Agreed to test only in the upper atmosphere	d.	Agreed not to test any more bombs

36.

What was the purpose of “the hotline?”

a.	To prevent accidental nuclear war	c.	To warn the U.S. and the Soviets that each were going to attack
b.	To warn the Soviets that we were going to attack	d.	Allow government officials time to go to bunkers in case of an attack

37.

What was the “grim logic” that emerged from the Cuban Missile Crisis?

a.	Neither the Soviets or the West could disarm even though war was too horrible to think about	c.	The Cuban Missile Crisis was a logical affair
b.	The Soviets and the West could not disarm for 100 years	d.	The Cuban Missile Crisis proved that safeguards against war were in place and working well.

38.

The MAD strategy was

a.	a guarantee of war	c.	developed in the Kennedy administration
b.	a way to prevent war	d.	a comic book approach to world affairs

DETERRENCE
For MAD to succeed, each side needed to be able to retaliate, even after it had suffered a surprise attack. Submarines now played a crucial role -- as mobile launch platforms for nuclear missiles. Both sides practiced civil defense against nuclear attack, but it was generally believed that it was impossible to defend against nuclear weapons.
Even short of total war, nuclear deterrence carried its own dangers. In 1966 over the coast of Spain, a U.S. bomber collided in mid-air with a tanker aircraft. As the planes crashed, four hydrogen bombs were scattered over the coast. Three hit the ground and were recovered. One fell into the sea and was lost for 80 days. Such "Broken Arrow" incidents were growing, as both sides increased their nuclear arsenals
The U.S. had three methods of attack. These were long range bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles and nuclear submarines. Nuclear submarines were especially lethal. They were designed to stay under water for long periods of time and were very hard to detect. They could surface at any time and launch their missiles.

Soviet and U.S. missiles and bombers were designed to attack each other over the North pole. That was the shortest route

39.

The policy of Deterrence was designed to prevent a war

a.	but accidents were possible	d.	all of these statements are true
b.	and it has been a success	e.	none of these statements are true
c.	and caused a generation of people to live in fear

40.

Civil defense refers to the actions that the civilian population can take to protect against nuclear attack. Which statement below is true about civil defense?

a.	Most people took civil defense seriously	c.	The U.S. and Soviets had no civil defense procedures at all
b.	Most people thought civil defense could not protect them	d.	Civil defense was our first line of defense against nuclear attack

41.

What was the shortest route for Soviet and U.S. missiles and bombers to attack each other.

a.	Over the North Pole	c.	Across the Pacific Ocean
b.	Across the Atlantic Ocean	d.	Through Normandy as was done in WWII

ANTI-MISSILES
The Soviet military was unconvinced by the MAD theory. They worked to develop anti-ballistic missiles -- ABMs -- that could destroy U.S. missiles in flight. The introduction of ABMs destabilized the concept of MAD. Tensions in the Middle East, brought on by the 1967 Six Day War, prompted U.S. President Johnson and Soviet Premier Kosygin to meet for a summit. The issue of ABMs was high on their agenda.
U.S. scientists, meanwhile, prepared a counter-measure: Multiple Independently Targeted Re-Entry Vehicles -- MIRVs for short. One single missile could now carry 10 separate warheads, each capable of destroying a city.
Nixon the Peacemaker
By 1969, the superpowers were, between them, spending more than $50 million a day on nuclear armaments. It was a burden both sides found intolerable, and it led to negotiations known as SALT, the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. SALT dragged on until 1972, when U.S. President Nixon went to Moscow to sign the arms agreements with Soviet Premier Brezhnev. ABMs had now been discredited, but the two sides could not come to a lasting agreement on offensive nuclear weapons. Preparations for global annihilation continued.

42.

How did the Soviets try to counteract the MAD theory

a.	By banning all nuclear weapons	c.	By developing ABMs
b.	By deploying MIRVs	d.	By appealing to the U.N.

43.

Which missiles were designed to carry 10 nuclear warheads that would spread out and destroy 10 cities instead of 1 when it came close to its target?

a.	AbMs	c.	B1s
b.	MIRVs	d.	Stealth War Heads

44.

Why were the Soviets and the U.S. concerned about the Six Day War between Israel and it’s Arab neighbors?

a.	Almost everything that happened throughout the world was part of the cold war	c.	All of these a valid sources of concern for the Soviets and the U.S.
b.	The U.S. was backing Israel while the Soviets were backing the Arab states	d.	They were afraid that conflict in the Middle East could cause a confrontation between the West and the Soviets

45.

The SALT treaty

a.	successfully limited offensive weapons between the Americans and Soviets	c.	was not agreed to be the Soviets
b.	was only partially successful but it was a start	d.	was not agreed to by the U.S,

46.

Who signed the SALT treaty for the U.S,?

a.	Truman	c.	Kennedy
b.	Johnson	d.	Nixon

	The Nuclear Club Nations in the world that have nuclear weapons

47.

Which country below does not have nuclear weapons today?

a.	India	c.	China
b.	Pakistan	d.	Syria

In the 1960s the United States claimed its place as the world's leading defender against communism. But by the end of the decade, the nation was convulsed by dissent, riot, assassination and an increasingly unpopular war.
HAVES/HAVE NOTS
In 1960, John F. Kennedy -- who seemed to many the embodiment of a new age -- was elected president of the United States. Kennedy had attacked President Eisenhower's conduct of the Cold War and promised to defend the free world against communism. He increased the U.S. military budget, creating thousands more defense industry jobs.
But while the U.S. economy was booming, the good life was not available to all Americans. In many Southern states, laws prevented blacks and whites from traveling together, eating together, or even going to the same school. Black Americans were denied jobs and the right to vote. Civil rights activists held peaceful demonstrations -- but were often beaten and jailed just the same.
Gov. George Wallace of Alabama saw the growing civil rights movement as part of a communist conspiracy -- a view shared privately by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. Discrimination against blacks -- covered extensively on television -- damaged America's credibility as freedom's champion in the Cold War.
In fact other people in the government suspected that the civil rights movement might be part of some internal communist conspiracy and on the orders of Robert Kennedy, Dr. Kings hotel rooms were bugged. Post cards were circulated showing Dr. King at a, “supposedly,” communist meeting. Of course, none of this was true but it fed into the fear that Americans had about communism abroad and at home.

John F. Kennedy

George Wallace, Governor of Alabama

48.

John F. Kennedy was known as the “Peace” candidate yet he _____ the defense budget in the U.S. in contradiction to his image.

a.	increased	c.	eliminated
b.	decreased	d.	exploited

49.

Who was director of the FBI in the early 1960’s

a.	George Wallace	c.	Orville Faubus
b.	J. Edgar Hoover	d.	Bob McNamara

50.

George Wallace was a _____ who fought _____ in the early 60’s

a.	libertarian - segregation	c.	integrationist - segregation
b.	Democrat - segregation	d.	segregationist - integration

51.

How did some feel the civil rights movement hurt the U.S. in the war against communism.

a.	the civil rights movement helped to put spies in the Defense Department	c.	the movement made LBJ look like a segregationist.
b.	the civil rights movement hurt the image of the U.S. around the world and made it look just as bad as the Soviet Union	d.	resources were taken away from civil defense to pay for the civil rights movement.

THE GREAT SOCIETY
Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963. His successor, Lyndon Johnson, had a vision of the Great Society. Central to that vision was a war against poverty and the abolition of racial discrimination. Johnson was able to pass the Civil Rights Act in 1964 -- and later that year won an easy victory against his Republican opponent, Sen. Barry Goldwater, who denounced Johnson's Great Society as creeping socialism.
Johnson was an old FDR Democrat and he wanted to put in place many programs to help the poor in America. Medicare and Medicade were two of his programs. In those days the Southern Democrats had control of the Congress and usually blocked pro civil rights laws. Johnson had been Majority Leader in the Senate before he became Vice President under Kennedy. He knew how to control the Southern politicians and was able to get pro civil rights laws through the Congress. Johnson had a vision for America but once he got bogged down in the Vietnam war he was never able to fully implement his vision
Meanwhile, dissent was flourishing on America's campuses. At the University of California at Berkeley, students borrowed the tactics of the Civil Rights Movement, organizing strikes and sit-ins.

Johnson sworn into office after Kennedy’s assassination

Lyndon Johnson and his vision for America

52.

What did President Johnson call his vision for America?

a.	The New Deal	c.	The Great Society
b.	The Square Deal	d.	The Free Society

53.

What was Lyndon Johnson’s job in the Kennedy administration?

a.	Vice President	c.	Minority Leader of the Senate
b.	Majority Leader of the Senate	d.	Speaker of the House

54.

Who was the Republican who ran against Lyndon Johnson in 1964?

a.	Hubert Humphry	c.	Barry Goldwater
b.	Bobby Kennedy	d.	Gene McCarthy

55.

Why was it so hard to get civil rights laws through the Congress?

a.	Congress was controlled by the Republicans	c.	Congress cared more for national defense than civil rights
b.	Congress was controlled by the Southern Democrats	d.	The KKK controlled Congress

56.

Lyndon Johnson never did get all of the Great Society programs enacted. Why not?

a.	The Vietnam War made him loose the support of the American people	c.	The Republicans ganged up on him
b.	Barry Goldwater blocked the Great Society.	d.	FDR was against the Great Society

SEX and WAR
American ideals of political freedom were now being extended into the personal realm. The availability of new birth control such as "The Pill" revolutionized many peoples' views on sexual behavior. Many women burned their bra’s, they demanded equal pay for equal work and they rebelled against being treated as “sex objects.” The National Organization for Women was started by Betty Friedan
In 1965, Johnson began sending U.S. ground troops to Vietnam. Despite the extension of the military draft, Johnson's efforts in Vietnam enjoyed popular support. In the early 60’s people could easily see the connection between the war in Vietnam and the larger cold war. People believed the “Domino Theory”
In the early 60’s the United States was on the verge of tremendous social, political and ethical changes that would come later in the decade. Few people saw it coming

57.

President Johnson was very _____ in the early 1960’s

a.	ill	c.	unpopular
b.	hated	d.	popular

58.

What did the Woman’s Movement indicate about the 1960’s?

a.	The rest of the decade would be quiet once women got their demands	c.	Woman would calm down as soon as they let off a little steam
b.	The nation was going to experience some radical changes in the coming years.	d.	Woman longed for the “good old 50’s”

59.

Who started the National Organization for Women (NOW)?

a.	Jackie Kennedy	c.	Betty Friedan
b.	President Johnson	d.	Hillary Clinton

COUNTERCULTURE
While some Americans went off to war in Vietnam, others were challenging what was termed "the Establishment." The Establishment was all forms of authority. They rejected materialism -- not for communism but instead for love, peace, drugs and rock 'n' roll. All over the United States, young men of draft age were turning on, tuning in and dropping out. These counter culture young people were called, “hippies” by some.
A vast majority of America spurned the new counterculture. But protests against the war were growing -- with marches and draft-card burnings. Meanwhile, America's war in Vietnam dragged on. By 1967, 500,000 U.S. soldiers were there.

Burning draft cards in defiance of the Establishment

60.

What was the counter culture for?

a.	the Establishment	c.	sex, drugs and rock and roll
b.	the war in Vietnam	d.	communism

61.

The counterculture was a symptom of

a.	social unrest	c.	cultured society
b.	social stability	d.	peace and stability

62.

Which statement is true?

a.	Most Americans supported the counterculture	c.	A majority of the young people were “turning on and dropping out”
b.	Most Americans were in support of the hippies because they were their own kids	d.	A majority of Americans did not support the counter culture movement

63.

By 1967, how many soldiers were fighting in Vietnam

a.	100,000	c.	50,000
b.	1,000,000	d.	500,000

DISCONTENT
In America's inner cities, some black activists trained as paramilitaries in what they saw as a civil war against a racist police force. Led by Huey Newton, they called themselves the Black Panthers. The Panthers murdered a school superintendent in Oakland. By the summer of 1967, discontent boiled over into riots in several major U.S. cities. By March 1968, with a growing war in Vietnam and conflict at home, Johnson declared he would not run for a second term as president.
1968 also saw the killings of two prominent Americans. Civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. was shot dead by a white gunman. Several weeks later, Robert Kennedy -- brother of the late president and himself a presidential candidate -- was killed while campaigning in California To many it looked like the United States was on the verge of a revolution.

Black Panther Huey Newton Visits Communist China

64.

Who was leader of the Black Panther Party?

a.	J. Edgar Hoover	c.	Malcom X
b.	Huey Newton	d.	Angela Davis

65.

The Black Panthers were

a.	anti American	c.	anti establishment
b.	pro Communist	d.	all of these

66.

President Johnson decided not to run for a second term because Bobby Kennedy and martin Luther King were assassinated.

true

false

67.

After the assassination of Dr. King there were major riots in many American cities

true

false

Democrat Convention 1968

CRACKDOWN
In August 1968, Democratic Party delegates arrived in Chicago to pick their candidate for the November presidential elections. Along with the delegates came about 100,000 anti-war demonstrators. The protesters gathered in city parks in preparation for a march on the convention hall. But Chicago Mayor Richard Daley had no intention of allowing them to take over the convention . On the day the Democrats were due to nominate their presidential candidate, the demonstrators battled with police.
The situation inside the convention hall was also combative. Supporters of anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy were prevented from debating the war. Vice President Hubert Humphry became the Democratic presidential candidate. With a promise to crack down on lawlessness, his Republican opponent, Richard Nixon, won the November elections by less than 1 percent of the vote. The Cold War, and the war in Vietnam, would continue

68.

At what convention did the Chicago riots take place”

a.	Democrat convention	c.	SDS convention
b.	Republican convention	d.	Mayors convention

69.

Who was nominated by the Democrats to run for president in 1968

a.	Richard Nixon	c.	Gene McCarthy
b.	Hubert Humphry	d.	Bobby Kennedy

70.

Who was nominated by the Republicans to run for president in 1968

a.	Richard Nixon	c.	Gene McCarthy
b.	Hubert Humphry	d.	Dwight Eisenhower

71.

Who won the election and was elected President of the U.S. in 1968?

a.	Hubert Humphry	c.	Dwight Eisenhower
b.	Richard Nixon	d.	Lyndon Johnson

72.

Why didn’t Lyndon Johnson run for a second term?

a.	He wanted to spend time with his family	c.	He thought he could not win because of the chaos and protests around the country
b.	He wanted to retire to Texas	d.	His wife would no let him run again

The emergence of the People's Republic of China signals a new and dangerous phase in the Cold War. But later on (through the efforts of Richard Nixon), a split between Moscow and Beijing opens the door for a change in U.S.-Chinese relations.
A NEW CHINA
For many years the United States and China had been allies. Americans felt a special bond to the Chinese people. It was because of Japan’s invasion of Chinese Manchuria that the U.S. placed an embargo on Japan, leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor. In dismay, America watched its former ally become its enemy.
In 1949, the People's Liberation Army arrived in Beijing -- celebrating a communist victory and the end of their decades-long civil war against the Nationalists. Led by Mao Tse-tung, the communists establish the People's Republic of China. The U.S. government, which had considered China among its allies in Asia, is devastated by the "loss" of China to the communists.

Mao and Stalin

Exhausted by the long war, Mao needed external help for China's reconstruction. One of his first acts is to visit Moscow, seeking military protection and economic aid. Mao wanted to conclude a Chinese-Soviet friendship treaty with Stalin -- but the two leaders remained wary of each other. After several months of negotiation, the Chinese and the Soviets signed a mutual defense treaty -- which also guaranteed aid for China. For Stalin it was proof that communism was the wave of the future. The largest nation in the world was now communist.

73.

What is the largest communist nation in the world?

a.	China	c.	Soviet Union
b.	Russia	d.	Eastern Europe (including East Germany)

74.

Who were the communists fighting in the civil war in China?

a.	The Socialists	c.	The nationalists
b.	The Capitalists	d.	The democrats

75.

What did Mao need from Stalin?

a.	military protection	c.	military protection and economic aid
b.	economic aid	d.	military aid and economic protection

76.

Why did the U.S. place an embargo on Japan in the 1930’s

a.	Japan invaded Chinese Manchuria	c.	Japan was selling too many cars in the U.S.
b.	Japan invaded Korea	d.	Japan was trying to control the TV business.

REFORM/WAR
China's new rulers embarked on radical land reforms. Land was taken from private owners and handed to the peasants. Former landowners were denounced and humiliated. One million people lost their lives. Later the land was taken from the peasants and turned over to the communist government.

Former land owners put on trial

In 1950 North Korea -- with Soviet and Chinese backing -- attacked South Korea. Forces under a U.S.-led United Nations command pushed the North Korean invaders back to the Chinese border. China feared an attack on its own territory -- and sent more than 1 million troops across the border into Korea. More than 500,000 Chinese were killed in the Korean conflict

77.

After the communists took over in China, land was taken from the former owners and given to the peasants. This was called

a.	commune farming	c.	land reform
b.	proletariat farming	d.	peasant power

78.

Who, eventually, controlled all of the land in China?

a.	The former owners	c.	The capitalists
b.	The peasants	d.	The government

79.

Which countries supported North Korea’s attack on South Korea?

a.	The Soviets	c.	The Soviets and the Chinese
b.	The Chinese	d.	The Soviets, Chinese and Vietcong

80.

Why did China attack the U.N forces in Korea

a.	They did not like the U.N.	c.	They wanted to use Korea as a staging area to attack Japan
b.	They wanted to make sure North Korea stayed communist	d.	They wanted a unified Korea

81.

China shares a border with

a.	South Korea	c.	The United Nations
b.	North Korea	d.	Japan

TENSIONS
Stalin's death in 1953 had a deep impact in China. Despite Mao's misgivings, he had long respected Stalin's iron authority. Nikita Khrushchev soon emerged from the Kremlin power struggle as the new Soviet leader and Mao was not sure he was a powerful leader.. Khrushchev and his Politburo visited China to maintain the Beijing-Moscow alliance -- a move that made the new Eisenhower administration in Washington increasingly anxious. As part of its policy to contain communism, the United States financed a military buildup on Taiwan -- home for the Chinese Nationalists.
But Mao did not give way to the American show of strength. His forces shelled the Nationalist-held islands of Quemoy and Matsu in the Taiwan Straits.

The U.S. sent its fleet to patrol the Taiwan Straits and also to send a message to Communist China that it had better not invade Taiwan. Mr. Schneemann was in the Taiwan straits during the shelling so China backed off.

The rising U.S.-Chinese tensions concerned Khrushchev -- who told Beijing that war with imperialism was no longer inevitable.

82.

What is the capital of the Soviet Union

a.	Beijing	c.	Stalingrad
b.	Moscow	d.	Taipei

83.

What is the capital of China?

a.	Beijing	c.	Moscow
b.	Taiwan	d.	Kaoshung

84.

A body of water between two land masses is called

a.	an island	c.	a straight
b.	an inland sea	d.	a gulf

85.

What was the Beijing-Moscow alliance?

a.	An alliance between Taiwan and Moscow	c.	An alliance between China and Russia
b.	An alliance between China and Taiwan	d.	An alliance between the Soviets and Asia

86.

Who were the Chinese Nationalists?

a.	They fought against the communists in the China civil war	c.	They were the Chinese communists
b.	They fought against China in the Korean war.	d.	They were allies of the Soviet Union and that is why Mao was nervous about them.

87.

Taiwan used to be called Formosa. Who controlled Taiwan in the 50’s and still does today?

a.	The Chinese Communists	c.	The North Koreans
b.	The Chinese Nationalists	d.	The U.S. and Japan

88.

Who was president of the U.S. when Stalin died in 1953?

a.	Kennedy	c.	Eisenhower
b.	Truman	d.	Nixon

SPLIT
Khrushchev's attempts to steer the U.S.S.R. away from its Stalinist past -- and his denunciation of Stalin as a criminal -- alarmed Mao, who took such actions as a threat to his own style of leadership. China, meanwhile, was chafing over Soviet attempts to control the Beijing government. In the late 1950s, Khrushchev visited China at least twice to renew Soviet support.
China and the Soviet Union share a very long border. China had long considered parts of Russian Siberia to be part of China. Both China and Russia had large numbers of troops stationed on their borders and there were minor conflicts from time to time.
But China's relations were already strained with its declared "big brother," and the Soviet leader could find no common ground with Chinese officials. Khrushchev, who had recently visited the United States, was accused by the Chinese of being an American stooge. Soon afterward, Soviet advisers were withdrawn from China. The struggle for pre-eminence in the communist world was now out in the open.

89.

Soon after coming to power, Khrushchev made a speech called, “Crimes of the Stalin Era,” in which he condemned Stalin for his brutal policies. Why would this alarm Mao Tsi Tung, the leader of China.

a.	Mao was a friend of Stalin	c.	Mao wanted China to become part of Russia
b.	Mao helped Stalin with his purges in Russia	d.	Mao behaved similar to Stalin and thought Khrushchev might come after him next

90.

How did Mao feel about Soviet attempts to control his nation?

a.	He resented it	c.	He welcomed it because he believed that the Russians were smarter than the Chinese
b.	He welcomed it because China had many problems that Mao could not solve	d.	He ignored it

91.

Why did Mao call Khrushchev a “U.S. stooge?”

a.	Khrushchev visited the U.S.	c.	Khrushchev became a capitalist
b.	Khrushchev took down the Berlin wall at America’s request	d.	Khrushchev gave up his idea of Soviet domination of Eastern Europe

92.

Even though there were problems between the Soviets and China, they were still communist and united in there desire to make the entire world communist.

true

false

FAMINE/REVOLUTION
In 1958, Mao had thought up a new policy -- the Great Leap Forward -- a grandiose plan to transform China into a rich world power. Mao's method was a more extreme version of Stalin's brutal collectivization of the 1930s. People were told to produce steel in backyard furnaces. Crops were left to rot. Scientific knowledge and common sense were ignored. No one dared to tell the truth for fear of arrest -- or worse. Peasants' food was taken from them to make up bogus quotas. The result was one of the worst man-made disasters in history. More than 30 million people starved to death.
By 1966, haunted by the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao was fighting to maintain his domination in China. He launched the Great Cultural Revolution. Millions of young people were recruited into Mao's Red Guards. Their idealism was exploited to create mayhem and destroy every vestige of the past. The upheaval of the Cultural Revolution coincided with escalating tensions between China and the U.S.S.R. -- including a series of military clashes along the Chinese-Soviet border.

The Cultural Revolution and the young Red Guard intended to purify China rid itself of capitalist tendencies

93.

Mao’s, “Great Leap Forward” can be characterized as

a.	a small failure	c.	a disaster for China
b.	a break even policy for China	d.	a moderate success

94.

When the leadership of the Mao government was threatened, how did they react?

a.	they called out the Chinese military to suppress revolt against the Mao government	c.	They looked for ways to reform the culture and make it more open and democratic.
b.	they mobilized the young people into a cultural revolution that persecuted everyone who did not support Mao	d.	They turned away from the Soviets and toward capitalism.

95.

Who were the Red Guards”

a.	young people who supported Mao	c.	military people who were against Mao
b.	intellectuals and scientists who supported Mao	d.	young people who condemned Mao

PINGPONG DIPLOMACY
Mao, fearful of Moscow's belligerence, decided he wanted better relations with the United States. The new U.S. President, Richard Nixon, was a lifelong anti-communist. But Nixon, wanting to limit Soviet power and end the Vietnam War, drew closer to China. The first sign of a thaw in U.S.-Chinese relations came in 1971 -- when a U.S. table tennis team, playing in Japan, was suddenly invited to China.
For years there had been no contact between China and the U.S. To most Americans, China was a mysterious communist nation that we had to fear. When China invited the U.S. ping pong team to compete in China most Americans welcomed the thaw in relations.
The so-called "pingpong diplomacy" led to more breakthroughs -- culminating with Nixon's historic trip to China in February 1972. The visit was mostly symbolic -- formal diplomatic relations were not restored until 1979 -- but it helped reduce tensions between the two nations and brought new pressure on a shared rival: the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union was now afraid that China might align itself with the U.S. against Russia. Because Nixon had been such a strong anti-communist, people trusted him and believed that communist China could not take advantage of him. Most historians agree that Nixon was a genius in foreign affairs and his visit to China was the beginning of the end of the cold war.

Pingpong Diplomacy Resulted in Nixon’s Visits to China

96.

There is a famous saying, “Only Nixon Could Go To China.” What does that ;phrase mean.

a.	The Chinese did not trust Democrats	c.	Since Nixon had the reputation of being an anti-communist, the American people trusted him to deal with China.
b.	Nixon was not very bright so the Chinese communists trusted him	d.	Nixon was president when the ping pong team was invited to China

97.

Nixon and his National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, caused the split between the Soviets and China to grow wider. This split had the effect of drawing China and the Soviets closer to the United States. After 1972 China looked to the U.S. as _____ Russia.

a.	an enemy of Russia	c.	an allie of
b.	a balance against	d.	the leader of

GUATEMALA
The United States had a long standing policy called the Monroe Doctrine which said that European countries should not meddle in the affairs of nations in the America’s. The U.S. reasoned that countries that became communist would be under the control of the Soviet Union, as was the case in Cuba. The U.S. felt that by enforcing the Monroe Doctrine it was preventing a European country, Russia, from taking control of a nation in the America’s.
Central America, the Caribbean and South America become the battleground for a test of wills between the United States and the U.S.S.R. -- as the Cold War comes to America's "backyard."
After World War II, growing nationalism in Central and South America led to greater resentment against the United States, whose government and business interests dominated the region. At that time in Guatemala, the railroad, the main port, telecommunications and about 500,000 acres of land were owned by the United Fruit Company of Boston.
In 1950, Jacobo Arbenz was voted Guatemala's president. Arbenz wanted to modernize Guatemala's backward society and started a land reform program, nationalizing thousands of acres of land -- some of it owned by United Fruit. Officials in Washington were alarmed and suspected communist infiltration of the Arbenz government. Arbenz wasn't a communist, but some of his allies were.
The CIA organized an operation code-named "PB Success," which mobilized disaffected Guatemalan exiles and peasants into action. The PB Success campaign brought down Guatemala's government and drove Arbenz and his wife into exile. Some 9,000 of his supporters were arrested. Among those who fled Guatemala was a young Argentine doctor, Che Guevara -- who went to Mexico, where he met Cuban rebel leader Fidel Castro.

98.

What company controlled large parts of the Guatemala economy during the cold war.

a.	United Fruit of Boston	c.	U.S. Steel and Fruit
b.	Guatemala utilities corporation	d.	Central America Fruit

99.

Why did American officials suspect that Jacobo Arbenz might be a communist?

a.	Many of his associates were communist	c.	Both of these answers are true
b.	He used land reform to confiscate farm land the way other communists had done in Cuba and China	d.	Neither of these reasons suggest that he is a communist

100.

Why did the CIA help to bring down the Guatemala government?

a.	The U.S. did not want Che Guevara to take over Guatemala and Mexico	c.	The U.S. thought that a communist government in Central America was a threat to U.S. security
b.	Both of these are true	d.	Neither of these reasons are true

101.

What was the name of the U.S. policy that said the Europeans had to stay out of the American hemisphere?

a.	The CIA handbook on rules of engagement	c.	The Communist Manifesto
b.	The Emancipation Proclamation	d.	The Monroe Doctrine

CUBA
By the end of the 1950s, Fidel Castro and Che Guevara had triumphed in Cuba -- establishing a communist regime that soon allied itself with the Soviet Union. In 1961, the new U.S. president, John F. Kennedy, inherited a CIA scheme to send an army of exiles to Cuba to overthrow Castro -- a plan that had worked earlier against Arbenz in Guatemala. But the CIA-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion against Castro was a disaster.
After defeating the U.S.-backed forces, Castro wanted to take armed revolution into Central and South America. By the early 1960s, left-wing groups were fighting the authorities in Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia and Peru. The United States grew nervous; in 1965, U.S. Marines were sent to the Dominican Republic to end a democratic revolution that Washington believed was backed by the Cubans. Cuba's real efforts to export revolution, meanwhile, met with mixed results. In 1967, Che Guevara, who had called for "100 Vietnams," was captured alive in the jungles of Bolivia and shot dead hours later.

102.

Fidel Castro and Che Guevara were a threat to the U.S. because

a.	they wanted to control the fruit market	c.	they wanted to export communism to the U.S.
b.	they were communists and would probably allow the Soviets to establish bases in Central America	d.	All of these are true

103.

Many Americans had helped Fidel Castro to come to power in Cuba and were shocked to learn that he was a communist. What did Castro do after he came to power in Cuba?

a.	Tried to overthrow the government of the United States	c.	Established peaceful relationships with the other governments of Central America
b.	Told the Soviet Union it could not establish communist control in Central America	d.	Tried to start other communist revolutions throughout Central America

104.

When Che Guevara called for 100 Vietnams he was

a.	calling for North Vietnam to take over in Central America	c.	peaceful relations with the U.S.
b.	calling for war against the U.S.	d.	an alliance with the U.S. like South Vietnam had

105.

Why did President Eisenhower send marines to the Dominican Republic

a.	The Soviets were installing missile bases in the Dominican Republic	c.	He wanted to establish a U.S. base there
b.	He wanted to stop Dominican immigration	d.	He thought the revolution there was backed by communist Cuba

	CHILE Chile had been calm in the 1960s. But in 1970 a left-center coalition sought electoral victory. Unidad Popular was led by a Marxist doctor, Sen. Salvador Allende. U.S. businesses and the CIA tried -- and failed -- to prevent Allende from being elected president of Chile. Allende's first big step was the nationalization of copper, Chile's biggest industry, which was still effectively under U.S. control. He pressed on with what he called his "Social Revolution." Chilean peasants began to seize land. The Chilean economy was increasingly put under state control -- a move that upset overseas financiers. The World Bank cut off credits to Chile.
Inflation and economic problems mounted. CIA money helped pay for Chilean truck owners to bring the country to a standstill. At the United Nations, Allende accused telecommunications conglomerate ITT of trying to provoke a civil war. On September 11, 1973, Allende was violently ousted by the head of his military, Gen. Augusto Pinochet. Allende was found dead after the Moneda, the presidential palace, had been set ablaze. Following the coup, Pinochet had hundreds of political suspects rounded up. Many were never seen again.

106.

The events in Chili after Allende took power most closely resemble the events in _____ after ______ took power

a.	Cuba - Che Guevara	c.	Bolivia - Che Guevara
b.	Cuba - Castro	d.	China - Khrushchev

107.

The Marxist economic policies under Allende

a.	were good for most of the people of Chili and resulted in prosperity	c.	were a disaster for Chili and helped to cause civil unrest
b.	were favored by the U.S.	d.	would eventually lead to Capitalism

108.

During the Cold War civil unrest, and Marxist leaders brought many countries under the control of communist governments that eventually became client states of the Soviet Union. The U.S. saw that happening in Chili and were happy when _____ took control and brought a pro West government to power in Chili

a.	Gen. Augusto Pinochet	c.	Che Guevara
b.	Salvador Allende	d.	General Carl Marx

109.

The philosopher who developed modern communism was Karl Marx. Those leaders who described themselves as Marxists were assumed by the U.S. to be communists. Which of the people below described themselves as Marxists?

a.	Castro	c.	Guevara
b.	Alliende	d.	all of these

110.

Chili is a country in

a.	Central America	c.	The Caribbean
b.	South America	d.	North America

CENTRAL AMERICA
In the 1930s in Nicaragua, U.S. Marines had helped put dictator Tacho Somoza into power. Forty years later, Nicaragua was still ruled by a Somoza. After years of fighting, guerrillas who called themselves Sandinista, after the name of a 1930s anti-U.S. rebel, ousted Somoza in 1979. The Sandinistas allied themselves with Cuba and attempted to bring a Marxist order to their country. But they found themselves being challenged by a counter-rebellion -- the Contras.
At the same time, in neighboring El Salvador, protests had broken out against right-wing military rule. Catholic Archbishop Oscar Romero was among those who spoke out. In March 1980, as he was saying Mass in a private chapel, the archbishop was assassinated. At Romero's funeral, mourners were fired upon -- and many died. Later in the year three U.S. nuns and a female lay worker were kidnapped, raped and killed by men later discovered to be part of El Salvador's National Guard. The U.S. briefly, and temporarily, withdrew aid to the Salvadoran military. Meanwhile, Salvadoran guerrillas expanded their campaign against the government
One of the reasons the U.S. was concerned about Marxist revolutions in Central and South America was the :Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is America’s link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans The U.S. was concerned that the Soviets would control traffic through the Canal if Marxists took control of the Caribbean.

111.

What was the name of the Marxist rebel group fighting against the government in Nicaragua?

a.	the Contras	c.	the Somozas
b.	the Sandinistas	d.	the CIA

112.

What was the name of the pro U.S. leader of Nicaragua who was trying to fight off the Marxist rebels?

a.	Manuael Contra	c.	Jose Sandinistas
b.	Somoza	d.	Guevara

113.

What was the name of the counter-rebel group fighting against the Sandinistas?

a.	the Contras	c.	the Pan
b.	the Marxist Brigade	d.	the Pri revolutionary party

114.

What did the U.S. do in response to the killing of three nuns in El Salvador in the 80’s?

a.	It send marines to restore peace	c.	it withdrew aid from the El Salvador government
b.	it increased aid to the El Salvador government	d.	nothing

115.

The U.S. believed that _____ could control shipping in the Caribbean if local communists were to take control of Central American governments.

a.	China	c.	Capitalists
b.	the Soviet Union	d.	Great Britain

ENGAGEMENT
As the fighting continued in Central America, Washington was planning another operation -- on the British-governed Caribbean island of Grenada. When Grenada's left-wing prime minister, Maurice Bishop, was assassinated by extreme Marxists in 1983, the U.S. military had an invasion plan ready for Reagan's approval. The Marxists were building an airfield that could accommodate Soviet military planes and the U.S. believed this was an attempt to establish a Soviet military base in the Caribbean. Reagan sent marines to Grenada and the invasion, weakly opposed by a group of Cuban advisers on Grenada, was over in a few days. Within six weeks, the invasion was a success and American troops left Grenada
The Reagan administration also was funding Nicaragua's Contra rebels. At first the U.S. Congress supported the Contras but then cut off aid to them. The Reagan administration believed that it was wrong to send the Contras into battle and then withdraw aid from them. An aide to Ronald Reagan, named Oliver North, came up with an idea to support the Contras. He sold military supplies to Israel who then sold the supplies to Iran. Oliver North then used the money to buy military supplies for the Contras. The affair became known as “The Iran-Contra scandal.” Congress held hearings on the matter but the American public clearly supported Colonial North.
By 1990, Nicaragua agreed to open and free elections, and Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega asked the Nicaraguan people to elect him president. His opponent was Violeta Chamorro, the widow of Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, an opposition leader killed during the Somoza regime. When the votes were tallied, Chamorro won a narrow, yet stunning victory. The superpower struggle in Central America had given way to a quiet revolution at the ballot box and a government opposed to communism had won.

116.

Why did the U.S. invade Grenada

a.	Grenada was building an airfield big enough to accommodate Soviet military aircraft.	c.	The Grenada army was threatening its neighbors
b.	Grenada refused to ship oil and banana’s to the U.S.	d.	Grenada was sending revolutionary agents into the U.S.

117.

Who was funding the Nicaragua's Contra rebels?

a.	The Soviet Union	c.	China
b.	Cuba	d.	The Reagan Administration

118.

What was the money from the Iran Contra scandal used for?

a.	purchase arms for the Contras in Nicaragua	c.	provide funds for the Reagan administration
b.	purchase arms for the Contras in Cuba	d.	make Oliver North rich

119.

Who was president of the U.S. for most of the 1980’s

a.	Lyndon Johnson	c.	Ronald Reagan
b.	Jimmy Carter	d.	Richard Nixon

120.

What country was not involved in the Iran-Contra scandal?

a.	Iran	c.	Cuba
b.	Israel	d.	the United States

121.

When the people of Nicaragua were given a chance to vote for the government of their choice they elected

a.	a communist government	c.	a pro Soviet government
b.	a non-communist government	d.	a Cuban style government

122.

Who was the person or persons who conceived and carried out the Iran-Contra deal?

a.	Daniel Ortega	c.	Colonial Oliver North
b.	Pedro Joaquin Chamorro	d.	Ronald Reagan

COUP
In the 1970s, Afghanistan became a focus of superpower rivalry. Geographically strategic -- near Persian Gulf oil and Indian Ocean ports, and bordering the Soviet Central Asian republics -- a friendly Afghanistan was vital to Moscow's interests.
The Soviet Union sent hundreds of advisers to Kabul following an April 1978 military coup that brought a left-wing regime to power. Led by Nur Mohammed Taraki, the new regime began reforming Afghanistan by decree -- taking land from the owners and giving it to the peasants who worked it. Women were encouraged to stop wearing veils, and were placed in literacy classes alongside men. In the countryside, these reforms were seen as threats to ancient customs and the authority of the mullahs -- the Islamic priests. Opponents of reform burned down schools. Thousands fled to neighboring Pakistan to avoid the turmoil.
In Washington, National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski was convinced that the new Afghan regime -- coupled with the overthrow of the shah in neighboring Iran -- constituted a major threat to the West. He advised President Carter that Moscow might use the Afghan crisis to move south and seize the Persian Gulf's oil. The U.S. soon began sending covert aid to Islamic groups fighting the communists. The rebels called themselves the Mujahedeen, or Soldiers of God. They were mostly peasants, organized by village mullahs and landowners, with weapons captured from the communists. Moscow propaganda portrayed the Soviet-trained Afghan government army as a motivated, mechanized force. But in reality, thousands of Afghan government soldiers were deserting each month. Kabul pleaded with Moscow to send Soviet troops. Soviet leaders discussed the crisis, but took no action -- until mobs massacred Soviet advisers and their families in the Afghan city of Herat. Soon after, Kabul's request for Soviet troops moved to the top of the Kremlin's agenda.

123.

Why was Afghanistan an important part of the Cold War?

a.	China wanted to claim part of Afghan territory	c.	It was important to the Soviet Union interests in the Middle East
b.	It was not important in the Cold War	d.	The U.S. needed Afghan oil

124.

Land reform is an idea that we see over and over each time communists take control of a country. What is land reform?

a.	modern farming methods are instituted	c.	farm land is taken from the owners and given to the peasants
b.	crop rotation is started to improve the quality of the soil	d.	land is taken out of farming and used for new housing developments

125.

When the Soviets moved into Afghanistan they tried to make reforms regarding women. These reforms were opposed by the strict Muslim religious leaders of Afghanistan. Which of the following were reforms tried by the Soviets

a.	allowing girls to go to school	c.	encouraging women to stop wearing veils
b.	allowing girls to participate in Afghan society	d.	all of these

126.

From the passage above we can infer that the Soviets had some influence in the _____ but not much in the _____ .

a.	countryside - cities	c.	churches - schools
b.	cities - countryside	d.	churches - government

127.

When the Soviets moved into Afghanistan with advisors, Jimmy Carter was president. His National Security Adviser was named

a.	Bob McNamara	c.	Henry Kissinger
b.	Nelson Rockefeller	d.	Zbigniew Brzezinski

128.

Afghanistan is just South of the Soviet Union and close to the oil fields in the middle east. The U.S. thought the Soviets were moving into Afghanistan so it could position itself to take control of the Middle East oil. How did the U.S. respond to the Soviets?

a.	The U.S. sent arms and advisors to the Afghan rebels who were fighting against the Soviet controlled Afghan government	c.	The U.S. sent troops into Afghanistan to fight alongside the Afghan rebels who were fighting against the Soviets
b.	The U.S. did nothing	d.	The U.S. invaded Iraq to be close to Afghanistan in case they were needed

129.

When the Afghan Muslims started murdering Soviet advisors, what did the Soviets do?

a.	Made Afghanistan a priority and started to move in troops	c.	Went after the religious Muslim leaders who were inciting the violence
b.	Got ready to pull out of Afghanistan	d.	The Soviets did nothing

INVASION
In Afghanistan, President Taraki's prime minister, Hafizullah Amin, launched a campaign of terror -- having opponents arrested and shot. Concerned, Taraki flew to Moscow to talk with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev about how to curb Amin's excesses. They decided to oust him, hoping the Kabul government could gain popular support by slowing the reforms and ending the terror. But Moscow's secret plans leaked out, and when Taraki returned to Kabul, Amin had him seized and executed.
Amin, realizing the Soviets wanted him gone, began to seek better ties with the West. But this only fueled speculation in Moscow that Amin might be a CIA agent, and arguments mounted for an invasion to remove him. With the announced deployment of U.S. cruise missiles in Europe, Moscow felt it had little to lose internationally by intervening in Afghanistan with troops. In December 1979, the Politburo held an emergency meeting and made its fateful decision -- hoping the mission would end within weeks. By December 25, tens of thousands of men in tanks and trucks began to cross the Afghan border.
KGB special forces stormed the old royal palace on the edge of Kabul, which had become Amin's favorite residence. The prime minister tried to hide, but he was shot dead. Moscow replaced Amin with a more manageable leader, Babrak Karmal. Since the Cold War started, the Soviet Union had used military action to topple troublesome leaders in Hungary and Czechoslovakia -- but never had it invaded a country beyond the borders of the Warsaw Pact. Now Soviet forces had crossed the line.

130.

The Marxist Prime Minister of Afghanistan, Hafizullah Amin, was put in power by the Soviets. He tried to kill everyone who was opposed to him. The Soviets thought he was too extreme and caused the people to be against the Soviet backed government. What did the Soviets do about Amin?

a.	Left him in power because he was a Marxist	c.	Exiled him to Iran
b.	Plotted to have him removed and executed	d.	Removed him from the presidency

131.

In what year did the Soviets decide to invade Afghanistan with thousands of Soviet troops?

a.	1976	c.	1978
b.	1977	d.	1979

132.

After the Soviets invaded, what did they do about Prime Minister Amin?

a.	the CIA killed him and installed a new prime minister, Babrak Karmal	c.	the KGB killed him and installed a new prime minister, Babrak Karmal
b.	The Soviets left him in power because he was easy to work with	d.	the kGB exiled him and left the office of Prime Minister vacant

RESPONSE
At the United Nations, the Soviet invasion was widely condemned. In Washington, President Carter blocked grain deliveries to the Soviet Union, launched a boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow and stepped up U.S. arms spending. He sent his national security adviser to Pakistan to rally resistance. Brzezinski wanted to arm the Mujahedeen without revealing America's role, and sought the help of Pakistan's military ruler, Gen. Zia-ul-Haq -- despite his poor record on human rights, nuclear weapons and drug trades.
With the election of Republican Ronald Reagan as U.S. president in 1980, American covert military aid to the Afghan rebels only increased. Money and arms were channeled through Pakistan -- which controlled the way aid was distributed among the many Mujahedeen factions. Pakistan hoped to install a fundamentalist Islamic regime in Afghanistan.
Meanwhile, as fighting escalated, the United Nations sought a diplomatic solution -- a deal for a Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, if military aid to the Mujahedeen was stopped. Hope for the plan blossomed in Moscow when, following the death of Brezhnev, the new Soviet leadership indicated it might accept the U.N. proposal. But the United States and Pakistan were not ready to cut a deal with Moscow.

133.

Jimmy Carter was elected president in 1976 and was in office when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. What did he do about the invasion.

a.	Boycott the Olympic games in Moscow	d.	supplied weapons to the Mujahedeen who were fighing the Soviets
b.	Cut off grain shipments to Russia	e.	Carter and his advisor, Brzezinski, did all of these things
c.	increased U.S. spending on military weapons

134.

When was Ronald Reagan elected president?

a.	1976	c.	1980
b.	1978	d.	1982

135.

What were the fundamentalist Islamic factions in Afghanistan called?

a.	Muslim moderates	c.	Alcada
b.	Muslim Marxists	d.	Mujahedeen

136.

What country was helping the U.S. to supply the Mujahedeen who were fighting the Soviets?

a.	Iraq	c.	Pakistan
b.	Russia	d.	Iran

CIVIL WAR
Inside Afghanistan, the ferocity of the fighting increased. At first, the Soviet army guarded cities, road and airports, leaving the Afghan army free for combat. But by 1980, almost 100,000 Soviet troops were deployed around the country; soon, they were sucked into battle. The Soviets started with textbook "sweep offenses" devised to defeat NATO in Europe or Chinese troops on the plains of Manchuria. But against guerrilla fighters in mountainous terrain, their approach was a disaster. Their military columns were picked off as they traveled the roads.
After heavy casualties, the Soviets changed tactics -- abandoning their massive armored sweeps and taking to the air. Commandos were dropped in by helicopter to cut the Mujahedeen's escape routes. Soviet aircraft began bombing indiscriminately across Afghanistan, pummeling village after village into oblivion. Thousands of civilians were killed in Soviet atrocities throughout the country. The Mujahedeen committed their own war crimes, often executing Soviet and Afghan prisoners in cold blood

137.

By 1980 the Soviets had _____ troops deployed in Afghanistan and their tactics were _______

a.	100,000 - effective	c.	too many - good
b.	100,000 - ineffective	d.	good - good

138.

The Soviets changed their tactics and started bombing the _______ which killed _____

a.	Mujahedeen - soldiers	c.	villages - civilians
b.	roads - Mujahedeen	d.	cities - Mujahedeen

WITHDRAWAL
The war in Afghanistan was taking its toll on the Soviets. With increasing ruthlessness and daring, the Mujahedeen attacked Soviet convoys bringing oil and weapons to their army. As many as 2,000 Soviets were killed each year. For Moscow's troops, many of whom were raw recruits, the war seemed pointless. Sickness, drunkenness and drug abuse sapped the army's strength. The wounded got minimal care. Back home, Soviet propaganda portrayed the troops as brave defenders, bringing order to a war-torn country. But returning veterans began to reveal their true role. And in cemeteries across the Soviet Union, the cost of the invasion became impossible to hide. For the Soviets, Afghanistan had become their Vietnam.
In March 1985, an energetic new leader took power in the Kremlin. As Mikhail Gorbachev met crowds around the country, opposition to the war could finally be expressed. Gorbachev told the United Nations that the Soviets would consider withdrawing from Afghanistan under a U.N. agreement. Reagan urged the Mujahedeen to go for victory and sent them America's latest missile -- the state-of-the-art, shoulder-launched Stinger. The missiles made plain that America was directly involved in the Afghan war.
Meanwhile, U.N. officials pressed on with peace talks. By April 1988, an agreement was signed in Geneva allowing Moscow to withdraw its troops. The pact also barred further military aid to either side -- but both superpowers ignored the ban. The supply of weapons went on; the Geneva accords did not bring peace. Instead, Afghanistan was to endure more years of bloodshed. Although the Soviet troop withdrawal was completed by February 1989, fighting among rival groups of Islamic fundamentalists -- using U.S. and Soviet weapons -- has continued to destroy the country. Since 1979, five million Afghans have been wounded or forced to flee their homes. Almost 15,000 Soviet soldiers have been killed. And a million Afghans have died -- a cruel legacy of the Cold War.

139.

The Soviets war in Afghanistan was a disaster. The people of the Soviet Union were told by the television and print media that it was

a.	a success	c.	not going well
b.	moderately successful	d.	over

140.

The Soviet Union was to Afghanistan as the United States was to

a.	Korea	c.	Vietnam
b.	China	d.	Germany

141.

After the Soviet pull-out of Afghanistan, fighting continued among

a.	The communists and the capitalists	c.	Pakistan and Afghanistan
b.	Islamic fundamentalists	d.	Iran and Afghanistan

142.

What was the name of the leader who took control of the Soviet Union in 1985

a.	Nikita Khrushchev	c.	Mikhail Gorbachev
b.	Beria	d.	Brzezinski

143.

How did the U.S. confront the Soviet Union in Afghanistan?

a.	By supplying weapons to the Mujahedeen	c.	By joining the U.N. effort to stop the Soviets
b.	By sending in U.S. troops	d.	By hitting Soviet targets with U.S. fighter jets

144.

Afghanistan was a _____ for the Soviets and a _____ for the U.S. in the cold war.

a.	victory - victory	c.	defeat - defeat
b.	defeat - victory	d.	victory - defeat

145.

The U.S. supplied stinger missiles to the Mujahedeen that made it possible to shoot down Soviet helicopters

true

false

146.

The United Nations Geneva Accords brought peace to Afghanistan

true

false

HUMAN RIGHTS
In the era of détente, the issue of human rights gained attention on both sides of the Iron Curtain. In 1975 in Helsinki, 35 nations -- including the United States and U.S.S.R. -- signed a declaration on human rights. Meanwhile, Czech dissidents secretly drew up Charter 77, a human rights document that was smuggled to the West. Activists in the communist bloc set up Helsinki Watch Committees to monitor and publicize abuses. But the Soviets did not feel bound by the Helsinki Accords and persecuted the dissidents, many of whom ended up in KGB prisons -- or in mental hospitals, where mind-control drugs were used to make them recant.
Jews were a distinctive group among the dissidents -- claiming the right to leave the Soviet Union. Many were refused exit visas and became known as refuseniks. Those who campaigned for their rights were often sent to forced labor camps for years. In 1979, the prominent refusenik Anatoly Sharansky was sentenced to 13 years for espionage and treason. Outside the court, supporters defiantly publicized his case to the Western media -- triggering forceful protests in the West. The evidence of human rights abuse inflamed anti-Soviet feeling in America.

147.

What were the Helsinki Watch Committees?

a.	Groups set up in the West to monitor human rights abuses by the U.S.	c.	Groups set up in the to monitor anti-Soviet activities by Jews
b.	Groups set up in the West to monitor human rights abuses by the Soviets	d.	Committees that helped the KGB to monitor treasonous activity

148.

Which ethnic group was especially targeted by the Soviet KGB for treasonous activity?

a.	Slavs	c.	Jews
b.	Americans	d.	Christians

SALT II
As Moscow and Washington clashed over human rights, they also stepped up negotiations for a new arms limitation treaty -- SALT II.
One issue not on the SALT II agenda was the Soviets' decision to deploy the SS-20, a new medium-range nuclear missile that targeted Western Europe. West Germany and other NATO allies were alarmed. Instead of making the SS-20s an issue during the SALT II negotiations, the United States pursued a twin-track policy: America would develop its new generation of missiles and allow Moscow three years to negotiate limits on medium-range missiles. If no deal was reached, America would station its cruise and Pershing nuclear missiles in Europe -- and target Soviet cities. Fear of missiles in their backyard created a new mood of resistance among Western Europeans.
By June 1979, the superpowers had agreed to new limits on strategic arms -- completing the SALT II treaty. Carter and Brezhnev met for the first time when they came to Vienna to sign the agreement. Soviets viewed the treaty as a way to limit arms production -- and improve their civilian economy. But in America, the pact was condemned by the political right for

The Democrat controlled congress and much of the American public thought the SALT II treaty was not good for the U.S.

not imposing limits on the development of new weapons systems. Ultimately, SALT II would fail to gain congressional approval even though the congress was controlled by President Carter’s own party, the Democrats.

149.

The purpose of SALT II was to

a.	Increase trade between the U.S. and Soviets	c.	Improve cultural contacts between the U.S. and the Soviets
b.	reduce nuclear arms between the U.S. and the Soviet Union	d.	Drive a wedge between Russia and China

150.

SALT II was

a.	a new treaty between the U.S. and the Soviets enacted into law in the U.S.	c.	a defeat for President Carter
b.	a congressionally approved attempt to limit U.S. nuclear arms	d.	a success for President Carter

151.

SALT II was signed by

a.	Carter and Brezhnev	c.	Reagan and Gorbachev
b.	Carter and Andropov	d.	Carter and Gorbachev

Ronald Reagan had a different philosophy and approach to communism than President Jimmy Carter. In 1981, Ronald Reagan -- a strident Cold Warrior -- enters the White House on a platform of "making America strong again." Convinced the United States is lagging in the arms race, Reagan increases defense spending and proposes a "Star Wars" anti-missile system -- alarming leaders in Moscow.
Reagan reasoned that he could increase the chances of peace by eliminating the threat of a nuclear attack by the Soviets. He offered to share the technology with the Soviets.

152.

From the passage we can infer that Ronald Reagan was

a.	a pro-Soviet president	c.	a moderate regarding communism
b.	a strong anti-communist	d.	a president with socialist tendencies

153.

The Soviets were most likely

a.	more afraid of Carter than Reagan	c.	equally fearful of Carter and Reagan
b.	more afraid of Reagan than Carter	d.	not very concerned with Carter of Reagan

REAGAN
At his first press conference as president, Ronald Reagan rendered a tough verdict on the policy of détente, calling it "a one-way street the Soviet Union has used to pursue its own aims." Reagan's message was unmistakable: The only way to deal with the Kremlin was from a position of strength.
Immediately, he began a new phase of rearmament. He increased the defense budget by $32.6 billion. He approved production of the costly B-1 bomber, a project President Carter had scrapped. He expanded the size of the Navy. And new defense guidelines called for preparations to wage a nuclear war "over a protracted period."

The renewed arms race and Reagan's anti-Soviet rhetoric revived the anti-nuclear movement in Western Europe. Reagan was portrayed by a vocal minority of Americans and many Europeans as a warmonger. Yet, in truth, Reagan shared their antipathy for nuclear brinksmanship -- the policy known as "mutual assured destruction."

154.

In dealing with the Soviets, Reagan believed the U.S. needed to deal from a position of strength. What did he do to make America stronger?

a.	Spent money to make the U.S. military the most powerful in the world.	c.	Spent more money on social programs like Medicare
b.	Spent more money on education	d.	Made the U.S. work more with the United Nations

155.

Which idea was most likely believed by Reagan?

a.	It is more important that your enemy like you than respect you	c.	Do not do anything to make your enemies upset
b.	If you are nice to your enemies they will be nice to you	d.	It is more important to be respected than loved.

156.

How did Reagan feel about MAD (mutual assured destruction)

a.	was in favor of it	c.	was unconcerned about it
b.	was opposed to it	d.	did not know what it was

TENSION
In Moscow, Andropov (leader of the Soviet Union) responded defiantly to Reagan's "Star Wars" plan. "All attempts at achieving military superiority over the U.S.S.R. are futile," he said. Privately, however, Andropov was frightened by SDI and Reagan's anti-Soviet speeches. In one of his speeches Reagan called the Soviet Union the, “Evil Empire.” Convinced that the West was planning for war, Andropov ordered a worldwide alert. The KGB monitored every aspect of life in the West.
The Americans stepped up spy flights in sensitive areas along the Soviet Union's long borders. Aircraft packed with electronic surveillance gear and disguised as civilian airliners often flew close to passenger routes.
On August 31, 1983, a South Korean airliner left Anchorage for Seoul. For reasons still unexplained, KAL Flight 007, with 269 people on board, ended up in Soviet air space, more than 300 miles from its normal route. Every indication was that the airliner was a civilian plane. After firing several warning tracer shots across the plane's bow, a Soviet fighter pilot downed the carrier, killing everyone on board. Reagan called the incident "an act of barbarism." The American people, and the people of the world were outraged.

157.

It is safe to say that the Soviets and Andropov were

a.	unconcerned about the U.S. and Reagan	c.	unconcerned about the U.S. because they had weapons just as good as the U.S.
b.	alarmed by Reagan and his policies	d.	concerned about American policies but liked and trusted Ronald Reagan

158.

The shooting down of flight KAL 007

a.	helped to prove Reagan’s statement that the Soviet Union was an evil empire	c.	improved relations between South Korea and the Soviet Union
b.	made the American people more sympathetic towards the Soviets because it was a mistake	d.	made people more fearful of Soviet technology

159.

KAL 007 was a civilian airliner belonging to _____ shot down by _____

a.	the United States - the Soviet Union	c.	North Korea - China
b.	the United States - China	d.	South Korea - the Soviet Union

GORBACHEV
A mood of crisis now gripped both East and West. Arms control talks were broken off. The Soviet leadership even believed a nuclear attack by the West was imminent. Reagan was surprised when told the Kremlin seriously feared an American first-strike offensive. It was time, he told aides, for a face-to-face meeting with Soviet leaders.
But to whom in the Kremlin could Reagan talk peace? In February 1984, Yuri Andropov died. His successor, Konstantin Chernenko, was too frail to start a dialogue and died a year later -- the third aged Soviet leader to die in three years.
Party leaders knew the country needed new blood. They turned to 54-year-old reformer Mikhail Gorbachev -- who in a speech the year before had introduced the concepts of "perestroika" (restructuring) and "glasnost" (openness) to the Communist Party lexicon. At a party plenum to ratify his election by the Politburo, Gorbachev pledged to make the Soviet Union more democratic -- and announced his intention to stop the arms race.

160.

The Soviets were

a.	not afraid of the U.S. under Reagan	c.	afraid of Reagan but sure he would not attack the Soviet Union
b.	afraid the U.S. under Reagan might attack the Soviet Union	d.	more concerned about domestic issues than foreign affairs

161.

Why did Reagan want a face to face meeting with the leader of the Soviet Union?

a.	spy on the Soviet Union	c.	ease tensions between the two countries
b.	to get trade concessions from the Soviets	d.	warn the Soviets that the U.S. might attack at any time

162.

What Soviet leader started the idea of perestroika" (restructuring) and "glasnost" (openness)

a.	Andropov	c.	Gorbachev
b.	Khrushchev	d.	Brezhnev

RAPPORT
In November 1985, Gorbachev traveled to Geneva to meet with Reagan for the first superpower summit in six years.
At their first face-to-face meeting, the two leaders outlined their positions in adversarial terms -- arguing about regional conflicts and accusing each other of trying to divide the world. Gorbachev later told aides Reagan was not just a conservative, but "a political dinosaur." Later that day, the tenor of the dialogue changed. Though the two leaders remained divided by Reagan's "Star Wars" initiative, the atmosphere grew warmer -- they established a rapport. Gorbachev left Geneva without agreement on his main objective -- curbing the arms race -- but the United States and the Soviet Union were talking again.
One year into the Gorbachev era the Cold War continued. The Geneva call for a second summit was repeatedly postponed. Fears of nuclear war remained. In April 1986, an explosion ripped apart a reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine north of Kiev. The disaster highlighted the incompetence of the Soviet system. The Soviets were weak economically, scientifically, and their infrastructure was poor.

Personal Friendship develops between Reagan and Gorbachev

Soviet Powerplant at Chernobyl explodes killing thousands and spreading radiation throughout Europe

163.

What was the main result of the first meeting between Reagan and Gorbachev at Geneva in 1985?

a.	Reagan and Gorbachev confirmed that they could not trust each other	c.	Gorbachev became convinced that he could manipulate Reagan any way he wanted.
b.	A new arms reduction treaty was agreed to by the Soviets and the U.S.	d.	The two men established a rapport and a basis for trust between them

164.

In the 1985 Geneva summit, Reagan and Gorbachev learned to _____ each other.

a.	respect	c.	distrust
b.	hate	d.	fear

165.

What happened at Chernobyl ?

a.	Soviet nuclear missile exploded	c.	Ukrainian water power plant exploded
b.	Soviet nuclear power plant exploded	d.	The U.S. attacked a Ukrainian power plant

166.

What did Chernobyl illustrate to the world?

a.	Strength of the Soviet economy	c.	The power of the Soviet infrastructure
b.	Serious weaknesses in all phases of Soviet society	d.	The power of Soviet Science and technology

REYKJAVIK
Six months after the Chernobyl disaster, Reagan and Gorbachev went to Reykjavik, Iceland, for their second summit. No one expected much of substance to emerge.
But over the next few days, the two leaders took a series of bold and unexpected steps aimed at reducing the threat of nuclear war. Gorbachev seized the initiative, winning Reagan's backing for a comprehensive set of reductions of strategic arms, intermediate-range missile and space weapons. Next, the two leaders agreed on the complete withdrawal of intermediate-range missiles in Europe and a 50 percent reduction in ballistic missiles over a five-year period.
As the talks continued, Reagan and Gorbachev each raised the ante in their quest for arms reductions. Finally, Reagan stunned Gorbachev and his own advisers by offering to eliminate all nuclear weapons in 10 years, effectively abolishing the nuclear deterrent. But Gorbachev continued to press Reagan on "Star Wars." "Our meeting cannot produce one winner. We both either win or lose," he said. Reagan would not budge.
The summit ended without an agreement -- but each delegation realized the discussions had crossed a historic line. In 1987, Reagan and

Gorbachev met in Washington to sign the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty -- eliminating an entire class of U.S. and Soviet nuclear arms for Eastern and Western Europe. Reagan's defense of "Star Wars" prevented further progress in arms talks for the remainder of his presidency. Nevertheless, two leaders a generation apart had brought their two countries closer then they had been in 40 years.

167.

At Reykjavik, Iceland, Reagan and Gorbachev

a.	laid the foundation for a series of major arms reduction measures	c.	could not agree on any arms reduction measures
b.	agreed to develop “star wars” together.	d.	left angry and distrustful of each other.

168.

What was the big surprise proposal made by Reagan at the Reykjavik, Iceland summit?

a.	that Reagan would be NICE to the Soviet Union from now on and stop calling them names.	c.	that the U.S. was willing to end Star Wars
b.	Reagan made no surprise proposal	d.	that both nations would eliminate ALL nuclear arms

169.

Many people in the United States and Europe thought that Star Wars was a fantasy and could not be achieved. How did the Soviets feel about Star Wars?

a.	They were afraid of it	c.	They did not concern themselves with it
b.	They agreed that it was a fantasy	d.	All of these are true of the Soviets

170.

Reagan believed that Star Wars was protection for the American people against nuclear missile attack. He also knew that if he agreed with Gorbachev to get rid of Star Wars, he could go down in history as the president who ended the cold war. Reagan refused to get rid of Star Wars showing that he was _____ president who _____ .

a.	a weak - who would do anything to become famous	c.	a strong - cared more for the people than his own legacy
b.	a cruel - who cared little for the American people.	d.	an evil - who put the destruction of the Soviet Union ahead of the safety of the American people

171.

Reagan was a strong Republican conservative. Many people give him credit for winning the cold war because he built up the military to a point where the Soviets could no longer keep up. Of all the presidents during the cold war, it was Reagan who came up with the bold ideas that finally ended the cold war. Gorbachev agreed to an end of the cold war because he trusted Reagan.

true

false

For nearly three decades, the Berlin Wall symbolized the Iron Curtain that separated East from West. But by 1989, the Wall was starting to crumble -- and by the end of the year it would collapse.
FIRST CRACK
In December 1988, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev met with outgoing U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his successor, George Bush. Gorbachev had decided that the Cold War must end -- and that Soviet control over the Communist bloc nations must be loosened. He told the peoples of Eastern Europe that they had the right of self-determination. But his listeners -- including those in the United States -- were skeptical of the Soviet response if non-Communist leaders were elected.
In Hungary, where Soviet tanks smashed an uprising in 1956, people were again growing angry. Economic reforms had met with disaster, and the Communist Party was losing control. In fear, the leadership promised more democracy -- and planned for multi-party elections. Hungarian Prime Minister Miklos Nemeth went to Moscow to inform Gorbachev -- who didn't approve but promised no repeat of 1956.
Hungarian reforms included the rehabilitation of the 1956 uprising's leaders. Executed leader Imre Nagy and his comrades were given a public funeral, and the government declared the revolution justified. A month earlier, the Hungarian government made an even bolder move, taking down the barbed wire on its border with Austria and the West. The Soviet Union did nothing. Although travel was still not completely free, the Iron Curtain was starting to unravel.

172.

Who succeeded Ronald Reagan as President of the U.S.?

a.	Gorbachev	c.	Gerald Ford
b.	George Bush	d.	Henry Kissinger

173.

What communist leader believed that Soviet domination of Eastern Europe must end?

a.	Ronald Reagan	c.	Kosegan
b.	Mikhail Gorbachev	d.	Nikita Khrushchev

174.

In 1956 the Soviet Union put down a revolution in Hungry with tanks. They killed thousands of people including the leader of the revolution. In 1989 the communist party in Hungry agreed to allow free elections, they honored the leaders of the 56 revolution as heroes and took down the barbed wire between Hungry and Vienna. What did this show?

a.	that Hungry was now a capitalist country	c.	that the communist party and the Soviets were loosing control in Hungry
b.	that the Soviets no longer cared what the Hungarians did	d.	that the communist party was as strong as ever in Hungry

175.

Because of their long history of repression, most people in the West did not believe the Soviets when they said they wanted reforms in East Europe

true

false

POLAND
The Poles, like the Hungarians, were breaking with the communist system. Faced with a wave of political strikes led by the Solidarity opposition movement, the communist regime had given way. In early 1989, government leaders opened talks with Solidarity and were prepared to share power and discuss a shift toward democracy.
In June, elections were held -- and produced a stunning defeat for the communists. Solidarity won 99 out of 100 seats in the Senate. Within weeks, the first anti-communist prime minister in the Soviet bloc took office. At a Warsaw Pact summit in July, Eastern bloc leaders were divided. East Germany's Erich Honecker and Romania's Nicolae Ceausescu were alarmed by events in Poland and Hungary. Some say they even conspired to urge Soviet intervention.
At about the same time, U.S. President Bush visited Poland and Hungary, giving them moral support for democratic change -- but little else. Back in the United States, Bush's secretary of state, James Baker, assured his Soviet counterpart, Eduard Shevardnadze, that the West would tread carefully in Eastern Europe and not exploit Soviet problems there.

176.

What was the movement that opposed communist dictatorship in Poland called?

a.	Solidarity	c.	The AFL-CIO
b.	The Polish League	d.	The Catholic League

177.

Which two Eastern European leaders were against the freedom movements in Poland and Hungry?

a.	Goering and Mussolini	c.	Gorbachev and Khrushchev
b.	Erich Honecker and Eduard Shevardnadze	d.	Erich Honecker and Nicolae Ceausescu

178.

Who was President Bushes Secretary of State in 1989?

a.	Henry Kissinger	c.	James Baker
b.	Gerald Ford	d.	Colin Powell

179.

What did President Bush promise the Soviet Union?

a.	That he would not use the problems in Poland to make the Soviets look bad	c.	That he would not cut off aid to Russia
b.	That he would send aid to Poland	d.	That he would not remove American troops from West Germany

EXODUS
In East Germany, Erich Honecker refused to admit there was anything wrong with his system -- but in reality, the country was rotting away. Pollution poisoned the air and water. The economy was running down. The police state provoked mass suspicion and stifled all initiative.
In the summer of 1989, East Germans rushed to take vacations in Hungary -- where the border with the West was weakening -- and besieged the West German Embassy in Budapest, demanding help to emigrate.
In Berlin, Honecker called the refugees moral outcasts and blocked further travel to Hungary. Desperate, the fleeing East Germans turned to Czechoslovakia -- and gathered at the West German Embassy in Prague. Refugees crammed themselves into the embassy and refused to leave -- until, under Soviet and West German pressure, Honecker consented to a face-saving deal: The refugees could go to West Germany, but only if their train crossed East German territory first. Then Honecker could claim he had expelled them and canceled their citizenship

180.

Where did the East Germans go to escape East Germany control?

a.	Hungary than Poland	c.	Czechoslovakia then Romania
b.	Poland then Czechoslovakia	d.	Hungary then Czechoslovakia

181.

From all of the events that were happening in Eastern Europe in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and East Germany, it was easy to see that

a.	the people did not want to be capitalist	c.	the communist system was strong
b.	the communist system was falling apart	d.	the Soviet Union had control of the situation

182.

What was Honeker afraid of

a.	That Germany would be unified under communism	c.	That Germany would be united and communism would end in East Germany
b.	That Germany would be divided into East and West	d.	That West Germany would become communist

PROTEST
Some East Germans chose to stay and protest. Inspired by Gorbachev, they dreamed of turning their country into a democracy. Weekly demonstrations in Leipzig soon swelled into mass protests. Police tried to stop them, but the government was losing its nerve.
Only Honecker seemed confident of his country's future. As he welcomed Gorbachev to Berlin on the eve of East Germany's 40th anniversary in October 1989, he pretended not to notice when a group of communist youth marchers dropped their rehearsed slogans and began to chant "Gorby, save us!"
The Soviet leader's visit had in fact galvanized protests against the deeply unpopular Communist regime. Gorbachev suggested to Honecker that the way to stop public protest engulfing his government would be to introduce a German version of perestroika. Honecker would not listen -- he was planning to stamp out the new opposition. Some feared a repeat of the Chinese crackdown against dissidents earlier that year in Tiananmen Square. An internal plot was hatching against Honecker. A group in the East German Politburo had decided it was time for him to go.

183.

Why did East German youths chant, "Gorby, save us!" to Gorbachev?

a.	they wanted him to support Honecker	c.	they wanted him to stamp out the protests
b.	they wanted him to save them from Western democracy	d.	They wanted him to bring the same kind of openness he had brought to Russia

184.

In the Eastern Europe protests, who was the hard liner that took a firm position against the protestors?

a.	Gorbachev	c.	Gorbachev and Honecker
b.	Honecker	d.	Neither were hard liners

185.

Why were public protests engulfing the government of East Germany

a.	the protestors wanted to remain communist	c.	the protestors wanted the war in Afghanistan to end
b.	the protestors wanted to go to the United States	d.	the protestors wanted Western style freedom

TURNING POINT
A protest rally was planned for two days later in Leipzig. The East German army was on alert, and the city was in a state of emergency. As the demonstration began, 70,000 people were on the streets. Alarmed, the Soviet ambassador telephoned the commander of Soviet forces in the region -- and ordered them not to interfere. Local Communist Party leaders begged the opposition to talk. Then, without higher orders, officials pulled back the police and troops. The demonstration went off peacefully. For East Germans, this was the turning point.
Deserted by his allies, Honecker was voted out of power by the entire Politburo on October 17. Egon Krenz took charge, promising to implement democratic reforms -- and make it easier for East Germans to travel West, the issue that had set off the whole crisis. On November 1, he traveled to Moscow, where Gorbachev urged him to ease travel restrictions. Krenz offered East Germans new freedoms, but demonstrators wanted more

186.

In the passage above it is easy to see that

a.	East Germany had given in to the protestors	c.	West Germany was not very appealing to East Germans
b.	East Germany was taking a firm stand against the protestors	d.	West Germany wanted to be communist

187.

What do you think was the main reason most East Germans wanted to travel to West Germany

a.	to see how people in West Germany lived	c.	the weather was better in West Germany
b.	to visit friends and relatives in West Germany	d.	the West Germans were giving away free beer and pretzels

188.

When the East German communists went to Gorbachev for advice, what did he tell them to do.

a.	take military action against the demonstrators	c.	close the German borders
b.	grant more freedom to the demonstrators	d.	ignore the demonstrators and the situation would go away by itself

REUNION
With street protests mounting, and thousands of people fleeing the country daily, East Germany was on the verge of disintegration. On November 9, East German Politburo member Gunter Schabowski told journalists in Berlin that restrictions on travel to the West would be lifted. The government meant the change to start the next day. But Schabowski mistook the timing -- and told reporters the change was immediate. The news flashed around the city. East Berliners rushed to see if the checkpoints in the Wall were really opening. Borders guards were baffled. They had only one order -- to stop anyone trying to escape. But the crowds were huge. Suddenly, the guards gave in and opened the barriers.
West Berliners arrived from the other direction and began to demolish the Wall in front of the Brandenburg Gate. Across the Wall, two worlds had faced each other in arms. Now their enmity was dumped into history. Germany would be reunited. Europe's revolution against communism would continue throughout the rest of East Europe. The cold war was over.

189.

Who planned and organized the revolt in East Germany against communism?

a.	the CIA	c.	no one. it was an uprising by ordinary people
b.	the KGB	d.	the Soviets

190.

The East German border guards were ordered to stop people from crossing into West Germany. What did they do when thousands of East Germans showed up at the border to cross into the West?

a.	Strung barbed wire across the border	c.	Started shooting at the protestors
b.	Asked the Soviet Union for tanks and support	d.	Gave up and let the people pass

191.

The U.S. won the cold war because the democratic ideals espoused by the United States finally defeated communism.

true

false

Matching

a.	Henry Kissinger	e.	Robert McNamara
b.	Ngo Dinh Diem	f.	Ho Chi Minh
c.	Lyndon Johnson	g.	Richard Nixon
d.	General William Westmorland	h.	John F Kennedy