Cold War A

Name:

Cold War A

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Once allies against Hitler, the Soviet Union and the United States confront each other at the end of World War II. Looming over the postwar landscape is the awesome, mushroom-shaped cloud of the atomic bomb.

What is the awesome, mushroom-shaped cloud?

a.	The Kremlin	c.	The hydrogen bombs under development
b.	The atomic bombs dropped by the U.S.	d.	Poison gas being developed by Russia

The Soviet Union was an ally of Germany at the start of World War II. How and why did it become an ally of the U.S. during the war?

a.	Germany attacked the Soviet Union	c.	The Soviet’s thought Germany might loose the war
b.	The Soviet Union changed its mind because it wanted U.S. loans	d.	Germany attacked France

REVOLUTION
The seeds for the Cold War are planted during World War I and the ensuing revolution in Russia. In 1917, the new communist government led by Vladimir Lenin withdraws Russia from the war -- and signs a separate peace with Germany. Many of the Western Allies view the new Russian government with suspicion.
Russia's treaty with Germany ends fighting on the Eastern Front. But from 1918 to 1920, civil war rages in Russia -- with the anti-communist forces receiving support from the West and elsewhere as part of an unsuccessful attempt to oust the Bolsheviks.
Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin rapidly rises to power. By the 1930s, Stalin's "Great Purge" is under way. Millions are arrested, and many are executed or sent to prison camps, as Stalin tightens his grip on the nation.

In 1917 Russia was ruled by Czar Nicholas (the king). In October of that year there was a revolution. Who replaced the Czar and later had the Czar and his family shot?

a.	the Allies	c.	the Communists
b.	the Germans	d.	the Nazi’s

Who was the first leader of the Communist government in Russia?

a.	Trotsky	c.	Stalin
b.	Lenin	d.	Czar Nicholas

Why did the Western Allies view the new Russian government with suspicion?

a.	The Communists pulled Russia out of the war leaving England, France and the U.S. to fight Germany alone.	c.	The Russians teamed-up with the Germans to fight the Allies
b.	The Russians said they were not going to pay their war debts to the U.S.	d.	Germany and Russia invaded Poland

What is a Bolshevik?

a.	a Loyalist	c.	a German
b.	a Communist	d.	a Fascist

Germany was fighting a two front war. England, France and the U.S. were fighting Germany on the _____ front, while Russia was fighting on the _____ front.

a.	Southern -Western	c.	Eastern - Western
b.	Northern - Southern	d.	Western -Eastern

The Russian revolution took place in 1917. The person who led the revolution died in 1924. Who was that person?

a.	Stalin	c.	Lenin
b.	the Czar	d.	Trotsky

What is it called when an evil leader gets rid of his enemies through killing and imprisonment?

a.	riot	c.	war
b.	purge	d.	court martial

10.

During the 1930’s, Stalin became a _____ of Russia?

a.	President	c.	Servant
b.	Dictator	d.	Citizen Czar

11.

Sometimes the U.S., and England are referred to as the

a.	North	c.	South
b.	East	d.	West

12.

Sometimes the Soviet Union (Russia) is referred to as the

a.	North	c.	South
b.	East	d.	West

13.

When it is said that the seeds of the Cold War were planted in 1917, what do they mean?

a.	Communism began in 1917	c.	The beginning of the cold war started with the Versailles Treaty
b.	Suspicion between Communist Russia and the allies started by events that took place 1917	d.	The beginning of the cold war started with the non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia

14.

Why did many Americans feel betrayed by Castro?

a.	He did not announce to the Americans that he was a Communist until after he took power.	c.	He owned a great deal of land and industry in Cuba
b.	He was a supporter of Bautista, the dictator of Cuba	d.	He announced to the Americans that he was a Communist before he took power but Americans did not believe him.

15.

Who were tried and executed by the Castro Communists in the Havana Sports Arena?

a.	People thought to be pro-Bautista and anti-Castro	c.	People thought to be anti-Castro Communists.
b.	Cuban Communists	d.	Cuban revolutionaries

16.

Why did many Americans go to Cuba in the 1940’s and 1950’s?

a.	It was a Communist resort island	c.	The Castro government welcomed Americans
b.	Castro was the Robin Hood of Cuba and Americans liked Robin Hood	d.	It was a vacation resort with many hotels, casinos, and beaches

17.

Why did many Americans call Fidel Castro the Robin Hood of Cuba?

a.	He was a communist.	c.	He was thought to be a hero fighting for the people against a dictator.
b.	Robin Hood and Castro were both communists	d.	He took from the poor and gave to the rich

18.

This person led the Russian revolution. He is sometimes called the father of modern Communism. Who is he?

a.	Trotsky	c.	Lenin
b.	Stalin	d.	Czar Nicholas

19.

This man is one of the most vicious men who has ever lived. He was dictator of Russia for 29 years and killed millions. Who is he?

a.	Stalin	c.	Czar Nicholas
b.	Lenin	d.	Trotsky

In the months following their victory in World War II, the alliance between the Soviet Union and the West quickly proves to be little more than a marriage of convenience.
Suspicion clouds relations -- while a curtain descends over Europe. Concerned about the expansion of a Communist dictatorship across much of Europe, Winston Churchill first used the term, “Iron Curtain”, in a speech in President Truman’s home town in Missouri. People listened to Churchill because he was one of the first to warn the world about Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany

20.

Who imposed an “Iron Curtain” across Europe

a.	Germany	c.	The Allies
b.	Poland	d.	The Soviet Union

21.

What was the “marriage of convenience” between the Soviet Union and the West?

a.	Working together to defeat Germany in WWII	c.	Working together to defeat Germany in the Cold War
b.	Working together to defeat Germany in WWI	d.	Working together to enforce the Treaty of Versailles

22.

What country was Winston Churchill from?

a.	Missouri	c.	France
b.	The U.S.	d.	Great Britain

23.

What was the iron curtain?

a.	A steel and barbed wire fence between Germany and the Soviet Union	c.	A division of Europe between the Communist countries in the East and the free countries in the West.
b.	A political division between Eastern Europe and Russia	d.	A division of Europe between the Communist countries in the West and the free countries in the East

24.

After the Iron Curtain was imposed in Europe, which country found itself living under a Communist dictatorship?

a.	West Germany	c.	Austria
b.	East Germany	d.	None of these

HOMECOMINGS
The United States emerges from World War II with both its government and economy intact. In fact, the American war machine has revitalized the nation's businesses and brought affluence to more people on levels unimaginable during the pre-war Depression. Many Americans have more money to spend because people worked long hours in defense plants during the war and there was nothing to spend money on. No new homes were built, no new cars were manufactured and there was rationing on most consumer goods.
England is a small country and suffered from German bombing. France surrendered to Germany early in the war and suffered little, except for some towns and villages after the D Day invasion. The nations that suffered most were Germany and the Soviet Union. Millions died in both countries and their nations infrastructure was in ruins. The infrastructure of a nation includes such things as railroads, bridges, mines, factories, and roads.

25.

After WWII most Americans found themselves

a.	better off financially	c.	about the same financially as they were before the war
b.	worse off financially	d.	with a great deal of debt because of credit purchases

26.

Why was the American infrastructure left unharmed after WWII?

a.	Americans had rationing	c.	The continental U.S. was never bombed or attacked
b.	American factories were manufacturing war goods	d.	America was a Capitalist country

27.

When was the Great Depression?

a.	post World War II	c.	during World War II
b.	pre World War II	d.	during the Cold War

28.

Which countries suffered most during World WarII?

a.	U.S. and Great Britain	c.	Germany and Russia
b.	France	d.	France and Germany

CONQUERED, DIVIDED
Germany, which had terrorized and occupied much of the European continent, now finds itself divided among the victors. Four occupation zones are established, and each of the Allies sets up a sector in Berlin.
Meanwhile, national borders are being redrawn in an attempt to settle old scores. Millions of ethnic Germans are expelled from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary.

29.

Which country is divided into four zones after World War II?

a.	France	c.	Soviet Union
b.	Russia	d.	Germany

30.

Which German city was divided into four zones after WWII?

a.	Hamburg	c.	Belgrade
b.	Berlin	d.	Stalingrad

SOVIET CONTROL
New power struggles spring up in many European countries following World War II, as communist and capitalist factions vie for control. The most notable and brutal example of these is the drawn-out civil war in Greece.
Many Americans are concerned because it seemed that the Soviet Union was extending its control over all of Eastern Europe. The Soviets were taking advantage of the political and social upheaval, brought about by World War II, to agitate for Communist revolutions throughout the world. World Communism was a continuation of the policy that the Soviet Union had before World War II.

31.

Why were Americans concerned with the events in Europe after World War II?

a.	Communist Russia was seizing control in many European Countries and setting up dictatorships	c.	The Soviets were threatening to revive the Nazi’s in Germany
b.	The Soviet Union was setting up democratic governments in many places in Europe	d.	France refused to support us in the United Nations

32.

What kind of government did the Soviet Union have?

a.	Democracy	c.	Totalitarian Dictatorship
b.	Democratic Socialist	d.	Democratic Communist

33.

Political and social conflict can often lead to ______ . This is was happened in Germany after World War I and what happened in many places throughout the world after World War II.

a.	democracy	c.	freedom
b.	totalitarianism	d.	stability

WARNINGS
Comments by Stalin in early 1946, that capitalism and imperialism made future wars inevitable, set off alarm bells in the West. George Kennan, a career U.S. diplomat in Moscow, was asked by the State Department for his view on Soviet motives and intentions. His famous cabled response warned there could be no permanent, peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union.
Days after Kennan's telegram, Winston Churchill, the former British prime minister, arrives in the United States. He later speaks at a college in Fulton, Missouri, the home state of his host, U.S. President Harry Truman. It coined the phrase that best described the political and ideological divide between the Soviets and the West as the Cold War began.

34.

Who said that because of capitalism and imperialism, future war with the Soviet Union is inevitable?

a.	Joseph Stalin, leader of Great Britain	c.	Joseph Stalin, leader of Soviet Russia
b.	George Kennan	d.	Winston Churchill

35.

The comments by Joseph Stalin in 1946 showed that

a.	he wanted peaceful coexistence	c.	he saw the U.S. as an enemy
b.	he wanted war with the U.S. as soon as possible.	d.	he wanted friendship with the U.S.

36.

What is the phrase that best described the political and ideological divide between the Soviets and the West and signaled the start of the Cold War.

a.	Steel Curtain	c.	Partition of Germany
b.	Iron Curtain	d.	Berlin Wall

37.

Moscow is the capital of what country?

a.	Poland	c.	East Germany
b.	Germany	d.	Soviet Union

TRUMAN'S DOCTRINE
Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech set the tenor for the growing tensions between the Soviet Union and its former allies.
The chill in relations between communism and the West coincides with the unusually bitter winter of 1946-47. As shortages and famine gripped an exhausted Europe, President Truman announced what became known as the Truman Doctrine.
The Truman Doctrine was first established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

38.

Shortages, famine and the cold winter benefited

a.	the U.S. who wanted to keep the European countries suppressed and under control	c.	the Soviet Union who wanted to foment communist revolutions in Europe
b.	the British who wanted to maintain control of its European colonies	d.	Germany who was evolving as a new economic super-power in Europe

39.

From this passage, we can infer that

a.	Truman respected Churchill	c.	Truman feared Churchill
b.	Churchill feared Truman	d.	Truman and Churchill were suspicious of each other.

40.

From this passage we can infer that

a.	The U.S., Britain, and Greece were allies	c.	The U.S. and Britain were allies
b.	The U.S. Britain and Turkey were allies	d.	The U.S., Britain, and Russia were allies

41.

Why did Great Britain give up its traditional role as leader of the continent of Europe?

a.	It was devastated and financially ruined from World War II	c.	It no longer considered itself a European country
b.	It did not want to challenge the United States	d.	It was on the verge of war with Ireland

42.

London is the political capital of what country?

a.	France	c.	Great Britain
b.	Russia	d.	Germany

43.

Why was the President Truman so concerned about Greece and Turkey. Why did he feel he needed to give them aid?

a.	They were allies of the U.S. in both world wars.	c.	Truman wanted to build them up so the U.S. could trade with them.
b.	Truman’s family was Turkish	d.	Truman was afraid they might turn Communist.

44.

What did Truman do that made the differences between Soviet totalitarianism and the Western democracies clear?

a.	Sent aid to Turkey and France	c.	Established the Truman Doctrine
b.	Sent aid to Greece and Turkey	d.	Held the Yalta Conference

The Marshall Plan 1947 - 1952
With hunger and discontent plaguing postwar Europe, the U.S. proposes an aid program to rebuild the ruined continent.
But the Marshall Plan also solidifies the deep ideological differences between East and West
POSTWAR EUROPE

	The events that brought about the Marshall Plan were spurred on by a combination of man-made and natural disasters. Immediately following World War II, much of Europe was in chaos. Millions of refugees roam the continent, some attempting to return home after the war, others fleeing westward, away from Soviet domination. Governments lie toppled, national economies remain in ruin.

Meanwhile, the harvest of 1946 is poor, and the winter of '46-47 is one of the worst in memory. The strife leads many in Western Europe to consider communism as an end to the hard life and injustices they suffer.

45.

What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?

a.	Help Europe get back on its feet and prevent mass starvation	c.	Help prevent starvation in the Soviet Union
b.	Equip an army to confront the Russians	d.	Help to rebuild Eastern Europe and prevent starvation

46.

How did World War II leave Europe?

a.	revitalized	c.	wealthy
b.	inspired	d.	devastated

47.

The passage suggests that there was a danger that an economically devistatedd Europe with a starving population might

a.	turn to Capitalism	c.	turn to Hitler again
b.	turn to Communism	d.	become challenge U.S. economic power

48.

Who were the refugees trying to escape from in Europe?

a.	The Nazi’s	c.	The Russians
b.	The Americans	d.	Great Britain

49.

Who suffered most in Europe after World War II?

a.	The Soviet Military	c.	The civilian population
b.	The British and Americans	d.	The Communist Party members

50.

What does the phrase, “But the Marshall Plan also solidifies the deep ideological differences between East and West,” suggest?

a.	The Marshall Plan will help to bring Russia and the U.S. closer	c.	The Marshall Plan will help solidify the divisions between the Soviet West and the American East.
b.	The Marshall Plan will make the situation between the Communist countries and the West worse than it already is.	d.	The Marshall Plan will make Communism stronger.

George Marshall

GEORGE MARSHALL
Truman turns to his secretary of state, George Marshall, to put Europe back on its feet economically. Marshall had been famous for his logistical skills while U.S. Army chief of staff during the war. (logistical skill means the ability to get supplies for the troops)
Marshall meets with others from the so-called "Big Four" in Moscow, in an attempt to determine the future of then-occupied Germany. But the talks go nowhere. The Big Four were the U.S., England, France and the Soviet Union

51.

Why did Truman pick Marshall to help feed the people of Europe?

a.	He had experience at supplying the troops in World War II	c.	He was a farmer in civilian life
b.	He was a Democrat	d.	He was a Republican

52.

The “Big Four” was another name for the allies in World War II. Which country below was not one of the allies

a.	United States	d.	Germany
b.	Great Britain	e.	Soviet Union
c.	France

53.

From the passage, how can you tell that George Marshall tried to “reach out” to the Soviet Union?

a.	He went to Moscow for talks	c.	He was an anti-capitalist
b.	He offered aid to Turkey and Greece	d.	He was an anti-communist

THE PLAN

Marshall formally announces what will become known as the European Recovery Program during a ceremony at Harvard University. The Marshall Plan offers billions of dollars in U.S. aid to European countries -- including those under Soviet occupation.
Soviet spies in London keep Moscow up to date on the Marshall Plan, which the Kremlin views with growing suspicion. Stalin orders his foreign minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, to pull out of a Paris conference designed to frame Europe's response to the Marshall Plan

Marshall formally announces what will become known as the European Recovery Program during a ceremony at Harvard University. The Marshall Plan offers billions of dollars in U.S. aid to European countries -- including those under Soviet occupation.
Soviet spies in London keep Moscow up to date on the Marshall Plan, which the Kremlin views with growing suspicion. Stalin orders his foreign minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, to pull out of a Paris conference designed to frame Europe's response to the Marshall Plan.
As Molotov leaves Paris, he accuses the West of working to divide Europe into two hostile camps. In fact, Czechoslovakia considers attending the Paris conference on the Marshall Plan -- only to be told in no uncertain terms that Moscow is against it.

54.

Which statement below is true about the Marshall Plan?

a.	If offered aid to Western, but not Eastern, Europe	c.	It was a conspiracy buy the big oil companies in the U.S. to control Iraq oil
b.	If offered aid to Western and Eastern Europe	d.	If offered food but not economic aid

55.

From the reading passage, how can you tell that the Soviets had established a dictatorship over Easter Europe?

a.	The Soviets spied on the U.S.	c.	The soviets would not talk to the Eastern European countries
b.	The Soviets were cruel to Germany	d.	The Soviets ordered Czechoslovakia not to attend the Marshall Plan Conference

56.

How did the Soviets react to the Marshall Plan?

a.	They wanted it to succeed	c.	They were suspicious of it and thought it would make Europeans feel they owed something to the U.S.
b.	They preferred to work through the U.N.	d.	They liked the plan but did not like Marshall

Communist COUP (A coup is the overthrow of a government.)
In September 1947, as the Marshall Plan gets under way, the Soviets set up the Cominform, the Communist Information Bureau. They also establish Comecon, the Warsaw Pact's version of an economic trading bloc. The Warsaw Pact was an alliance of Eastern European countries into a single military force.
But these new ties among European communists mean an end to Eastern European hopes for any kind of freedom under Soviet domination. That reality is driven home in February 1948 -- when a communist coup topples the government of Czechoslovakia.

57.

The Communists set up organizations in response to the Marshall Plan. What does this tell you about the Communists?

a.	They wanted to help the Marshall Plan to succeed	c.	They wanted to go their own way and work against the Western democracies.
b.	They wanted to be part of the Marshall Plan	d.	They wanted to control the Marshall Plan

58.

What was the Warsaw Pact?

a.	An economic development group based in Warsaw Poland	c.	A polish group organized to fight Communism
b.	A Communist Eastern European army	d.	An organization started in Warsaw Poland for distributing food from the Marshall Plan

AID TO EUROPE
Just weeks after the communist coup in Czechoslovakia, the U.S. Congress approves the first $5 billion in Marshall Plan aid. Twenty percent of the aid is in loans, 80 percent in grants. (a grant is money given away for free) The first shipments are food and fertilizer, followed by machinery.
In the four years of the plan, the Marshall agency spends $13.5 billion in 16 countries. In turn, Europe's purchase of U.S. goods and machinery brings many Marshall Plan dollars back into the American economy, fueling a postwar boom.
One of the European countries most desperate for aid is Greece -- devastated by years of Nazi occupation and civil war. One novel and successful program sent big U.S. mules to Greek farmers

59.

The first aid to Europe under the Marshall plan was designed to

a.	promote the economy of Europe	c.	help the Greek and Turkish army
b.	feed the starving people	d.	establish a military challenge to the Soviet Union

60.

The Marshall Plan shows that America is

a.	uncaring and cruel	c.	only concerned about itself
b.	concerned first about its military	d.	a kind, generous and caring nation.

61.

A majority of the aid to Europe under the Marshall plan was

a.	donated to the Europeans	c.	in the form of heavy machinery
b.	loaned to the Europeans	d.	in loans to farmers

FEAR AND RESPONSE
There were groups and individuals living in Western Europe and the United States who supported the Soviet Union. The Communists had the ability to call out these groups to strike and demonstrate whenever they needed them. These groups were called, “Communist Front organizations.” For example, in the 1930’s these front organizations demonstrated against Nazi Germany. As soon as Germany and Russia signed the non-aggression pact, the demonstrations switched in favor of Nazi Germany.

	The Soviet Union urges its communist colleagues in Western Europe to take action against the Marshall Plan. In response, a series of strikes and demonstrations sweep through Italy and France. Threats by the United States to withdraw Marshall Plan aid have an impact, though, and the strikes eventually fail. What does the cartoon on the left mean???

Fears that Italy's Communist Party would win the 1948 elections bring about a propaganda campaign in the United States, as well as a campaign of covert operations from the newly formed CIA. Following the Christian Democrats' victory in Italy, Washington unleashes a wave of aid, reviving the Italian economy. Meanwhile, Yugoslavia under Marshal Tito breaks with Moscow after several years of uneasy alliance. Those nations that remain behind the Iron Curtain would continue to live in subjugation until the late 1980’s.

62.

Why did the Communists want the Marshall plan to fail?

a.	The Marshall Plan showed that the West was concerned about the common people.	c.	The Marshall Plan made the Communists look bad.
b.	The Marshall Plan helped to create “stability” in Europe.	d.	All of these are reasons the Communists wanted the Marshall plan to fail.

63.

What did they call organizations that supported the policies of the Soviet Union and worked to defeat the Western democracies?

a.	Socialists	c.	Freedom Fronts
b.	Libertarians	d.	Communist Front Organizations

64.

How did the United States react to these new Communist organizations that worked against freedom in the West?

a.	formed the FBI	c.	The U.S. did not react
b.	formed the CIA	d.	Withdrew the Marshall Plan

65.

When the people of Italy were given a chance to vote for Communism or a Western Style free government in 1948. What did they do?

a.	Voted to elect a Communist Government	c.	Elected the Christian Democrats
b.	Elected a Fascist style state	d.	Refused to vote at all.

Three years after the end of World War II, the Nazis' former capital, Berlin, would once again find itself the target of an allied air fleet. This time, the air armada was working to save, rather than destroy, the city.

DIVIDED GERMANY
Following World War II, Germany is divided into four zones of occupation -- Soviet, British, French and American. Germany, and Berlin in particular, are the only places where communist and Western forces come into direct contact.

The city of Berlin is inside the Soviet sector and it is also divided into four zones. Three and a half million Berliners live deep inside Soviet lines. The Nazis' once-proud capital, reduced to a pile of rubble by Allied anger, is down to its bare essentials. The people of Berlin are starving and the Soviets will not allow the other nations to come into the city. To get to the city the other nations have to go through the Soviet zone.

66.

How many zones was Germany divided into after WWII?

a.	2	c.	4
b.	3	d.	5

67.

Which of the following countries had zones in Germany

a.	British	d.	French
b.	American	e.	Each of these countries had a zone
c.	Soviet

68.

The city of Berlin was also divided into four zones. Where was the city of Berlin located?

a.	Inside the British zone	c.	Inside the Soviet zone
b.	Inside the American Zone	d.	Inside the French zone

69.

Why was it a problem for the city of Berlin to be inside the Soviet zone?

a.	The Western allies had to go through the Soviet zone to get to Berlin	c.	Berlin was the former capital of Germany
b.	There were no good roads into Berlin	d.	There were many Nazi’s living there.

70.

Why was Germany, and especially Berlin, a very dangerous place for world peace in the late 1940’s?

a.	Stalin made a new non-aggression pact with Germany	c.	The Soviets were threatening to drop an atomic bomb on the city.
b.	The Nazi’s were still very powerful in Germany and many Germans wanted a war with the Soviet Union and the Allies	d.	It was the only place where Western and Soviet troops were in direct contact and any spark could set off a war.

71.

What was the “allied anger” that reduced the city of Berlin to a pile of rubble?

a.	Missile attacks by the Soviet Union	c.	Bombing by Moslem extremists
b.	French troops went on a rampage in Berlin after the war	d.	Round the clock bombing by Britain and the U.S.

72.

Why did many Americans join the Communist party in the 1930’s

a.	Being a Communist was an easy way to become rich	c.	Communism taught that all property should be privately owned.
b.	The Depression caused many to loose faith in the Capitalist system	d.	Capitalism was against private property

73.

Communism was

a.	an international movement	c.	against the law in the United States
b.	a movement only inside the Soviet Union and China	d.	not attractive to college students.

74.

Which statement below is not true?

a.	Some American Communists spied for the Soviet Union	c.	Being a Communist was “cool” on American college campuses in the 30’s
b.	The Great Depression made Communism attractive to many Americans	d.	Though some Americans became Communists they all remained loyal to the United States.

75.

The American, French and British areas of Berlin were known as _____ Berlin, while the Soviet area of Berlin was known as _____ Berlin.

a.	Eastern - Western	c.	Communist - Soviet
b.	Western - Eastern	d.	Communist - Capitalist

76.

Life in East Berlin was an example of the _____ of the communist system

a.	failure	c.	technology
b.	success	d.	power

77.

Castro is a _____

a.	Capitalist	c.	National Socialist
b.	Communist	d.	Libertarian

78.

Why is Cuba important to the United States and why was it a threat during the Cold War?

a.	Cuba has a large amount of natural resources and wealth	c.	It is only 90 miles from the U.S. and a Communist client of the Soviet Union
b.	Cuba has an army that rivals the U.S. Army and is close enough to attack the U.S.	d.	All of these are true

CURRENCY REFORM
In June 1948, an announcement by the Western Allies brings a crisis to Berlin. They establish a currency reform meant to wipe out the German black market and further tie the vulnerable German economy to the West. The Soviets are not told and are infuriated by the action. Moscow says Berlin is located in the Soviet zone and therefore "economically forms part of it."
Sir Brian Robertson, the British military governor in Berlin, along with his U.S. counterpart, Gen. Lucius Clay, respond by introducing a special version of a new German currency, the deutschmark, stamped with a "B" for Berlin.

79.

Why did the Western allies introduce a new form of money (the deutschmark) into Germany?

a.	help to tie Germany to the West instead of the Soviets	c.	control the Black Market
b.	all of these reasons	d.	improve the economy of Germany

80.

The Russians were did not want the people of Berlin to use the new money because Berlin was in their sector. What did the allies do to the money used in Berlin to pacify the Russians?

a.	Went back to the old money that Germany was using.	c.	let the Russians use Russian money instead of German money
b.	The allies did nothing to pacify the Soviets	d.	stamped a B on the back of the money

AIRLIFT
On Thursday, June 24, 1948, West Berlin wakes to find itself under a Soviet blockade -- and in the midst of the first major confrontation of the Cold War. The Soviets block all of the roads and railroads so the Allies can not get to the city. The people in Berlin are close to starvation and there is no fuel to heat their homes. The Western Allies impose a counter-blockade on the Soviet zone. The Soviets hope to starve the West out of Berlin.
President Truman was faced with a problem. If the West tried to crash through the Soviet blockade it might set off a new war. If we do nothing the city of Berlin will come under the domination of the Communists.
The West had been through a similar short-term Soviet blockade of Berlin two months earlier -- and had responded with an airlift using air corridors set up in a 1945 agreement with the Soviets. President Truman vows that we will not be driven out of Berlin. New plans are drawn up -- for long-term replenishment of West Berlin from the air. The Berlin Airlift has begun.

81.

How did the Soviets blockade the city of Berlin?

a.	closed all air traffic to the city	c.	sent tanks to attack the Western Allies
b.	closed all roads and railroad traffic	d.	the Soviets did not blockade Berlin

82.

Why didn’t the Western Allies just wait it out until the Soviets got tired of blocking traffic to the city?

a.	the people of Berlin wanted to be part of the Communist block	c.	the people of Berlin were starving and there was no fuel for heating
b.	the Soviets were getting ready to attack with their superior tank force.	d.	the Western Allies had no patience

83.

Who made the decision to send supplies into Berlin by airplane?

a.	Winston Churchill	c.	Joseph Stalin
b.	The French	d.	Harry Truman

84.

Why was President Truman concerned about the Berlin blockade by the Soviet Union?

a.	The people of Berlin were starving	c.	There was a chance of a new World War with the Soviets
b.	The people of Berlin had no fuel	d.	Truman was concerned about all of these.

85.

When did the Berlin blockade start

a.	June, 1948	c.	July, 1945
b.	June, 1949	d.	August, 1946

NEW ALLIES
The Berlin airlift brings a new mindset to the Western Allies, who start thinking of West Germany as an ally, rather than an occupied territory. In West Berlin, the airlift brings people sustenance and hope. In one memorable instance, the airlift -- in the form of American pilot Gail Halvorsen -- rains candy on West Berlin's desperate children.
As it becomes evident that the Soviets are not going to back down from their blockade, the Western Allies consider how to expand their airlift operations. Larger cargo planes are brought in, as well as bombers with cargo capacity

86.

What was the important new attitude in the West caused by the Berlin blockade?

a.	The West started to think of Germany as a new ally rather than an occupied country.	c.	The West got tired of helping the people of Europe
b.	The West got tired of helping the German people	d.	Americans wished they had just backed down when the Soviets blocked Berlin

87.

When the Soviets refuse to back down from the blockade, what do the Americans do?

a.	Try to find a way out of the situation	c.	Order bigger planes to expand the airlift
b.	Give up and withdraw their troops	d.	Ask the French to take over the airlift

88.

What does the airlift bring to the German people in Berlin?

a.	fear and starvation	c.	anger and resentment against the West
b.	food and optimism	d.	hatred of Americans

WEST-EAST
Berliners are still free to move around their city, despite the Soviet blockade. While West Berlin is suffering through shortages of electricity and other essentials, the eastern sector offers a relatively normal lifestyle. Politically, however, the city is on edge.
Soviet troops harass West Berliners who go to the eastern zone. And in September, a communist attempt to take over the city council sparks mass protests -- which end in violence. It is obvious that the people of West Berlin do not want to be part of the Soviet Bloc

89.

How is life in West Berlin during the blockade?

a.	the same as life in East Berlin (Russian Sector)	c.	Peaceful and quiet
b.	Hard - little food, fuel or energy	d.	Happy - go - lucky

90.

Why is Berlin on edge,politically, during the blockade?

a.	The German political parties hate each other.	c.	The Soviets are trying to take over the city and make it part of the Communist bloc
b.	Germans do not like politics	d.	The city is not on edge politically

91.

What is true about the people of Berlin”

a.	They want to be part of the Soviet bloc	c.	They do not like Americans
b.	They want to be part of the Western bloc	d.	They fear Americans

92.

How did the Soviet troops treat the people of West Berlin?

a.	The troops harassed them	c.	They ignored them
b.	With kindness and understanding	d.	Soviet troops were not near the people of West Berlin.

93.

Look at the map above. The Soviet flag is at the

a.	bottom of the map	c.	middle left of the map
b.	top left of the map	d.	top right of the map

94.

Look at the map above. The British flag is at the

a.	bottom of the map	c.	top left of the map
b.	top right of the map	d.	middle left of the map

BLOCKADE ENDS
The Soviet Union ends its blockade of Berlin on May 12, 1949. A month earlier, at the airlift's peak, Western cargo planes were landing at one of Berlin's three airports at a rate of one every 62 seconds. By the time the airlift ended, more than 275,000 flights had carried 2.3 million tons of supplies to Berlin -- an effort that went down in history as an aviation and logistical feat.
At least 79 people, including 31 Americans, 39 British and nine Germans, had lost their lives, mostly in plane crashes. But the confrontation proved to be only the opening act in the decades-long Cold War.

95.

Was the Berlin Airlift successful?

a.	yes	c.	Can’t tell from the text.
b.	no

96.

The Berlin airlift

a.	marked the end of the Cold War	c.	was not part of the Cold War
b.	marked only at the beginning of the Cold War	d.	was caused by the Germans

97.

The Berlin airlift

a.	was a victory for the Soviets	c.	was a victory for the Americans
b.	was a defeat for the West	d.	was a defeat for West Berlin

It was one of the few times the Cold War went hot. The conflict on the Korean peninsula claimed millions of lives, and set the stage for the way both sides would view each other for years to come.

A “cold war” is a war without shooting.
A “hot war” is a war that involves shooting and killing.

The Korean War devastated millions of lives, divided a people, involved troops from across the globe and threatened to erupt into a Third World War.

The Soviet Union and Communist China supported and encouraged the Communist North Koreans to invade South Korea in 1950. The U.S. and other Western countries supported South Korea

98.

The Korean War was .....

a.	a hot war	c.	a war between North Korea and China
b.	a cold war	d.	a war between North Korea and Russia

99.

The _____ encouraged North Korea to invade South Korea.

a.	Communist Chinese and South Korea	c.	United States
b.	Soviet Union and Communist China	d.	United Nations

100.

In the Korean war, _____ was the aggressor.

a.	the United States	c.	South Korea
b.	the United Nations	d.	North Korea

INVASION
The surrender of Japan at the end of World War II also meant an end to 35 years of Japanese occupation in Korea. As they had in Germany, Soviet and U.S. troops liberated Korea -- and agreed to divide the nation along the 38th parallel into North and South Korea as a temporary measure.
But as both sides withdrew their troops, they also set up rival governments, creating the Communist People's Republic of Korea in the North, and the Republic of Korea in the South.

101.

How long had Japan occupied Korea before it was liberated by the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II?

a.	20 years	c.	35 years
b.	25 years	d.	50 years

102.

Where did the Soviet Union and the United States divide Korea into North and South after World War II?

a.	Yalu River	c.	40th parallel
b.	Chinese Border	d.	38th parallel

WAR
Stalin (the Soviet Dictator) also was heartened by the communist victory in China in 1949 and believed it was time to open an Asian front to expand Communism. On June 25, 1950, the North Korean army rolled south in a surprise assault.
In the pre-dawn hours of June 25, 1950, North Korea sent an invasion force across the 38th parallel into South Korea. The Northern forces rapidly advanced southward against the ill-equipped defenders, taking the Southern capital Seoul three days after the invasion began. The United Nations condemned North Korea's attack. The Soviet Union, was boycotting the U.N. Security Council at the time -- and was thus unable to veto the council's condemnation, which set up a U.N. force to help defend South Korea.
The United States led the U.N. force in the so-called "police action" against North Korea. But four U.S. divisions, rushed to the Korean peninsula to stop the Northern attack, could do little against a superior force. The U.N. forces were soon forced back to a perimeter around the southern port city of Pusan by early August. The U.N. and the U.S. troops were trapped in Pusan.

103.

Why did Stalin give his support for an invasion of North Korea into South Korea.

a.	He wanted to defend Korea against Communist China	c.	He wanted to expand Capitalism in Korea
b.	Stalin did not support the invasion.	d.	He wanted to expand Communism into Asia.

104.

North Korea took the capital of South Korea, _____ in three days.

a.	Pyongyang	c.	Korea
b.	Seoul	d.	Tokyo

105.

Within a few weeks, the Communist North Koreans had the United Nations and the United States forces trapped in the Port of _____

a.	Pyongyang	c.	Pusan
b.	Seoul	d.	Yalu

106.

Which statement below is true?

a.	The Unites States wanted war with North Korea	c.	The North Koreans were not prepared for war with the South
b.	The United Nations forced the Russians out of the Security Council so they could defend South Korea	d.	The United States and South Korea were not prepared for war with the North.

107.

Which of the following countries was working with the United Nations to defeat the Communists in the Korean War?

a.	United States	c.	Soviet Union
b.	Communist China	d.	North Korea

U.N. ACTS
The United States took advantage of a Soviet boycott of the United Nations to have the U.N. Security Council condemn North Korean aggression -- and create a U.N. military force that would defend South Korea.
That U.N. force included soldiers from 16 nations, with the largest contingent coming from the United States --- all under the command of U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur. At first, the U.N. troops were helpless against the North Korean assault -- and for a while appeared on the verge of being driven from the peninsula. But General MacArthur devised a daring attack behind North Korean lines at the port of Inchon and trapped the North Korean forces. The U.N. forces took back Seoul, the capital of South Korea and drove the Communist North Koreans back to the Yalu river at the Chinese border. General MacArthur was the hero of this offensive

108.

Who was the leader of the United Nations forces in Korea?

a.	General George Marshall	c.	Sigmund Rhee
b.	General Douglas MacArthur	d.	General George Patton

109.

General MacArthur attacked the North Koreans behind their front lines with a surprise troop landing at Inchon. What was the result of this daring plan?

a.	The U.N. forces quit and the Americans were left to fight the war themselves.	c.	The U.N. forces had to withdraw back to Japan.
b.	The U.N. forces were defeated at Inchon and their troops were isolated at the Port of Pusan	d.	Many North Korean troops were captured and the U.N. forces pushed the Communists back to the Chinese border.

110.

The Security Council at the United Nations is a group of the most important countries such as the U.S., the Soviet Union, England, France, and others. Any one country on the Security Council can block the United Nations from taking any action. Why didn’t the Soviet Union block the U.N. from taking action against Communist North Korea?

a.	The Soviets did not like North Korea	c.	The Soviets were boycotting the Security Council so the U.N. authorized action while they were absent.
b.	North Korea was not a Communist State	d.	The soviets were not part of the Security Council because they did not like the U.N

111.

What river acts as a natural boundary and separates Korea from China?

a.	Mississippi	c.	Communist Pyongyang
b.	Yalu	d.	Inchon

112.

How many United Nations were working with the United States in the Korean war?

a.	12	c.	66
b.	16	d.	96

CHINA
North Korea's neighbor, the People's Republic of China, watched with alarm as U.N. forces drove the North Koreans out of the South. MacArthur assured U.S. President Truman there was no possibility of China entering the war. But unknown to Western leaders, 500,000 Chinese -- called the People's Volunteers -- were preparing to enter Korea.
In November 1950, China attacked -- sending the surprised U.N. forces reeling southward. The U.N. forces were trapped by the Communist Chinese. The U.N. forces fought their way out of the trap and retreated South of Seoul. The Communist forces took control of the South Korean capital, Seoul, for the second time.

113.

How many Chinese soldiers joined the North Korean army to attack the U.N. forces?

a.	100,000	c.	500,000
b.	200,000	d.	1,000,000

114.

Why was China alarmed at the advance of the U.N. and U.S. to its border?

a.	China did not want Western, anti Communist forces on its border.	c.	China did not want U.N. and Soviet forces on its border
b.	China did not want Koreans on its border	d.	China wanted to control trading on the Yalu river

STALEMATE
U.N. troops stopped the advance by North Korean and Chinese forces near the 38th parallel -- and the war developed into a painful stalemate. MacArthur, had called for the bombing of Chinese cities and pursuit of the North Korean and Chinese armies into China. He warned that the U.N. forces had to destroy the North Korean and Chinese armies. He also wanted to get the Nationalist Chinese forces in Formosa to help the U.N. forces. President Truman said that Korea was not a war but a “Police Action” and he warned MacArthur to stop expressing his opinions in public. MacArthur would not be quiet so President Truman fired him.
By the summer of 1951 armistice talks began. It wasn't until July 1953, after months of pointless fighting and the death of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, that a cease-fire was finally agreed to. Despite the armistice, the Korean peninsula remains divided to this day -- and a potential global flashpoint

115.

Why did President Truman fire General Douglas MacArthur?

a.	The U.S. did not need a general because the Korean war was really only a police action.	c.	The North Koreans and the Communist Chinese did not like MacArthur and Truman wanted trade with the Communists.
b.	MacArthur would not obey the President and in the U.S. the civilian President is always superior to the military officers.	d.	President Truman had a better plan for winning the Korean War.

116.

After years of fighting, where was the armistice line finally drawn between North and South Korea?

a.	At the Yalu river on the Chinese border.	c.	Right where the war started, at the 38th parallel.
b.	South of Seoul	d.	North of Pyonyang

117.

An armistice is an agreement to stop fighting, it is not really a peace treaty and the nations are technically still at war. Armistice talks between the North Koreans and the United Nations started in 1951. How long was it before an armistice was finally signed.

a.	More than two years	c.	We have a peace treaty in Korea but no armistice
b.	Six months	d.	We still do not have an armistice in Korea

HOLLYWOOD
In the late 1940’s Americans could not understand how they won World War II and seemed to be loosing all over the world to international communism. At home, Americans feared communist subversion and spies. Congress revived the House Committee on Un-American Activities to investigate Communism in the U.S. In 1947, the committee investigated America's film industry. In the late 1940’s Ronald Reagan was head of the actors union called the Screen Actors Guild. Reagan had to fight the communists who made an attempt to take over the actors union. People were afraid that communists in Hollywood were using the movies to promote Soviet Communism while undermining the United States. Some of Hollywood's best-known actors, producers and writers were called to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).

Most actors and producers cooperated with the committee but 10 witnesses, who became known as the Hollywood Ten, defied the committee's line of questioning. The 10 were imprisoned. Hundreds more in Hollywood, suspected of communist sympathies, were blacklisted by the movie companies and unable to find work.

118.

What was the House Un-American Activities Committee?

a.	a group set up by the communists to promote anti-American activity	c.	an organization set up by the Hollywood movie houses to promote anti-Americanism
b.	a committee set up by Congress to investigate communist influence and activity in the United States	d.	a group set up by 10 people in Hollywood to investigate communism

119.

What famous person was head of the Screen Actors Guild (actors union) in the late 1940’s and fought to keep the communists from taking over the union.

a.	Ronald Reagan	c.	Samuel Goldwyn
b.	Alger Hiss	d.	Joseph McCarthy

120.

When the House Un-American Activities Committee called Hollywood people to testify, a group of witnesses refused to cooperate with the committee so they were put in jail. What was the group called?

a.	Screen Actors Guild	c.	The Hollywood protestors
b.	Actors Union	d.	The Hollywood Ten

121.

Why were some people afraid of Communists in Hollywood?

a.	They thought the Soviet Union might steal the movie industry from us.	c.	They thought that Hollywood Communists might undermine the United States by making communist movies
b.	They thought that Hollywood Communists might give atomic secrets to the Soviets	d.	People were not afraid of communists in Hollywood

122.

Why were Americans confused and alarmed about Communism after World War Two?

a.	They were afraid that the U.S. might have to go to war in Korea	c.	They could not understand how the U.S. won the war and seemed to be loosing to Soviet Communism all over the world.
b.	They thought that the Nazi party might take control in Germany by signing an agreement with the Soviet Union	d.	They though communism might promote illegal immigration from Canada and Mexico

WITCH HUNTS
In the United States there is strong disagreement between Democrats and Republicans and Liberals and Conservatives over the investigation of Communism. Democrats and Liberals usually refer to these investigations as “Witch Hunts” or “The Red Scare.” Republicans and Conservatives believe the investigations were necessary and proper.
Several U.S. politicians became famous through these investigations. A State Department official, Alger Hiss, was accused by a former communist of passing secrets to the Soviet Union. Leading the prosecution against Hiss was a young California congressman named Richard Nixon who later went on to become Vice President and then President. Recent information from the Soviet Unions secret archives proved that he was in fact a Soviet spy who worked in the U.S. State Department and was a top advisor to Presidents Truman and Roosevelt.
Fear of communism also brought Republican Sen. Joseph McCarthy into the limelight. McCarthy was asked by the Senate to investigate communist influence in the U.S.Government. McCarthy was very close to John F. Kennedy and Robert Kennedy served as an advisor to McCarthy

Roy Cohen and Sen. Joe McCarthy

. At first the committee did good work, but soon Robert Kennedy left the committee and a person named Roy Cohen took his place. With Roy Cohen the Senate hearings soon took a wrong turn.
Roy Cohen tried to use his influence to keep his lover from being sent to the war in Korea. When the Army would not agree, he and McCarthy attacked the army. During Senate hearings, McCarthy claimed to have lists of communists in the U.S. military, State Department and other government agencies. For months, McCarthy was able to attack people's reputations at will. He and Cohen eventually fell out of public favor and power -- after he denounced leading Republicans and senior Army officials as communists

123.

How did Joseph McCarthy come to lead the committee investigating communism in the U.S. Government?

a.	the Senate asked him to investigate	c.	he was already a member of HUAC
b.	the House of Representatives asked him	d.	his family had influence in government

124.

What groups did not agree with the investigations of communists and called them “Witch Hunts” and “The Red Scare?”

a.	Republicans and Liberals	c.	Democrats and Liberals
b.	Rep[Republicans and Conservatives	d.	Democrats and Conservatives

125.

What was the name of the Soviet spy who worked in the U.S. State Department and advised Presidents Roosevelt and Truman?

a.	Richard Nixon	c.	Alger Hiss
b.	Roy Cohen	d.	Joe McCarthy

126.

What politician became famous by prosecuting Alger Hiss and then went on to become Vice President under Eisenhower and later president himself

a.	Roy Cohen	c.	Robert Kennedy
b.	Richard Nixon	d.	Joseph McCarthy

127.

All of the following were anti-Communist except

a.	Joseph McCarthy	d.	Robert Kennedy
b.	Richard Nixon	e.	Roy Cohen
c.	Alger Hiss

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Electrocuted for Treason

ROSENBERGS
The fate of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg came to symbolize the excesses of the U.S. Red Scare. The couple were convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union and sentenced to death. Liberals were convinced that they were innocent, Conservatives were convinced that they were guilty. Recent revelations by the Soviet KGB have proven that they were in fact Soviet spies who gave atomic bomb secrets to the Soviet Union
Despite protests that the death sentence against the Rosenbergs -- who had young children -- was unconstitutional, they became the first U.S. civilians to be executed in peacetime for espionage.

128.

What crime was the Rosenbergs convicted of ?

a.	refusing to testify to the Senate	c.	perjury
b.	stealing money from the State Department	d.	passing atomic secrets to the Soviets

129.

Recent evidence supplied by the Soviet KGB has proven that the Rosenbergs were _____

a.	guilty	c.	only partly guilty
b.	innocent	d.	persecuted by the Soviet Union

STALIN
In 1952, an old but still-unchallenged Stalin presided over the 19th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party. Before a hall packed with international dignitaries, Stalin declared that capitalists were losing the global class struggle and international communism would soon control the world
But at home, Stalin saw treachery everywhere. Most of all, he suspected so-called cosmopolitans, mostly Jewish intellectuals and professionals. In January 1953, nine Kremlin doctors -- five of whom were Jewish -- were accused of plotting with Western intelligence to kill Soviet leaders. The affair inflamed Russian anti-Semitism.
Weeks later, Stalin collapsed of a brain hemorrhage. No one dared treat him as he lay half-conscious on the floor. Stalin died on March 5, 1953. Even those in the Soviet bloc who hated him could not imagine a future without him.

Stalin sent millions of people to death camps called Gulags and had many people executed. Some claim that he killed as many or more people than Adolf Hitler.

130.

What Soviet leader declared that Capitalism was dead and soon communism would take over the world?

a.	Joseph McCarthy	c.	Lenin
b.	Joseph Stalin	d.	Khrushchev

131.

When Stalin claimed that communism would triumph over capitalism, what country was he suggesting would loose the Cold War?

a.	Korea	c.	China
b.	Yugoslavia	d.	United States

132.

In what way was Stalin and Hitler the same?

a.	they both attacked Jews	c.	they were both atheists
b.	they were both Christians	d.	they were both of German ancestry

133.

Hitler was to the concentration camps as Stalin was to _____

a.	the Jews	c.	the Communists
b.	the Gulags	d.	Capitalism

134.

What is anti-Semitism?

a.	hatred of the Nazi’s	c.	hatred of Communism
b.	hatred of Capitalism	d.	hatred of the Jews

The Soviet atomic bomb gives started an arms race between the U.S. and the Soviets. Who was going to have the most powerful military? After the Soviets were the first to put a satellite into space a space race between the “Super Powers” started.Now the U.S. and the Soviets had thousands of missiles pointed at each other. Any promising technological advances are overshadowed by the threat of long-range nuclear destruction.
DUCK & COVER
In August 1949, the United States finds itself shocked to discover the Soviet Union has broken Washington's atomic monopoly. The new Soviet bomb was developed quickly, thanks to the acquisition of U.S. atomic secrets by Soviet agents. The bomb also signals the start of the nuclear arms race between the Cold War rivals.
By 1952, the United States develops and tests the first hydrogen bomb. The Soviets match that milestone several years later. Meanwhile, American children watch as bomb shelters are dug in their backyards and learn in school to "duck and cover" should nuclear bombs fall in their neighborhoods

135.

The arms race was ...

a.	a competition between the U.S. and Russia to see who had the best boxers	c.	a race to see who would have the best scientists.
b.	a race between the U.S. and the Soviets to see who had the superior military	d.	a race to see who would be superior in space, U.S. or the Soviets

136.

Why did American children practice “duck and cover” in school during the 1950’s

a.	Americans were worried about natural disasters like earthquakes	c.	Americans were worried about Soviet nuclear attacks
b.	It had been a part of the fire safety program in schools for years	d.	This was a way that the government had to frighten the population so they would okay more money for defense.

137.

What was the Washington monopoly that the Soviets broke?

a.	a spy ring in the U.S. State Department	c.	civil defense procedures like, “duck and cover.
b.	the U.S. was the only nation to have atomic weapons in the early 50’s	d.	American military codes that enabled Russia to listen to our secrets

SPUTNIK
In 1952, Dwight Eisenhower was elected to succeed Harry Truman as U.S. president. Less than a year later, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin was dead, starting a power struggle among the Kremlin leadership. In 1955, Eisenhower met with a Soviet delegation in Geneva and proposed an "Open Skies" policy -- giving both sides the freedom to fly over each other's territory and observe for themselves military developments on the ground. Nikita Khrushchev, then emerging as top Soviet leader, announced his delegation's refusal.
Soviet engineers, meanwhile, had been busy developing missile technology. They tested the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile in May 1957. And on October 4 of that year they surprised the world by launching Sputnik -- the world's first satellite.

138.

President Eisenhower proposed to the Soviets that both sides be allowed to fly over the other sides territory so neither side would have to worry about a surprise attack. What was the policy called?.

a.	Open Sky Policy	c.	Eisenhower Doctrine
b.	Truman Doctrine	d.	Cold War Policy

139.

What did intercontinental ballistic missiles allow the Soviets to do?

a.	Knock down any incoming American missiles	c.	The Soviets could attack Europe but not the U.S.
b.	Improve their domestic economy	d.	The Soviets could now hit the U.S. with atomic weapons

140.

Which statement below is False?

a.	In the early 50’s the Soviets seemed to be ahead of the U.S. in space technology	c.	The Soviets were the first to put a satellite in space
b.	The U.S. was not concerned about Soviet scientific advances because we had a superior military.	d.	The Soviets were the first to launch develop an intercontinental missile

141.

After the death of Stalin in 1953, who was emerging as the new Soviet leader?

a.	Joseph Stalin	c.	No one, because of the power struggle
b.	V.I. Lenin	d.	Nikita Kruschev

CATCH-UP
Sputnik came as a shock to the West and especially the United States, which realized the Soviets now had the ability to send not only satellites around the world, but nuclear weapons as well. The U.S. military tried to push forward with its own satellite, called Vanguard, but the first attempt to launch Vanguard was a spectacular failure. Eventually, with the help of German scientist Werner von Braun, the Explorer satellite was fired into space on top of a military Redstone missile.

Krushchev and Nixon in the Kitchen Debate

In 1959, Khrushchev became the first Soviet leader to visit the United States. While he and Eisenhower spent part of the visit discussing ways to slow the arms race, Khrushchev's visit is best remembered for his ideological sparring with then-U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon. Krushchev and Nixon argued about the superiority of the Soviet or U.S. political system. In this debate Krushchev made the famous statement, “We will bury you.”

142.

Early attempts by the U.S. to catch up to the Russians in missile technology were

a.	successful because of Vanguard	c.	a failure
b.	showed our superiority in technology	d.	showed that the Soviets had the atomic bomb but no way to deliver it to the U.S.

143.

In 1959, _____ was president of the United States and _____ was vice president.

a.	Eisenhower - Nixon	c.	Khrushchev - Eisenhower
b.	Nixon - Eisenhower	d.	Eisenhower - Von Braun

144.

What did Eisenhower and Krushchev discuss on his visit to the U.S. in 1959?

a.	Ways to slow the technology developments	c.	The division of Germany
b.	Ways to slow the arms race	d.	Ways to use German scientists to slow the arms race

145.

In his visit to the U.S. in 1959, Krushchev demonstrated

a.	that the Soviet System was inferior	c.	fear of another nuclear war with the U.S.
b.	confidence in the superiority of Soviet Technology	d.	fear of superior American technology

146.

Soviet rockets are to Sputnik as Redstone is to _____

a.	Khrushchev	c.	Sputnik
b.	Von Braun	d.	Explorer

Francis Gary Powers and the U-2 spy plane

U-2
Eisenhower was concerned about how big the "missile gap" was between the United States and Soviet Union. U.S. reconnaissance planes, designated U-2s, secretly flew over the U.S.S.R., looking for evidence of missiles. On one such mission, a U-2 was shot down by the Soviet military.
Despite U.S. denials, the Soviets presented as evidence the plane's wreckage -- as well as its pilot, Francis Gary Powers, who had survived the shoot-down. Khrushchev and Eisenhower were scheduled to meet in Paris for a Summit meeting to talk about ways to ease Cold War tensions. The U-2 incident undermined a Paris summit several weeks later between Khrushchev and Eisenhower and Khrushchev refused to go. Powers was sentenced to prison but was later exchanged for a Soviet spy

147.

Why did the U.S. send U-2 planes over the Soviet Union

a.	to learn about Soviet missiles.	c.	to promote peace
b.	to promote goodwill	d.	to prepare for a U.S. attack on the Soviet Union

148.

What is a summit meeting?

a.	A meeting at the United Nations	c.	A meeting between leaders at Summit, Switzerland
b.	A meeting between the heads of states to discuss some issue	d.	A meeting between members of Congress

149.

What was U-2?

a.	A rock music group	c.	A Russian Spy plane
b.	A united summit between 2 people	d.	An American Spy plane

150.

How did the Russians treat Francis Gary Powers after he was shot down?

a.	Tried him as a spy and put him in prison	c.	Released him to ease tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
b.	Tried him as a spy and executed him	d.	Exiled him to Russian Siberia

151.

Eisenhower was to the United States as Khrushchev was to ________

a.	the space program	c.	the Soviet Union
b.	the U-2 spy plane	d.	Francis Gary Powers

DISASTER/TRIUMPH
At the time, the United States thought the Soviet Union was far ahead in rocket and space technology. In fact, it was later learned that the Soviets were not so far ahead as thought. Khrushchev feared the American U-2 flights had exposed his claims of missile superiority as a bluff. At the Baikonur Cosmodrome, engineers under the command of Marshal Nedelin were ordered to create a new missile. During the rush to production, a fire erupted -- killing nearly 200 people.
While the Soviets were behind in the missile race, they still had one card to play: Yuri Gagarin. On April 12, 1961, Gagarin achieved international acclaim when he became the first human to be launched into space.

152.

What country was first to put a man in space?

a.	United States	c.	Soviet Union
b.	Germany	d.	Great Britain

153.

In 1960 which country was ahead in missile and space technology?

a.	Soviet Union	c.	Germany
b.	United States	d.	No one was ahead

154.

How did the U.S. learn that the Soviets were having problems with their space program?

a.	pictures of the Soviet Union taken from the U-2 spy planes	c.	Time magazine reports that Yuri Gagarin died along with 200 people at a Soviet space disaster
b.	the spy work of Alger Hiss	d.	The Soviets were not having problems with their space program

	For years, West Berlin was an escape route for East Germans seeking to flee communism. But growing Cold War tensions forced the Soviet bloc to erect a deadly blockade across the city -- a Wall that divided Berlin for nearly three decades.

155.

How long did the Berlin Wall stay in place?

a.	300 years	c.	30 years
b.	30 months	d.	3 years

156.

Who used the wall as an escape route?

a.	Soviets trying to escape to East Germany	c.	East Germans trying to escape to the Soviet Sector
b.	West Germans trying to escape to the Eastern Sector	d.	East Germans fleeing to the West

BERLIN
After World War II the Soviets kept their vast armies and even increased their numbers. They were a powerful military machine. In order to defend against Soviet aggression, the Western countries joined together and formed a joint military force called, “NATO.” By 1958, West Germany was NATO's front line along the Iron Curtain.
Berlin, meanwhile, was creating a different kind of nightmare for the Soviet bloc. The city was still under the joint occupation of France, Britain, the U.S.S.R. and the United States -- an arrangement that began when the four powers were wartime allies. Berliners could move freely between the city's Eastern and Western sectors, allowing the East Germans to see how well the West Germans were living..
West Berlin was considered a danger to the existence of East Germany. Nikita Khrushchev proposed Berlin become a "free city," with its own foreign policy. But the West rejected Khrushchev's idea because they realized that Khrushchev really wanted to control the entire city of Berlin..

157.

The Western allies joined together to form a military organization to defend against Soviet aggression. This army was called _____

a.	WEST SETO	c.	NATO
b.	THE MACHINE	d.	EAST NATO

158.

Why did the Soviet bloc not want the Berliners moving back and forth between the East and West sectors?

a.	they did not want the West Berliners to see how good the East Berliners were living.	c.	they did not want the East Berliners to see how good the West Berliners were living.
b.	they did not want the East Berliners to become communist	d.	they did not care if Berliners moved back and forth

KHRUSHCHEV
Khrushchev issued a new demand, calling on the Western powers to withdraw from Berlin or the Soviet bloc might take military action to throw the West out. Ensuing talks between the West and the U.S.S.R. got nowhere. But the talks persuaded Khrushchev to put aside his Berlin ultimatum. In September 1959, he became the first Soviet leader to visit the United States, where he met with President Eisenhower.
A second Eisenhower-Khrushchev summit collapsed before it had even begun -- following the shoot-down of an American U-2 spy plane, which had been flying over Soviet airspace

159.

What did Khrushchev want the West to do about Berlin?

a.	get out	c.	share power
b.	stay	d.	bring NATO in

160.

Who was President of the United States in 1959

a.	Franklin Roosevelt	c.	Truman
b.	John F. Kennedy	d.	Eisenhower

EAST GERMANY
By the end of the 1950s, East Germany portrayed itself as a socialist paradise. But the reality was far different. Dependence on heavy industry created shortages of essential goods and consumer items. East Germany knew it could not compete with the swelling prosperity of West Germany.
Every month, thousands of East Germans fled across the open Berlin border and took refuge in the West. Most of the refugees were young and skilled. Their departure was bleeding the East German economy to death. East German leader Walter Ulbricht urged Khrushchev to recognize East Germany as a sovereign state.

161.

By the end of the 1950’s _____ Germany was prosperous, in contrast to _____ Germany

a.	East - Soviet	c.	Soviet - East
b.	West - East	d.	West - American Sector

162.

How did the escape of East Germans into West Germany through Berlin hurt the East German economy?

a.	Many of the people escaping were German spies.	c.	Most of the people escaping were young people with skills that East Germany needed for its economy.
b.	Most of the people escaping were young people with educations that West Germany needed for its economy	d.	Most of the people escaping were unskilled labor that the East needed for manual labor.

163.

East German leader Walter Ulbricht urged Khrushchev to recognize East Germany as a sovereign state. What does this tell you about the relationship of East Germany to the Soviet Union?

a.	the Soviets were dictators over East Germany	c.	the Soviets were inferior to the East Germans
b.	the East Germans were afraid of the West	d.	West Germany was inferior to East Germany

Khrushchev and Kennedy at the Vienna Summit in 1961

German Refugees Trying to Escape Communism

THE WALL
John F. Kennedy became U.S. president in January 1961. He agreed to meet Khrushchev and other world leaders in June of that year. The other world leaders at the Summit were “Giants” of world history and had led their countries through World War II. Kennedy was young and inexperienced and the other leaders did not respect him. Shortly before the summit in Vienna, Kennedy attempted to invade Castro's Cuba, at the Bay of Pigs, and failed miserably. Khrushchev attempted to bully Kennedy at the summit, warning him that Soviet bloc forces could invade West Berlin at any time.
By that time, the flow of refugees from East to West Berlin had become a torrent. East German officials begged Moscow to let them stem the flow. On the morning of August 13, 1961, East German and Soviet troops sealed the East Berlin side of the border, closing crossing points and erecting barricades. The Berlin wall was erected and Berlin was divided.

164.

Why did Khrushchev believe that he could bully and threaten President Kennedy?

a.	Kennedy was also a dictator	c.	Kennedy was perceived to be tough because he tried to invade Cuba
b.	Khrushchev was mentally unbalanced	d.	Kennedy was inexperienced in world affairs

165.

Most experts agree that Khrushchev would never have agreed to build a wall between East and West Berlin if Eisenhower were still in office. Why did Khrushchev think he could erect a wall with Kennedy in office?

a.	Kennedy was busy in Korea and Cuba	c.	The experts were wrong
b.	Khrushchev thought Kennedy would not respond to Soviet aggression	d.	Kennedy also wanted a wall

166.

Khrushchev was to Kennedy as a teacher is to _____

a.	a misbehaving student	c.	the principal of a school
b.	the parent of a student	d.	the police

167.

The flow of refugees from East to West Berlin showed that ...

a.	there were too many people in East Berlin	c.	Communism was a failure
b.	there were too many people in West Berlin	d.	Communism was a success

DIVIDED
Angry West Berliners demonstrated against the division of their city, a divide that separated many families. The allies were unsure how to react -- their rights within Berlin had not been challenged by the Soviets. But a border crossing confrontation prompted U.S. Gen. Lucius Clay to bring up tanks. The Soviets responded with their own show of force. Both sides later withdrew their armor.
Many in the East, meanwhile, risked death to flee across the Wall. Within the first year, 50 Germans died trying to cross to the West. One of them, 18-year-old Peter Fechter, bled to death in the no-man's land between East and West, in front of outraged West Berliners.
In 1963, Kennedy visited West Berlin -- telling its residents that all free people were citizens of Berlin and "therefore as a free man, I take pride in the words, 'Ich bin ein Berliner.'"
Yet for the next three decades, the Wall remained a symbol of the Cold War's cruelty and Europe's division. Its message was a bitter one: Whatever happened beyond that line, the West might lament, but would not interfere.

Demonstrations against the Berlin Wall

168.

How did Germans react to the building of a wall that divided the city

a.	with fear of the East Berlin government	c.	with anger and protestations
b.	with fear of the West Berlin government	d.	with anger at the weak American President

169.

How did the Allied Powers react to the erection of the Berlin wall?

a.	They were not sure what to do	c.	Calling a special session of Congress
b.	They were sure and resolute	d.	They threatened to declare war on the Soviet Union

170.

By finally accepting the Berlin wall, the West was really saying that ...

a.	it was most likely a good thing to have a wall between East and West Berlin	c.	it would not interfere in the affairs of West Germany
b.	the Berlin Airlift was a failure	d.	it would not interfere with the affairs of East Germany and the Soviet occupation

171.

When President Kennedy told the people of Berlin, 'Ich bin ein Berliner,” he was showing ___ for the Soviet Union and _____ with the people of Berlin

a.	joy - anger	c.	contempt - unity
b.	fear - unity	d.	dislike - frustration

172.

How did the people of Berlin react to President Kennedy’s speech?

a.	hatred and contempt for the President	c.	anger at President Kennedy
b.	joy and affection for President Kennedy	d.	fear of the Soviet Union

NATIONALIZATION
The United States government and President Eisenhower was now aware that Castro was a Communist and was transforming Cuba into a Soviet satellite. Castro's new government nationalized millions of acres of Cuban land previously held by American companies and distributed it to the people. Castro flew to New York to speak at the United Nations. U.S. President Eisenhower would not meet with him. But Soviet leader Khrushchev was delighted to embrace a new revolutionary and offered Cuba economic assistance because he felt that Cuba, 90 miles from the U.S. could be useful in the Cold War.
Cuba decided to purchase oil from the U.S.S.R., but U.S. companies refused to refine it. Castro then nationalized the U.S.-owned refineries and other industries in Cuba. Washington retaliated with a complete trade embargo against Cuba. (A trade embargo means that a country will not buy or sell anything from another country.) It also launched the first of several CIA campaigns to topple Castro's regime.

173.

Why did Khrushchev embrace Castro?

a.	Khrushchev thought Cuba could be useful to the Soviets in the Cold War	c.	Relations between the U.S. and Cuba were strained
b.	Castro was a fellow communist	d.	All of these

174.

From the reading you can see that the U.S. took many aggressive steps against Cuba after Castro took power. Why did America act with such hostility?

a.	America had a long history of hostility against the Cuban people.	c.	The U.S. was jealous of Cuba because it was friendly with the Soviets.
b.	Cuba had become a strategic partner of the Soviets in the global Cold War and a potential threat to the U.S..	d.	It was the policy of the U.S. government to topple all Central American governments because a destabilized Central America was in the U.S. best interest.

175.

What was the embargo imposed against Cuba by the U.S.?

a.	Cuba refused to buy from or sell anything to the U.S.	c.	Cuba refused to trade with the U.S.
b.	The U.S. refused to buy from or sell anything to Cuba.	d.	The U.S. refused to trade with the Soviet Union but would trade with Cuba

	Kennedy sees Castro and Cuba as a threat to the United States so he authorizes the invasion of Cuba anti-Castro Cubans. The feud between the two men becomes personal and assassination attempts were made.
BAY OF PIGS A plan to overthrow Castro was presented to the new U.S. president, John F. Kennedy, soon after his inauguration in 1961. CIA agents had been secretly training Cuban exiles (anti-Castro Cubans) to invade their homeland. They thought the Cuban people would welcome such an invasion and rise up to overthrow Castro. Kennedy agreed to the invasion plan -- but demanded crucial changes to hide U.S. involvement. On April 15, 1961, six U.S. bombers disguised as Cuban aircraft took off from Nicaragua and attacked Cuban airfields -- but caused only minimal damage. The next day, a CIA-trained force of 1,500 guerrillas arrived at the Bay of Pigs, 125 miles south of Havana. But their plans soon turned into disaster. Kennedy, now faced with international condemnation for the bombing, canceled additional air support for the invasion. Castro's remaining air force quickly destroyed ships carrying vital ammunition supplies for the invaders. Without American air support or supply, the invasion force was quickly outnumbered and outmaneuvered. All of the invaders were captured or dead within 72 hours.

176.

Who was President of the U.S. during the Cuban Bay of Pigs invasion. He approved the invasion.

a.	Dwight Eisenhower	c.	Lyndon Johnson
b.	John Kennedy	d.	Harry Truman

177.

Why did the Bay of Pigs invasion fail?

a.	the U.S. did not provide air support for the anti-Castro forces, as promised	d.	only a and c are correct
b.	the people did not revolt against Castro as expected	e.	a, b, and c are correct
c.	the invaders were short of supplies and ammunition.

178.

The people who did the fighting at the Bay of Pigs were Cuban exiles. What is a Cuban exile?

a.	A Cuban, loyal to Castro	c.	An anti-Castro Cuban living in Cuba
b.	A Cuban who is pro-Castro but anti-U.S.	d.	An anti-Castro Cuban who left Cuba after Castro took power.

179.

The Bay of Pigs invasion made President Kennedy look _____ and Fidel Castro look _____ .

a.	weak - strong	c.	strong - strong
b.	strong - weak	d.	weak - weak

U2 Photograph showing Soviet Missile sites in Cuba	U2 Spy plane Took photographs that warned the U.S.
MISSILE CRISIS The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion did not keep the United States from plotting new plans to get rid of Castro -- even assassination was carefully weighed. Cuba, meanwhile, looked to Moscow for military support. President Kennedy had allowed the Soviets to build the Berlin Wall so Nikita Khrushchev did not respect Kennedy. Khrushchev offered to deploy Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba .and after initial resistance, Castro accepted the missiles. By July 1962, the CIA had noticed an increase in Soviet ships heading for Cuba. By mid-October, U-2 spy planes flying over Cuba brought back pictures of ballistic missile sites. With nuclear warheads less than 100 miles from the United States, the Soviets had the ability to strike any U.S. city without warning. Kennedy formed a special inner cabinet of advisers -- the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, or ExCom -- to weigh the options. Under consideration: a military invasion to topple Castro and "surgical air strikes" against the missiles bases. But taking either step without warning risked turning world opinion against the United States. Another solution was devised: The U.S. Navy would stop and search all ships heading for Cuba. Washington called it a "quarantine." The Kennedy administration did not know how the Soviets would react if Americans tried to stop and search Soviet ships. It could mean war.

180.

Why were Soviet missiles in Cuba a threat to the U.S.

a.	The missiles in Cuba could strike almost any city in the United States	c.	The missiles were not a threat because the U.S. could trust Cuba
b.	If one of the missiles blew up by mistake it could destroy Florida	d.	The missiles were not a threat because the U.S. could trust the Soviets

181.

How did the U.S. know the Soviets were building offensive missile sites in Cuba?

a.	Castro bragged about the sites to the world press	c.	The U.S. was conducting U2 flights over Cuba
b.	Khrushchev told the U.S. as a warning	d.	Cuban spies were reporting the sites to the CIA

182.

What made the Soviets think they could build offensive missile sites 90 miles from Florida without United States interference?

a.	They knew Kennedy was afraid of Khrushchev	c.	The U.S. did not interfere when the Soviets built the Berlin Wall.
b.	The Soviets thought the United states would not learn about the missiles	d.	The Soviets thought the United Nations would approve

183.

Kennedy formed a small group of his most trusted advisors to help him solve the problem. The options they considered were

a.	invasion, negotiation, Quarantine	c.	Quarantine, suicide invasion, boycott
b.	invasion, air strikes, Quarantine	d.	attack on Russia, air strikes, nothing

AT THE BRINK
On October 22, President Kennedy told the world about the discovery of Soviet missiles in Cuba and announced that a blockade was in force against all ships bound for Cuba. Kennedy demanded the removal of the missiles from Cuba.
For several days the world held its breath as the United States and Soviet Union appeared to be moving toward nuclear war. Washington took its case to the United Nations and prepared for air strikes and a massive invasion of Cuba.
Havana announced a "combat alarm" -- more than a quarter-million Cubans stood ready to repel a U.S. invasion. Soviet forces on the island were equipped with nuclear-tipped tactical missiles, ready to answer any invader.
In the United States, a wave of panic buying swept across the country as people tried to prepare for a possible nuclear holocaust. And though Soviet leaders tried to keep the crisis from their people, the news was leaking out, raising fears. During and after the crisis many people had bomb shelters built in their yards and basements.
The U.S. and the Soviets were headed for a show down. Soviet ships were heading for Cuba and Kennedy said he would not let them through. If they tried to run the blockade there would be war. The world held its breath.

Kennedy Advisors - What to do?

U.S. Planes Track Soviet Ships
If they try to run the U.S. naval blockade there will be war between the Soviets and the U.S.

184.

Unlike his attitude toward the Soviets for building the Berlin Wall, Kennedy’s attitude about he Cuban Missile Crisis was

a.	thoughtless	c.	soft
b.	unconcerned	d.	firm

185.

The greatest danger of the Cuban Missile was

a.	Loss of trade between the U.S. and Cuba	c.	Communism might spread to the U.S.
b.	Russia might invade Cuba	d.	Nuclear war might break out between the U.S, and the Soviet Union

186.

If you offer a carrot to a horse (reward) and threaten him with a stick (punishment) at the same time it is called “carrot and stick.” treatment. When you apply this idea to nations it is called “carrot and stick diplomacy.” Who used “Carrot and Stick Diplomacy” in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

a.	The Soviet Union	c.	The United States
b.	The Cuban government	d.	none of these

187.

Which nations were ready for war in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

a.	The U.S., Soviets and Cuba	c.	The Soviets and Cuba
b.	The U.S. and Soviets	d.	The Cubans and the U.S.

188.

How did the American people react to the Cuban Missile Crisis?

a.	Wild panic resulting in looting and hysteria in both countries.	c.	Americans were not worried.
b.	Mild panic as people worried and stocked up on food and water.	d.	Americans decided they would rather be Red than Dead. (surrender to communism)

A WAY OUT
On October 26, with tensions increasing, Kennedy received an offer from Khrushchev. The Soviet leader offered to withdraw his missiles from Cuba -- if the United States promised never to invade the island. The next morning, Khrushchev added another condition: the United States was to remove all its missiles from Turkey.
As Kennedy considered the options, the crisis escalated again -- when a Soviet-led Cuban missile battery shot down a U-2 spy plane. The Pentagon was prepared to bomb the missile site, as contingency plans required -- but Kennedy ordered that no action be taken. He wanted time to deal with Khrushchev.
The president sent his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, to meet with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin. They struck a deal: Soviet missiles would be removed from Cuba in return for the unpublicized removal of missiles from Turkey. On Sunday October 28, Khrushchev announced the withdrawal of the Soviet missiles from Cuba. Under close American surveillance, Soviet ships took the missiles back home.
The crisis was over, but both sides were well aware how close they had come to nuclear annihilation.

189.

Khrushchev agreed to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba if the U.S. .....

a.	removed its missiles from Turkey	c.	promised not to invade Turkey
b.	promised not to invade Cuba	d.	promised not to invade Cuba and removed its missiles from Turkey

190.

President Kennedy may have seemed weak at the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis but by its end he showed that he was

a.	decisive	c.	strong
b.	diplomatic	d.	all of these

191.

How many nuclear weapons were used during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

a.	one	c.	three
b.	two	d.	none