Ch25 REagan

Name:

Ch25 REagan

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The Conservative Movement Builds

By 1980, President Jimmy Carter was suffering from low ratings in public opinion polls. Economic troubles (including a high rate of inflation), the Iranian hostage crisis, and the nation's new conservatism eroded his popularity.

A TRADITION OF CHANGE

Since early in its history, the United States has alternated between what historians call "public action and private interest." Sometimes voters have supported government action to solve social problems, whereas at other times they have become disillusioned with social experiments and preferred to concentrate on their individual economic well-being. Under the banner of progressivism, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, and Woodrow Wilson used the power of government to curb what they saw as the excesses of big business. During the 1920s, Presidents Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover counteracted progressive policies with a conservative agenda that emphasized private interests over social reform.

When the Great Depression hit, the pendulum swung again. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and Harry Truman's Fair Deal focused on the use of government action to relieve social problems. Then Dwight Eisenhower brought a conservative perspective to the White House in the 1950s. John E Kennedy's New Frontier and Lyndon Johnson's Great Society of the 1960s swung back to social reform. Conservatism returned during the Nixon and Ford administrations and reached a high point with the election of Ronald Reagan.

Your text authors are bias. Conservatives are also concerned about “public interest”. It is just that they believe that governments do not solve social problems very well. They also believe that when you concentrate too much power in the central (federal) government you are loosing some of your individual freedom. There is little evidence that any of the big government social programs of Roosevelt, Truman, Johnson and Carter did anything to solve America’s social problems. Conservatives and Libertarians would argue that these social problems may have been the cause of many social problems.

The authors of you text suggest that periods of history where people look to the government to solve their problems are called periods of

a.	private interest	c.	public suspicion
b.	public action	d.	class action liability

The authors of you text suggest that periods of history where people do not believe that the government can solve their problems are periods of

a.	public interest	c.	public concern
b.	private interest	d.	public conservatism

According to the authors Hoover, Eisenhower, Nixon and Reagan were presidents of

a.	public concern	c.	the Great Society
b.	private interest	d.	public activism

THE CONSERVATIVE BACKLASH

By 1980, one out of every three households was receiving benefits from government programs. Yet many Americans resented the cost of maintaining these federal entitlement programs-programs that guaranteed and provided benefits to particular groups. Taxes were high, and inflation had reached nearly 15 percent. Many Americans feared they would not be able to provide for their children's college education or their own retirement.

In addition, some people had become frustrated with the government's civil rights policies. Congress had passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in an effort to eliminate racial discrimination. Over the years, however, judicial decisions and government regulations had broadened the reach of the act. A growing number of Americans viewed with skepticism what had begun as a movement toward equal opportunity. Although many people had rejected separate schools for blacks and whites as unfair and unequal, few wanted to bus their children long distances to achieve a fixed ratio of black and white students.

As the 1970s progressed, right-wing grassroots groups across the country emerged to support and promote single issues that reflected their key interests. Some members of this New Right-an alliance of conservative special-interest groups stressing cultural, social, and moral issues

> fought any government regulation at all

> fought specific government regulations in the form of busing, gun control, and antitrust laws.

> opposed legal abortion
> opposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).

> rejected laws promoting minority opportunities in employment or education-which they saw as reverse discrimination (discrimination against white people and specifically white men).

> called for a constitutional amendment to permit prayer in public schools.
> voted against anyone who favored increases in taxation.
> Many felt passionately about an overall philosophy of conservative government.

Which statement is true?

a.	in the early 80s people were not being effected by inflation or social programs	c.	many people resented the fact that inflation was falling while many people were getting public assistance
b.	In the early 80s many Americans were concerned because too many people were getting public aid even though their own living standard was rising	d.	In the early 80s many Americans were concerned because too many people were getting public aid while their own living standard was falling

Which statement is true about the attitudes of most Americans in the 1980s

a.	they agreed that segregated schools were fair and were willing to bus their children to other school to achieve integration	c.	they agreed that segregated schools were fair but were unwilling to bus their children to other school to achieve integration
b.	they agreed that segregated schools were unfair and were willing to bus their children to other school to achieve integration	d.	they agreed that segregated schools were unfair but were unwilling to bus their children to other school to achieve integration

The people who were part of the “conservative backlash” believed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964

a.	was unfair	c.	was unimportant
b.	needed to be supported	d.	none of these

Reverse discrimination is usually (though not always) seen as discrimination against

a.	black people	c.	integration of the schools
b.	minorities, no matter what color	d.	white people

Conservative, or right wing, groups favor

a.	smaller government	c.	do not care about the size if government
b.	big governments to solve social problems	d.	favor dictatorships or fascist style governments

THE CONSERVATIVE COALITION

Between the mid-1960s and Reagan's victory in 1980, the conservative movement in the United States grew in strength. Eventually the groups on the right formed the conservative coalition-an alliance made up of some intellectuals, marry business leaders, frustrated middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats, and fundamentalist Christian groups.

There were a number of basic positions that were shared by most of the different groups that made up the conservative coalition. These included opposition to big government, entitlements, and the use of busing and affirmative action to correct segregation, as well as a belief in a return to traditional moral standards.

Conservative intellectuals argued the cause of the conservative coalition in newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal and magazines such as the National Review, founded in 1955 by conservative intellectual William F. Buckley, Jr. Conservative "think tanks," such as the American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation, were founded to develop conservative policies and principles that would appeal to the majority of voters.

A group of Americans who were intellectuals, business leaders, frustrated middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats, and fundamentalist Christian groups were members of

a.	the liberal elite	c.	new left
b.	the conservative coalition	d.	none of these

10.

Conservatives _____ traditional values and morals

a.	reject	c.	are unconcerned about
b.	support	d.	all of these

11.

Entitlements are benefits or special treatment provided by the government to certain groups within the society. Most conservatives ______ entitlements.

a.	are against	c.	do not care about
b.	are in favor of

12.

The National Review, founded by William F. Buckley, Jr is a

a.	liberal magazine that opposes conservatives	c.	conservative magazine
b.	liberal think tank	d.	left-wing journal

A SUCCESS STRATEGY

One of the most active segments of the conservative coalition was a confederation of various religious groups. These groups were encouraged and guided by Christian televangelists-evangelists, or preachers, who appear on religious telecasts-such as Jerry Falwell, Jim Bakker, Oral Roberts, Jimmy Swaggart, and Pat Robertson. Many of these religious conservatives came to call themselves the Moral Majority. The Moral Majority consisted mostly of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the Bible literally and believed in absolute standards of right and wrong. They condemned liberal attitudes and behaviors and argued for a restoration of traditional moral values. They worked toward their political goals by using direct-mail campaigns and raising money to support candidates.

As individual conservative groups formed networks, they created a movement dedicated to bringing back traditional American values. They hoped their ideas would help to reduce the nation's high divorce rate, lower the number of out-of-wedlock births, encourage individual responsibility, and generally revive traditional values.

Another error (or demonstration of bias) by the authors: Jim Bakker and Jimmy Swaggart were television evangelists but not part of the moral majority or conservative coalition. They refused to take a stand on political issues. Falwell, Roberts and Robertson were (and are) conservative activists and part of the Christian Coalition.

13.

The Christian Coalition worked to

a.	liberate American society from traditional values	c.	make abortion accessible to more women
b.	get the ERA passed	d.	restore traditional American values

14.

The moral majority/conservative coalition was a reaction against

a.	high divorce rates	d.	all of these
b.	a lack of individual responsibility	e.	none of these
c.	out-of-marriage births (teen pregnancies)

Conservatives Win Political Power

By the mid-1970s, the strong conservative movement had four major goals:

1- shrinking the federal government and lowering spending
2- strengthening the national defense
3- promoting traditional morality and values

4- stimulating business by reducing government regulations and lowering taxes

But to achieve success politically, the conservative movement needed two things: a viable presidential candidate and an opportunity to present its case to the people. In the 1970s, conservatives found the candidate. In 1980, the conservative movement found its opportunity, and for the next 12 years Presidents Reagan and Bush were the primary spokespersons for and political leaders of both the Republican Party and the conservative movement in general.

15.

Which statement is true?

a.	there was no conservative movement until Reagan ran for president	c.	Reagan was a conservative but Bush was not
b.	the conservative movement was building strength through the 1970s	d.	the conservative movement started in the 1980s

16.

Which statement is true?

a.	The conservatives wanted a stronger military	c.	The conservatives did not care about the military, they were more concerned about social issues
b.	The conservatives wanted to reduce spending on weapons	d.	The conservatives wanted the military to be Christian

REAGAN'S APPEAL

In 1976, Ronald Reagan had lost the Republican nomination for president to the incumbent, Gerald Ford. But after a series of hard-fought primaries, Reagan won the 1980 nomination and chose George Bush, his leading competitor, as his vice president running mate. Reagan and Bush ran against the incumbent president and vice-president, Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale, who were nominated again by the Democrats despite their low standing in the opinion polls.

Originally a New Deal Democrat, Ronald Reagan had become a conservative Republican during the 1950s. He claimed that he had not left the Democratic Party but rather that the party had left him. As a spokesman for General Electric, he toured the country making speeches in favor of free enterprise capitalism and against big government. In 1964, he campaigned hard for Barry Goldwater, the Republican candidate for president. His speech nominating Goldwater at the 1964 Republican convention made Reagan a serious candidate for public office. In 1966 Reagan was elected governor of California, and in 1970 he was reelected

17.

The 1976 presidential election was between

a.	Republican Ford and Democrat Reagan	c.	Democrat Carter and Republican Mondale
b.	Republican Ford and Democrat Carter	d.	Democrat Ford and Republican Reagan

18.

Which statement is true?

a.	Before being elected president, Ronald Reagan had no political experience	c.	Ronald Reagan was a bad actor, a poor speaker and unable to get re-elected governor of California
b.	Before being elected president, the only experience that Reagan had was speaking for the General Electric company	d.	Before being elected president Ronald Reagan served two terms (8 years) as governor of California

19.

In 1964 Reagan became popular by campaigning for

a.	Gerald Ford	c.	Barry Goldwater
b.	Richard Nixon	d.	Walter Mondale

THE 1980 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

In 1980, changes in the voting population favored Reagan, as voters aged and moved in increasing numbers to the Sunbelt-the Southern and Southwestern regions of the country. In those regions, there was hostility to Washington and big government.

Reagan ran on a number of key issues. Supreme Court decisions on abortion, pornography, the teaching of evolution, and prayer in public schools all antagonized conservative voters in the country, and they rallied to Reagan. The Iranian hostage crisis and the weak economy under Carter, particularly the high rate of inflation, also helped Reagan. He also helped himself with a staunch anticommunism that led him to refer to the Soviet Union as the "evil empire."

Thanks in part to his acting career and his long experience in the public eye, Reagan was an extremely effective candidate. In contrast to Carter, who often seemed stiff and nervous, Reagan was relaxed, charming, and affable. He loved making quips: "A recession is when your neighbor loses his job. A depression is when you lose yours. A recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his." Reagan's longstanding skill at simplifying issues and presenting them clearly led his supporters to call him the Great Communicator. Also, his commitment to military and economic strength appealed to many Americans.

Only 52.6 percent of American voters went to the polls in 1980. Reagan won the election. He got 44 million votes, or 51 percent of the total (this contrasts to Bill Clinton who never got more than 48 percent of the vote and was elected twice). His support was spread throughout the country, so that he carried 44 states and won 489 electoral votes. Republicans also gained control of the Senate for the first time since 1954. As Reagan assumed the presidency, many people were buoyed by his genial smile and his assertion that it was "morning again in America." Now, at last, conservatives had elected one of their own-a true believer in less government, lower taxes, and traditional values. Once elected, Reagan worked aggressively to translate the conservative agenda into public policy.

20.

Why was Reagan called “the great communicator?”

a.	he could present issues in ways that most Americans could understand	c.	he could present complicated issues in complicated ways
b.	he did not speak with an accent	d.	he did not talk about complicated issues

21.

Most American elections for president are won by no more than 1 or 2 percent majority of the popular vote What really counts in American presidential elections is the vote of the states. When we look at the state (electoral) vote, Reagan won the election

a.	by a landslide	c.	by 51%
b.	narrowly	d.	by 48%

22.

While Reagan was winning the presidency

a.	the Republicans also won control of the House and Senate	c.	the Democrats still maintained control of the House and Senate
b.	the Republicans won control of the Senate	d.	the Democrats kept control of the Senate

23.

Which statement is true?

a.	In 1980 conservatives were thankful for the conservative decisions that the Supreme Court was making	c.	In 1980 conservatives were upset over the liberal decisions of the Supreme Court
b.	In 1980 conservatives wanted to elect conservatives to the Supreme Court	d.	none of these statements are true

24.

What are the South and Southwest parts of the United States called?

a.	the Sunbelt	c.	the Rustbelt
b.	the Southbelt	d.	the tightbelt

25.

In 1980 many Americans were moving from the North and Northeast to the South and Southwest. Reagan benefited from this shift in the population because the South and Southwest were _______ big government

a.	pro	c.	neutral to
b.	anti	d.	in favor of

"Reaganomics" Takes Over

As soon as Reagan took office, he worked to reduce the size and influence of the federal government, which, he thought, would encourage private investment. Since people were anxious about the economy in 1980, their concern opened the door for new approaches to taxes and the federal budget.

CUTTING GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS

Reagan's strategy for downsizing the federal government included deep cuts in government spending on social programs. Yet his cuts did not affect all segments of the population equally. Entitlement programs that benefited the middle class, such as Social Security, Medicare, and veterans' pensions, remained intact. (because the government was not allowed to cut these programs) On the other hand, Congress slashed by 10 percent the budget for programs that benefited more limited groups: urban mass transit, food stamps, welfare benefits, job training, Medicaid, school lunches, and student loans. In 1981, The Democrat Congress slashed domestic spending by over $40 billion-less than Reagan had asked for but still a huge sum.

The authors are mistating what happened. Reagan and the Democrat congress raised expenditures for these programs but raised expenditures 10% less than was proposed by some liberal groups.

26.

Why did Reagan worke to reduce the size and influence of the federal government

a.	to help the labor unions by taking money from business and giving it to the workers	c.	to help business leaders acquire more wealth
b.	to provide more money for defense	d.	fewer taxes and less regulation would encourage more business investment and help the economy

27.

Which group suffered the most from government downsizing in the early 80s?

a.	the rich	c.	the poor
b.	the middle classes	d.	all suffered equally

REDUCING TAXES

The second part of Reagan's policy called for lower taxes to accompany the reduced spending on social programs. This approach was the core of Reaganomics-a term used to refer to Reagan's economic policy, which involved large tax cuts to increase private investments, which in turn would, he thought, increase the nation's supply of goods and services. Reagan based his ideas on the work of economists such as George Gilder and Arthur Laffer.

Reaganomics rested heavily upon supply-side economics, which held that cutting tax rates-especially on investments-would give people incentives to work, save, and invest. According to this theory, increased business investment would create more jobs, as entrepreneurs and other suppliers developed new products and services. More workers would mean more taxpayers, which would cause government revenues to increase, even though tax rates were low. Using supply-side theory as his rationale, Reagan in 1981 signed into law a 25 percent cut in federal income taxes, spread out over three years.

28.

The theory of Regainomics said that if you cut taxes the govenment will actually get more money from taxes. How is this possible?

a.	by cutting taxes you stimulate the economy, new businesses start which pay more taxes	d.	all of these are part of the theory of Regainomics.
b.	by cutting taxes, more money goes into the economy which means more jobs and more people paying taxes.	e.	None of these are part of the theory of Regainomics
c.	by cutting taxes companies can expand and get bigger and pay more taxes

29.

Who did Regain use to support his idea of Regainomics?

a.	Alan Greenspan	c.	George Gilder and Arthur Laffer
b.	Richard Nixon	d.	Arthur Slesinger

INCREASING MILITARY SPENDING

Meanwhile, Reagan authorized increases in military spending that more than offset cuts in social programs. Between 1981 and 1984, the Defense Department budget almost doubled. Indeed, the president revived two controversial weapons systems-the MX missile and the B-1 bomber. In 1983, Reagan asked the country's scientists to develop a defense system that would keep Americans safe from enemy missiles. Officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI, the system quickly became known as Star Wars, after the title of a popular movie. The Defense Department estimated that the system would cost trillions of dollars.

A REVIVED AMERICAN ECONOMY

As Reaganomics got under way, rates fell and the stock market soared, producing a long period of economic growth. The inflation rate dropped from a high of 14 percent in 1980 to 4 percent in 1988. Government revenues, however, did not increase as much as had been expected, resulting in large budget deficits.

The high interest rates that were necessary to curb inflation contributed to a severe recession during much of 1982. However, early in 1983 an economic upturn began as consumers went on a spending spree. Their confidence in the economy was bolstered by tax cuts, a decline in interest rates, and lower inflation. The stock market surged, unemployment declined, and the gross national product went up by almost 10 percent. The stock market boom lasted until 1987, when the market crashed, losing 508 points in one day. This fall was due in large part to automated and computerized buying and selling systems. However, the market recovered and then continued its upward trend. Computer programs were adjusted so this automatic selling would not happen again.

30.

From 81 to 84 how much did military spending increase?

a.	by 10%	c.	by 50%
b.	by 25%	d.	it did not rise at all

31.

Which defense system did Reagan not push for in the 1980s?

a.	MX missle	c.	B1 Bomber
b.	Strategic Defsnse Initiative	d.	the M1 rifle

32.

Of all of the defense systems that Reagan proposed, which was potentially the most expensive?

a.	MX Missle	c.	B1 Bomber (stelth bomber)
b.	Star Wars SDI	d.	rebuilding the Navy

33.

The overall effect of Reaganomics on the economy was

a.	very good but not as good as predicted	c.	better than expected and predicted
b.	very poor	d.	it had no effect

34.

What caused (at least in part) the stock market crash of 1987?

a.	the threat from Soviet Communism	c.	J.P. Morgan and his Wall Street buddies
b.	computer programs that automatically sold stock for no good reason	d.	The growth of the internet

THE NATIONAL DEBT CLIMBS

During the Reagan and Bush years, the national debt soared from $900 billion in 1980 to almost $4 trillion in 1992, making the United States the world's leading debtor nation. Interest payments on this debt accounted for about 21 percent of the national budget-more than the budget for education, health, the environment, agriculture, transportation, space, science, and technology combined. The interest payments on the national debt limited the amount of money available for investment in private enterprises. There was less money available to invest in technology and infrastructure (transportation systems, water and power lines, streets, and so forth). The country also faced a large foreign trade imbalance-that is, the nation was importing more goods than it was exporting. This imbalance meant that American dollars were going to other countries. On the other hand, the strong foreign competition spurred American companies to improve their products.

To reduce the budget deficit, Congress passed a sweeping new tax bill that provided for an increase in taxes other than those on income. In 1982, Reagan quietly signed it into law. Congress enacted another tax increase in 1984. In 1986 Reagan signed into law a new simplified tax system that lowered individual tax rates but raised business rates and eliminated hundreds of deductions.

35.

Why did the government have less to spend of needed programs in the 80’s

a.	they were taking in too many taxes	c.	they were not collecting enough interest on the national debt
b.	the government had to pay huge sums on the interest of the national debt	d.	none of these are true

36.

Congress was controlled by the Democrats for most of the 80’s. What did Reagan do when they raised taxes twice to lower the national debt?

a.	he ignored the laws	c.	he signed the laws
b.	he fought the laws	d.	he vetoed the laws

37.

When a nation has a trade imbalance what does this mean?

a.	it is exporting more than it is importing	c.	it is importing and exporting the same amount
b.	it is importing more than it is exporting	d.	it has no imports at all

38.

During the Reagan/Bush years the national debt increased dramatically. What is the national debt?

a.	the amount of money that foreign countries owe to the United States	c.	the amount of money that citizens owe to the government
b.	the amount of money that the U.S. owes because it spends more than it gets from taxes	d.	none of these

Judicial Power Shifts to the Right

One of President Reagan's objectives was to promote traditional values and morality. Perhaps the most important way in which he accomplished this was through his appointments to the Supreme Court. Decisions of the Court affected many social issues, including crime, abortion, and First Amendment rights.

THE REAGAN-BUSH SUPREME COURT NOMINATIONS

Reagan extended his conservative policies by naming conservative judges to the Supreme Court. He nominated Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony M. Kennedy to fill the seats left by retiring judges. O'Connor was the first woman to be appointed to the Court. He also nominated justice William Rehnquist, the most conservative justice on the court at the time, to the position of chief justice. By the end of his term in office, Reagan had appointed nearly half of all the federal district and appeals judges. These new appointees handed down conservative opinions on abortion rights and race discrimination.

President Bush later made the Court even less liberal when David 11. Souter replaced the retiring justice William Brennan. He also nominated Clarence Thomas to take the place of Thurgood Marshall. However, controversy exploded when a law professor, Anita Hill, testified that Thomas had sexually harassed her when she worked for him in the 1980s at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The all-male Senate Judiciary Committee did not fully investigate the charges until after they became public knowledge. Thomas eventually won approval by a final vote of 52 to 48.

The Reagan and Bush appointments to the Supreme Court ended the liberal control over the Court that had begun under Franklin Roosevelt. These appointments became increasingly significant as the court revisited constitutional issues related to such topics as discrimination, abortion, and affirmative action. In 1989, the Court, in a series of rulings, restricted a woman's right to an abortion. The Court also imposed new restrictions on civil rights laws that had been designed to protect the rights of women and minorities. In the 1990-1991 session, the Court narrowed the rights of arrested persons.

Deregulating the Economy Reagan achieved his third objective-reducing the size and power of the federal government-largely by deregulating, or cutting back on federal regulation of, industry. As part of his campaign for a smaller government, he removed price controls on oil and gas and eliminated federal health and safety inspections for nursing homes. He deregulated the airline industry (allowing airlines to abandon convenient but unprofitable air routes) and the savings and loan industry. One of the positive results of this deregulation was that it increased competition and often resulted in lower prices for the consumer.

In some cases Reagan's efforts at deregulation meant that government regulation simply stopped, since state or local governments were not able to pick up the burden of regulating airlines or controlling oil prices. In other cases, deregulation transferred financial burdens and a great deal of regulatory responsibility to state and local governments.

39.

Why did President Reagan appoint conservatives to the Supreme Court?

a.	he wanted to promote traditional values and morality	c.	he wanted to increase spending for the military
b.	he wanted to cut government spending	d.	none of these

40.

What is deregulation?

a.	imposing fewer regulations at the federal level and more regulation at the state level	c.	increasing defense spending
b.	cutting back on the rules and regulations that the government imposes	d.	imposing more regulation at the federal level of government

41.

Reagan wanted the Supreme Court to be more

a.	liberal	c.	balanced between conservatives and liberals
b.	conservative	d.	none of these

THE SAVINGS AND LOAN INDUSTRY

Under the Reagan achninistration, the savings and loan industry was deregulated. Savings and loan institutions (sometimes called thrifts) were allowed to invest in commercial real estate, such as shopping malls, golf courses, and office buildings. Some S & Ls (as savings and loans are called) made risky loans on real estate. Even if they made risky investments, the government stood ready to pay individual investors up to $100,000 in savings insurance.

As the economy slowed down, many of the risky S & L investments lost large amounts of money. From 1988 to 1990, approximately 600 S & Ls failed, wiping out investors' savings. Charles Keating, president of Lincoln Savings and Loan in California, lost more than $2.6 billion of depositors' money. He made political contributions to several senators from the Democrat and Republican parties to keep his operation from being investigated. Keating and others like him were accused of having left the S & L industry in ruins. The federal government and the American taxpayer were left to clean up the mess.

42.

Liberals would point to the savings and loan problems as a reason

a.	to have fewer government regulations	c.	to have more government regulation
b.	to get the government out of peoples business	d.	all of these

43.

If you have money in a bank or savings and loan, and the bank goes broke, the government will pay you up to $100,000 dollars of the money you had in the bank. It is an insurance policy called, FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) It is an insurance policy, backed by the U.S. Government that the banks and savings and loans pay for.

true

false

44.

Why did some of the savings and loans go broke in the 80s?

a.	They made bad loans and the people could not pay back the money	c.	They gave too much money to politicians
b.	They did not make enough loans	d.	Too much governemnt regulation

THE ENVIRONMENT

The Reagan administration believed that the EPA had gone too far and the agency was hostle to the American people. They believed that the agency had been taken over by “environmental extremests.” In a further effort at deregulation, President Reagan cut the budget of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which had been established in 1970 to fight pollution and conserve natural resources. He ignored pleas from Canada to reduce acid rain and appointed administrators sympathetic to business to serve in environmentally sensitive offices. For example, James Watt, Reagan's secretary of the interior, sold millions of acres of public land to private businesses. In order to decrease American dependence on foreign oil, he opened the continental shelf to oil and gas drilling, which some people thought posed environmental risks. Watt also permitted timber cutting in national forests and eased restrictions on coal mining.

At the same time, EPA administrator Anne Gorsuch Burford and assistant administrator Rita 'Lavelle fired hundreds of inspectors at the Environmental Protection Agency. This caused a 75 percent drop in the number of anti pollution cases referred to the justice Department for prosecution. As a result of these actions, Watt came under fire from many quarters, and he resigned in 1983. Lavelle also resigned in 1983, and Burford was dismissed. The Reagan administration continued to oppose federal intervention to preserve the environment, though it did agree to support the 1980 Superfund bill, aimed at eliminating dangerous toxic waste sites.

Actually James Watt resigned because he made some politically incorrect remarks at a dinner he had attended. His resignation was not related to the environemnt policies.

45.

Why did the Reagan administration ease the rules imposed by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

a.	they did not like the environement	c.	they thought the EPA did not go far enough in regulating the environemnt
b.	they wanted to make the EPA stronger	d.	they thought the EPA had gone too far in regulating the environemnt and were environmental extremests

46.

Why did the Reagan administration and James Watt allow more drilling for oil and mining for coal in wilderness areas?

a.	to increase our dependence on foreign oil	c.	to destroy the environment
b.	to decrease our dependence on foreign oil	d.	to improve the environment

Conservative Victories in 1984 and 1988

It was clear by 1984 that Reagan had forged a coalition of conservative voters who highly approved of his policies. These voters included

• business people-who wanted to deregulate the economy
• Southerners-who welcomed the limits on federal power
• Westerners-who resented federal controls on mining and grazing

• "Reagan Democrats"-who agreed with Reagan on limiting federal government and thought that the Democratic Party had drifted too far to the left

Out of what conservatives saw as the major successes of his first term, Reagan had put together a strong conservative bloc of voters.

THE 1984 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

In 1984, Reagan and Bush won the Republican nominations for reelection without challenge. Walter Mondale, who had been vice-president under President Carter, won the Democratic Party's nomination and chose Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate. Ferraro became the first woman on a major party's presidential ticket.

Reagan and Bush maintained their popularity and won by a landslide, carrying every state but Mondale's Minnesota and the District of Columbia. As in 1980, Reagan received the bulk of his support from traditional Republicans, conservative Christians, and disaffected Democrats.

47.

From the 1984 election it is clear that

a.	the American people did not support the policies of the Reagan administration	c.	the American people supported the policies of Reagan and Bush
b.	the American people did not care about politics	d.	the American people supported the policies of the Democrats and Walter Mondale

48.

In the 84 elections, Reagan won support from

a.	a narrow group of voters	c.	traditional Republicans only
b.	a wide range of groups and voters	d.	traditional Democrats only

THE 1988 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Despite a deepening deficit, rising inflation, and foreign-policy scandals, a majority of Americans were economically comfortable, and they attributed their comfort to Reagan and Bush. When Michael Dukakis, the Democratic governor of Massachusetts, ran for the presidency in 1988 against George Bush, most voters saw little reason for change. Dukakis was also viewed by the American people as a liberal who was “soft on crime.” While governor of Massachusetts he started a program that allowed convicted murderers to leave prison for weekends. One of the persons who he allowed to leave prison murdered a family while on leave and the Bush campaign used this against him. Dukakis proved that the American people did not want a liberal for president.

George Bush simply built on President Reagan's legacy by promising, "Read my lips: no new taxes" in his acceptance speech to the Republican convention. He stressed his commitment to the conservative ideas of the Moral Majority. Only half of the eligible voters went to the polls in 1988. Fiftythree percent voted for George Bush, who won 426 electoral votes. Bush's electoral victory was viewed, as Reagan's had been, as a mandate for conservative social and political policies.

49.

Michael Dukakis, the Democrat Party nominee for president in 88 was a

a.	conservative	c.	socialist
b.	liberal	d.	tough on crime candidate

50.

The 84 and 88 elections proved that America

a.	wanted liberals to run the country	c.	was a socialist country
b.	did not care about the political philosophy of the people running for president	d.	wanted conservatives to run the country

Health, Education, and Cities in Crisis

In the 1980s, both in the cities (which supported large populations of poor people, minorities, and recent immigrants) and in rural and suburban areas, governments strove mightily to deal with crises in health, education, and safety. Americans directed their attention to issues such as AIDS, drug abuse, abortion, education, and the urban crisis.

HEALTH ISSUES

One of the most troubling issues that Americans argued about in the 1980s was AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Beginning in 1981, AIDS began spreading rapidly throughout the world. Caused by a virus that destroys the immune system, AIDS weakens the body so that it is prone to infections and normally rare cancers.

After years of intensive research, no cure had been found. AIDS is transmitted through bodily fluids, and most of the early victims of the disease were either homosexual men or intravenous drug users who shared needles. However, people also contracted AIDS through contaminated blood transfusions or by being born to infected mothers. As the 1980s progressed, increasing numbers of heterosexuals began contracting AIDS as well. As the epidemic grew, so did concern over the rising cost of care for AIDS sufferers.

51.

What was the serious health epidemic that effected mostly homosexual men in the 1980s?

a.	Pneumonia	c.	Yellow Fever
b.	Gout	d.	Acquired Immune Deficiency

52.

In the 1980s, what was the largest population of the big cities in the United States

a.	poor people	d.	all of these
b.	recent immigrants	e.	none of these
c.	minorities

ABORTION

Many Americans were concerned about abortion in the 1980s. Abortion had been million children and adults legal in the United States since 1973, when the Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that first trimester abortions were protected by a woman's right to privacy. Opponents of legalized abortion (called pro-life) quickly organized under the "pro-life" banner. They argued that human life began at conception and that no one had the right to terminate a human life by her individual decision. Proponents of legalized abortion described themselves as "pro-choice." They argued that reproductive choices were personal health-care matters the world were the result of and noted that many women had died from abortions performed by unskilled people in unsterile settings before the procedure was legalized.

In July of 1989, the Supreme Court ruled in Webster v. Reproductive Health Care Services that states had the right to impose new restrictions on abortion. As a result, abortion restrictions varied from state to state.

In May of 1991, the Court further limited abortion rights. It ruled in Rust v Sullivan that the federal government could prevent doctors in government sponsored health clinics from providing women with information about abortion -even if the women's health was at risk. Antiabortion activists applauded the new ruling, but abortion rights supporters argued that the ruling created one level of health care for the affluent and another for the poor. Many doctors felt that the decision violated professional ethics by telling them how to practice medicine. Congress passed a bill designed to overturn the Court's restrictions on abortion rights, but President Bush vetoed the bill. His veto was sustained by the Congress.

53.

What was the name of the Supreme Court case that first made abortion legal in the United States?

a.	Webster v. Reproductive Health Care Services	c.	Brown v Board of Education
b.	Rust v Sullivan	d.	Roe v Wade

54.

People opposed to abortion are called _____ and people in favor of abortion are called _____

a.	pro life - pro choice	c.	pro abortion - anti abortion
b.	pro choice - pro life	d.	none of these combinations are correct

55.

People opposed to abortion believe that life begins at _____ and abortion is the same as taking a persons life

a.	the first trimester	c.	conception
b.	the second trimester	d.	birth

DRUG ABUSE

Battles over abortion rights sometimes competed for public attention with concerns over rising drug abuse. Jobless youth in the cities and teenagers in the suburbs joined gangs to gain power and money by selling crack cocaine and other drugs. In 1980, only 10 cities reported serious problems, but by 1990, more than 125 cities had gang-related troubles. As crime and drug use rose, different factions promoted diverse approaches to the crisis. A few people argued that drugs should be legalized to reduce the power of gangs who made a living selling illegal drugs. Others called for more treatment facilities in order to treat addiction. The Reagan administration launched a war on drugs and supported moves to prosecute users as well as dealers.

The president called for random drug testing at government-related workplaces, and in 1988, the Democrat Congress passed a law cutting off college loans and public housing for marijuana users. Congress also provided funds for anti drug education in the schools. Businesses and some institutions began random drug testing to identify drug users. The military used armed forces to patrol the nation's borders in an attempt to prevent drug smuggling. At the same time, First Lady Nancy Reagan toured the country with an anti-drug campaign that admonished students to "Just Say No!" to drugs. These measures helped reduce drug use among middle-class Americans, but the availability of illegal drugs apparently remained the same

President Bush followed in Reagan's footsteps and called for action against drugs, which he called "[our] gravest domestic threat." The president urged "a war on drugs"-by which he meant crack cocaine and similar substances. Bush's program emphasized law enforcement: stopping drugs at the nation's borders, jailing drug-using Americans for long terms, and establishing a death penalty for drug dealers.

56.

In the 1980s the drug problem in the United States was a _____ problem

a.	local	c.	suburbs
b.	big city only	d.	national

57.

First lady, Nancy Reagan’s, anti-drug program was called

a.	enough is enough	c.	kids hate drugs
b.	stop drugs now	d.	just say no

58.

A side effect of the drug problem in the U.S. was

a.	the growth of the cities	c.	more abortions
b.	the growth of gangs	d.	segregated schools

EDUCATION

Education was another issue that stirred people's concerns about the future of their children. In 1983, a presidential commission issued a report on education, entitled A Nation at Risk. The report revealed that American students' test scores lagged behind those of students in most other industrialized nations. Further, the report showed that scores on standardized achievement tests had sunk below those in 1957, when the Soviets launched Sputnik. In addition, the report stated that 23 million Americans were unable to follow an instruction manual or fill out a job application form. It also noted that many 17-year-olds could not read a paragraph and draw an intelligent conclusion, or distinguish the state of Florida from Russia on an outline snap.

The commission's findings and those of various scholars touched off a debate about education. The commission recommended more homework, longer school days, and an extended school year. It also promoted increased pay and merit raises for teachers, as well as a greater emphasis on basic subjects such as English, math, science, social studies, and computer science

Some educators recommended more Head Start programs, smaller classes, tutorials, and an emphasis on critical thinking. Others advocated a system that would give parents who wanted to send their children to private schools the money that would have been spent on the children in public schools. Still others favored "magnet schools" and parental choice among public schools.

Whatever their ideas, most Americans agreed that the public schools were, at best, educating only half the students enrolled. Furthermore, students who dropped out of school stood little chance of earning a living in an economy that had become increasingly complex, in part because of the dawn of the computer age.

The tremendous growth in the use of personal computers during the 1980s made education even more important for students. The information age made it imperative that students learn to use the new technology, including the Hardware of computers and keyboards as well as the software of different programs. Apple computers, IBM computers and their clones (similar machines), along with all the technology associated with them, became a growth industry in the 1980s and transformed the school and the workplace.

In April 1991, President Bush announced a bold new education initiative, "America 2000." He argued that choice was the salvation of American schools and recommended allowing parents to use public funds to send their children to schools of their choice-public, private, or religious. Bush also proposed the founding of 535 new schools that would serve as models of curriculum innovation. He also urged national achievement tests.

59.

What did the presidential commission report called, “A Nation At Risk” say about American school kids

a.	they were about equal to students in other industrial nations	c.	they were ahead of students in other industrial nations
b.	they were behind students in other industrial nations	d.	education is less important than many people believe

60.

What did the Reagan and Bush administrations do in response to the Nation At Risk report?

a.	they did nothing	c.	tried to come up with programs to help American kids do better in school
b.	they tried to move students from public to private schools	d.	they argued that the report was wrong

THE URBAN CRISIS

The crisis in education was closely connected to the crisis in the cities. Many undereducated students were in cities such as Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.-municipalities (cities) whose populations had actually decreased during the 1980s. During the 1970s, the United States had become increasingly suburbanized as more and more white families moved outside the cities. This was called, “White Flight” Businesses moved, too, taking jobs and tax revenue with them.

One poverty-stricken area, south Central Los Angeles (which had erupted in violence in 1965 and 1968), erupted again in 1992. Four white police officers had been videotaped beating an African American man named Rodney King, who had been fleeing the officers in a speeding car. A mostly white jury found the officers not guilty of brutality. This verdict resulted in riots that lasted five days and caused the deaths of 51 people. Approximately 2,400 people were injured and about $1 billion in property was damaged in the riots. Most of the damaged property belonged to merchants, who some rioters believed were exploiting their neighborhoods.

61.

What happened in the big cities of the U.S. as a result of “white flight.”

a.	there were fewer jobs in the cities	d.	all of these things happened
b.	the cities collected fewer taxes	e.	none of these things happened
c.	because the cities had less money there were fewer city services

62.

The Rodney King incident sparked riots in

a.	Philadelphia	c.	Los Angeles
b.	Detroit	d.	Chicago

The Equal Rights Struggle

Within this environment of dwindling resources and social struggle, women worked to achieve economic and social gains.

POLITICAL LOSSES AND GAINS

During the early 1980s, women's rights activists worked to obtain ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA). Although Congress had passed the amendment in 1972, it had not vet been ratified, or approved, by three-fourths of the states. Supporters of the amendment had until June 30, 1982, to gain ratification from 38 states. They obtained only 35 of the 38 ratifications they needed, and the ERA did not become law.

With the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, women's organizations began to concentrate on electing women to public office. Elections in 1980 and 1982 revealed a gender gap, in which women followed different voting patterns than men. More women candidates began to run for office, and in 1984 the Democrats chose Geraldine Ferraro as their vice-presidential candidate. She had spoken of the necessity for women in all walks of life to continue working for equal opportunities in American society.

During the 1980s, the number of women in Congress increased from 28 to 47, and the number of women senators tripled-from two to six. President Reagan also named two women to his cabinet: Elizabeth Dole became secretary of transportation, and Margaret Heckler became secretary of health and human services. Nevertheless, women remained underrepresented in political affairs and over represented among the ranks of the poor

63.

Which statement is true?

a.	The ERA did not become an amendment to the constitution because women did not support it	c.	The ERA did not become part of the constitution because three quarters of the states did not ratify it
b.	The ERA became part of the constitution in 1982	d.	The ERA did not become part of the constitution because two thirds of the states did not ratify it

64.

What office did Geraldine Ferraro run for in 1984?

a.	She was the Republican candidate for Vice President	c.	She ran for the Senate from New York
b.	She was the Democrat candidate for Vice President	d.	She was the presidential candidate for the Democrats in 1984

65.

Which statement is true?

a.	During the 80s Reagan appointed women to his cabinet but women did not increase their number in congress	c.	During the 80s Reagan appointed women to his cabinet and they increased their number in congress
b.	During the 80s women achieved equal representation in congress with men	d.	During the 80s women increased their number in congress but Reagan failed to nominate any women to his cabinet

66.

Which statement is true?

a.	Though some women achieved political status in the 80s they were still under-represented in the government	c.	Though some women achieved status in the business world they did not increase their numbers in the government
b.	Women in the 80s achieved equal status with men in business and politics	d.	It did not matter that women did not receive equal status with men in the 80s, they were the richest segment of American society

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL GAINS

Several factors contributed to what some called the feminization of poverty. By 1992, 57.8 percent of the nation's women were part of the work force, and a growing percentage of women worked as professionals and managers. However, in that year women earned only about 76 cents for every dollar men earned. Female college graduates earned only slightly more than male high-school graduates. Also, about 31 percent of female heads of household lived in poverty, and among African-American women the poverty rate was even higher. New trends in divorce settlements aggravated the situation. Under no-fault divorce, fewer women won alimony payments, and the courts rarely enforced the meager child support payments they awarded. As late as 1990, more than 25 percent of the spouses, mostly males, who owed child support still paid nothing at all.

To close the income gap that left so many women poor, women's organizations and unions proposed a system of pay equity, by which jobs would be rated on the basis of the amount of education they required, the amount of physical strength needed to perform them, and the number of people one supervised. Instead of relying on traditional pay scales, employers would establish pay rates that reflected each job's requirements. By 1989, 20 states had begun adjusting government jobs to offer pay equity for jobs of comparable worth. Many female employees received raises of up to 30 percent. Most private firms, however, resisted the idea because they believed it would be too expensive.

Women also asked for other improvements in the workplace. Since many working women headed single-parent households or had children under the age of six, they pressed for family benefits. Government and corporate benefit packages began to include maternity leaves, flexible hours and workweeks, job sharing, and work-at-home arrangements. Some of these changes were launched by individual firms, while others required government intervention. Yet the Reagan administration sharply cut the federal budget for daycare, AFDC (welfare), and other similar programs. Congress passed a family-leave plan in 1991 that President Bush vetoed.

67.

Which statement is true?

a.	fewer women filed for divorce in the 80s	c.	the no-fault divorce laws helped to ease the effects of poverty on women
b.	in the 80s women finally received equal pay for equal work compared to men	d.	the no-fault divorce laws helped to make women even poorer in the 80s

68.

What was pay equity about?

a.	It was an attempt by unions and women’s groups to help women get equal pay for equal work	c.	It was an attempt by women’s groups and unions to get more women elected to public office at the same pay rates as men
b.	it was an attempt by women’s groups and unions to get more women into the unions where pay was higher	d.	It was an attempt by the unions to get pay raises for all workers, men and women

69.

Which statement is true?

a.	The Reagan and Bush administrations were sympathetic to the needs of women in the workplace	c.	Because women wanted to be treated the same as men in the workplace they did not ask for any special accommodations in the workplace
b.	Because women had different life styles than men they asked companies to make adjustments in schedules and leave to accommodate their needs	d.	Many women went to work in the 80s because of the child-care programs of most companies

The Fight for Rights Continues

Cuts in government programs and the backlash against civil rights initiatives, such as affirmative action, affected other groups as well.

AFRICAN AMERICANS

African Americans made striking political gains during the 1980s, even as their economic progress suffered. By the mid-1980s, African- American mayors governed dozens of cities, including Los Angeles, Detroit, Chicago, Atlanta, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Hundreds of communities in both the North and the South had elected African Americans to serve as sheriffs, school board members, state legislators s, and members of Congress. In 1990, L. Douglas Wilder of Virginia became the nation's first African-American governor. The Reverend Jesse Jackson ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988.

However, the income gap between white Americans and African Americans was larger in 1988 than it had been in 1968. Middle-class African Americans sometimes moved into professional and managerial positions, but the poor faced a future of diminishing opportunities. In 1989, the newly conservative Supreme Court handed down a series of decisions that continued to change the nation's course on civil rights. Affirmative-action is an attempt by government to provide more jobs for minorities to correct past abuses. In the case of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company, for example, the Court further limited the scope of affirmative-action, Other decisions by the Court outlawed contracts set aside for minority businesses. In the 80s there was a backlash against affirmative action.

70.

Which statement is true?

a.	In the 80s many African Americans moved into the middle class	d.	In the 80s the poverty level of African Americans *as a whole* was greater than it was in the 60s
b.	In the 80s a large number of African Americans won election to public office	e.	none of these statements are true
c.	All of these statements are true

71.

Which statement is true?

a.	In the 80s affirmative action was accepted by the white people in America	c.	African Americans were the only groups to benefit from affirmative action
b.	In the 80s African Americans saw affirmative action as unfair to blacks	d.	In the 80s there was a backlash against affirmative action in the U.S.

72.

What is Affirmative-action?

a.	a requirement that judges “affirm” the right of equal protection of the law to minorities	c.	an attempt by the government to limit the number of jobs that minorities have and provide jobs for white people
b.	an attempt by the government to help minorities get jobs because they were discriminated against in the past	d.	the requirement that government officials tell the truth in all government investigations

LATINOS

Latinos became the fastest growing minority during the 1980s. By 1990, they constituted almost 9 percent of the population, and demographers estimated that Latinos would soon outnumber African Americans as the nation's largest minority group. About two out of three Latinos were Mexican Americans, who lived mostly in the Southwest. Puerto Ricans lived mainly in the Northeast, and Cubans lived primarily in Florida. Like African Americans, Latinos gained political power during the 1980s,

Toney Anaya became governor of New Mexico and Robert Martinez became governor of Florida. Several cities, including Denver, San Antonio, and Miami, elected mayors of Latino background. In August of 1988, President Reagan appointed Lauro Cavazos as secretary of education, and in 1990 President Bush named Dr. Antonia Coello Novello to die post of surgeon general.

Latino farm workers still suffered from low pay, unhealthy conditions, and high unemployment, but increasing numbers of Latinos held professional and technical positions.

The murder of the voting singer Selena Quintanilla-Perez in 1995 was even the subject of a commemorative edition of People magazine. Writers such as Sandra Cisneros and Oscar Hijuelos won literary awards for their books.

Many Latinos supported bilingual education. Some feared that abandoning Spanish would weaken their distinctive culture. In the words of Daniel Villanueva, a television executive, "We want to be here, but without losing our language and our culture. The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1975 enabled Spanish speakers to go to school and vote in their oven language, but by the mid-1980s opposition to bilingualism was rising in some quarters. Critics argued that it slowed the rate at which Spanish-speaking people entered main- stream American life. They also feared that the nation would become split between English speakers and non-English speakers.

73.

What was the effect of the Bilingual Education Act of 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1975?

a.	Required Latinos to learn English before they could attend school	c.	Required that employers speak Spanish to their employers
b.	Allowed Latinos to learn in their native Spanish	d.	Required that all students take Spanish classes in high school and college

74.

Which statement is true?

a.	By the 90s it was estimated that Latinos would soon become the largest minority group in the U.S.	c.	By the 80s many Latinos had been elected to public office
b.	By the late 80s Latinos had moved into all aspects of American life	d.	all of these are true

NATIVE AMERICANS

During the 1980s, the Reagan administration limited increases in aid to Native Americans for health, education, and other services. Driven to find new sources of revenue, Native Americans began protesting federal and state regulations that restricted gambling on reservation lands. After the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Native Americans, many tribes opened Las Vegas-style casinos, which provided additional funding for the tribes that operated them. Nonetheless, the long-term problems freed by Native Americans have not been solved by gambling casinos, although the new Nvealth has helped to some extent.

ASIAN AMERICANS

Asian Americans were the second fastest-growing minority in the United States during the 1980s. By 1992, the U.S. population included about 8.3 million Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Asian Americans constituted 3.25 percent of the population.

Unlike African Americans and Latinos, Asian Americans made significant economic advances but few political strides, although Senator Daniel Inouye had long been an important Japanese-American politician who represented the state of Hawaii in the U.S. Senate. Many Asian Americans chose to attend college and pursued successful careers in business_ science, or the arts. These included Arnv Tai (author of The Joy Luck Club) and Maxine JI lone Kingston (author of The Woiruen Warrior).

Authors failed to mention that Republican S. I. Hayakawa was elected to the U.S. Senate

75.

What did Native Americans do to find new sources of revenue to help improve living conditions for the tribes?

a.	sought permission to build gambling casinos on reservations	c.	sent more Native American children to colleges to study engineering and science.
b.	staged demonstrations, and in one case rioted, in major cities close to reservations	d.	they did nothing

76.

What percentage of the U.S. population were Asian Americans in the 1990 census?

a.	13.5	c.	3.5
b.	24.1	d.	35

77.

Which statement is true about Asian Americans?

a.	they do well in politics but not well in college level science	c.	they are the most under-educated group in America
b.	they are the poorest minority group in America	d.	they do very well in science and business but not many go into politics

78.

During the 1992 campaign, however, President Bush refused to support antidiscrimination legislation for gays and lesbians

true

false

GAYS AND LESBIANS

During the 1970s and 1980s, homosexual men and women emerged from political invisibility to work for legislation protecting their rights. By 1986, 26 states had reduced criminal penalties for homosexual relationships between consenting adults. During his term as president, George Bush increased funding for AIDS research and called for a study on hate crimes, including attacks on homosexuals. During the 1992 campaign, however, President Bush refused to support antidiscrimination legislation. Several speakers at the Republican National Convention in 1992 called gays immoral. however, by 1993, several states and 110 communities had outlawed discrimination against homosexuals.

Although various groups struggled for political power and economic success during the Reagan and Bush years, these competing groups tended to come together when the United States faced challenges abroad

79.

During the 90s, gays and lesbians became more open about their sexual orientation and sought designation as a minority group

true

false

Matching

Match the Program with the president

a.	Franklin Roosevelt	d.	Lyndon Johnson
b.	Harry Truman	e.	Gerald Ford
c.	John F. Kennedy	f.	Richard Nixon

80.

Great Society

81.

Fair Deal

82.

New Frontier

83.

New Deal

a.	Iraq	h.	Nicaragua
b.	Poland	i.	the United States
c.	Germany	j.	Grenada
d.	the Soviet Union	k.	Yugoslavia
e.	China	l.	Israel
f.	Iran	m.	Operation Desert Storm
g.	Panama

84.

This nation invaded Kuwait in 1990.

85.

Ronald Reagan signed the INF Treaty with this nation to limit nuclear missiles

86.

Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as the president of this nation.

87.

Sandinista rebels overthrew the dictator of this nation in 1979.

88.

This tiny island nation was invaded by the United States in 1983.

89.

The Contras attempted to overthrow the government of this nation.

90.

In 1991, the Commonwealth of Independent States took the place of this nation.

91.

This nation’s president was overthrown, arrested, and convicted of drug trafficking.

92.

The U.S. used this nation to sell arms to Iran in the Iran-Contra scandal

93.

This nation’s actions led the United States and its allies to launch Operation Desert Storm.

94.

This nation was the one most directly affected by the domestic policies known as glasnost and perestroika.

95.

Tiananmen Square was the location of demonstrations that drew international attention to this nation’s lack of political freedoms.

96.

The labor union, Solidarity, helped to end communist rule in this nation

97.

The 1991 U.S. attack on Iraq to force the Iraqis out of Kuwait