Ch24 Nixon

Name:

Ch24 Nixon

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

A BATTLE OVER THE SUPREME COURT

Civil rights was not the only issue over which President Nixon and the Supreme Court clashed . During the 1968 campaign, Nixon had criticized the Warren Court for being too liberal. Once in the White House, Nixon suddenly found himself with an opportunity to change the direction of the court. During Nixon's first term, four justices, including chief justice Earl Warren, left the bench through death, retirement, or resignation . President Nixon quickly moved to put a more conservative face on the Court. In 1969, he appointed U.S. Court of Appeals judge Warren Burger as chief justice. Burger's Senate confirmation went smoothly. However, Nixon's effort to fill a second vacancy could not have been rougher. The Senate rejected Nixon's next two nominees-two conservative Southerners . The Senate claimed that one judge had engaged in questionable business dealings, while the other one was under qualified.

Eventually, Nixon placed on the bench three justices-Harry A. Blackman, William H. Rehnquist, and Lewis Powell-who tilted the Court in a more conservative direction . However, the newly shaped Court did not always take the conservative route-for example, it handed down the 1971 ruling in favor of racially integrating schools through busing

Who appoints people to the supreme court when there are vacancies?

a.	the Chief Justice	c.	the Senate
b.	the President	d.	none of these

Who must approve appointments to the supreme court?

a.	the president	c.	the chief justice
b.	the Senate	d.	the House of Representatives

Nixon tried to appoint conservatives to the supreme court. Did his appointees always make conservative rulings?

yes

Nixon Confronts a Stagnant Economy

One of the more pressing issues facing Richard Nixon was a troubled economy. Between 1967 and 1973, the nation's inflation rate doubled, from 3 percent to 6 percent. Inflation means that prices are rising. In addition, the unemployment rate, at nearly 4 percent when Nixon took office, climbed to almost 6 percent by 1971 . Economists referred to the double hit of rising inflation and unemployment as stagflation. Nixon's attempts to fight stagflation mostly failed, and the nation's economic downswing would continue on throughout the 1970s, frustrating other administrations as well.

In 1971 the U.S. economy experienced, “stagflation.” What happens during stagflation?

a.	prices rise and unemployment goes down	c.	prices rise and unemployment rises
b.	prices fall and unemployment falls	d.	unemployment rises and prices fall

THE CAUSES OF STAGFLATION

The economic problems of the late 1960s and early 1970s had several causes . One cause lay in Lyndon Johnson's attempt to pay for the Vietnam War and the Great Society through massive deficit spending, or spending more money than the government had collected in taxes . This influx of money into the economy had spurred the growth of inflation. Second, America had begun losing out in international trade markets to West Germany, Japan, and other rising industrial powers . Third, the nation could not absorb a flood of new workers-mainly baby boomers and women into the labor market. Between 1965 and 1980, America's labor force grew by almost 30 million workers . The number of new jobs could not keep pace, leaving many unemployed.

Finally, the nation had begun to suffer for its heavy dependency on foreign oil. America received much of its petroleum from the oil producing countries of the Middle East. Many of these countries belonged to a cartel called the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC. (A cartel is an organization that controls enough of the production of a commodity to set the price.) During the 1960s, OPEC gradually raised oil prices . Then in 1973, the Yom Kippur War broke out, with Israel against Egypt and Syria. When the United States sent massive military aid to Israel, its longtime ally, the Arab OPEC nations responded by cutting off all oil sales to the United States .

From the fall of 1973 until March of 1974, when the oil embargo ended, American motorists faced long lines at gas stations. Across the nation, factories and schools closed . One New England mother of three lamented that her children were no better off at home . "We'll have heating problems at home, too," she said. "And I'm not sure I can keep them much warmer here." Moreover, when OPEC resumed selling its oil to the United States, the price had quadrupled. This sharp rise in oil prices only worsened the problem of inflation

What is it called when the government spends more money than it takes in through taxes.

a.	inflation	c.	deficit spending
b.	stagflation	d.	none of these

President Johnson dumped a great deal of money into the economy through government spending. What effect did this have on prices of products?

a.	made prices fall	d.	all of these
b.	made prices rise	e.	none of these
c.	made more products available

What is OPEC?

a.	an organization of countries that export oil to the rest of the world	c.	Oil Property Economic Council
b.	an organization of countries that import oil from the rest of the world	d.	an organization of Arab nations and Israel

When the middle east countries cut oil exports to America, what effect did it have on the economy?

a.	gasoline prices went higher	d.	all of these happened
b.	there was a shortage of gasoline and oil	e.	none of these happened
c.	home heating oil prices went higher

Why did the Arab Oil cartel cut oil supplies to the U.S.?

a.	The U.S. tried to invade Iraq	c.	The Arab nations were communist and wanted to defeat capitalist America
b.	the U.S. supported Israel in the Yom Kippur war	d.	none of these

NIXON BATTLES STAGFLATION

President Nixon took several steps to combat stagflation, but none met with much success . To reverse deficit spending, Nixon attempted to raise taxes and cut the budget . Congress, however, refused to go along with this plan. In another effort to slow inflation, Nixon tried to reduce the amount of money in circulation by urging that interest rates be raised . This measure did little except drive the country into a mild recession, or an overall slowdown of the economy.

In August of 1971, the president turned to price and wage controls to stop inflation. He froze workers' wages as well as businesses' prices and fees for 90 days. Inflation eased for a short time, but the recession continued.

10.

How did Nixon attempt to battle staglation

a.	raise taxes	d.	all of these
b.	cut government spending	e.	none of these
c.	raise interest rates

11.

What did Nixon do to control inflation?

a.	Nixon took a “hands off” policy toward the economy in 1971	d.	Nixon told businesses not to raise wages but allowed them to raise prices.
b.	Nixon forced businesses to hire more workers	e.	none of these
c.	Nixon ordered companies not to raise wages for workers and not to raise prices

Nixon's Foreign Policy Triumphs

Richard Nixon admittedly preferred world affairs to domestic policy. "I've always thought this country could run itself domestically without a president," he had said in 1968 . Throughout his presidency, Nixon's top priority was gaining an honorable peace in Vietnam . However, he also made significant advances in America's relationships with China and the Soviet Union.

12.

Domestic policies are policies that refer to things happening inside the United States. Foreign affairs refers to events that are happening outside of the United States, such as relationships with foreign countries. Which type of policies did President Nixon prefer to work with?

a.	foreign affairs	c.	the economy
b.	domestic policies	d.	civil rights

KISSINGER AND REALPOLITIK The architect of Nixon's foreign policy was his adviser for national security affairs, Henry Kissinger. Kissinger, who would later become Nixon's secretary of state, promoted a philosophy known as realpolitik, from a German term meaning "realistic politics ." In terms of foreign policy, realpolitik meant dealing with other nations in a practical and flexible manner, rather than by following a rigid policy . Kissinger believed in evaluating a nation's power, not its philosophy or beliefs. If a country was weak, Kissinger argued, it was often more practical to ignore that country, even if it was Communist.
On the other hand, Kissinger's philosophy called for the United States to fully confront the powerful nations of the globe . In the world of realpolitik, however, confrontation meant negotiation as well as military engagement. Realpolitik marked a departure from the policy of containment, which refused to recognize the world's major Communist countries. Kissinger urged the United States to recognize and deal directly with these nations. It was impractical, for example, to deny the existence of mainland China, which contained at least one-fifth of the world's population . It also was impractical not to ease relations with the Soviet Union, with its massive stockpile of nuclear weapons. Nixon shared Kissinger's belief in realpolitik, and together the two men adopted a more flexible approach in dealing with Communist nations . They called their policy detente-a policy aimed at easing Cold War tensions . One of the most startling applications of detente came in early 1972 when President Nixon-who had risen in politics as a strong anti-Communist-visited Communist China.

13.

Nixon and Kissinger believed that the U.S. needed to deal with all powerful countries in a practical way, even if they were dictatorships. What was this philosophy called?

a.	human rights	c.	capitalism
b.	socialism	d.	realpolitik

14.

Nixon was an anti-communist but because he believed in realpolitik he was able to visit and negotiate with

a.	Communist China	c.	both China and the Soviets
b.	the Soviet Union	d.	neither China nor the Soviets

15.

Nixons policy for easing the tensions between the United States, Communist China and the Soviet Union through negotiation was called

a.	detente	c.	the Marshall Plan
b.	the Truman Doctrine	d.	the capitulation

16.

From what we have learned about Nixon and Kissinger, we can assume that they were _____ politicians.

a.	ideological	c.	rigid
b.	extremist	d.	practical

NIXON VISITS CHINA

Since the takeover of mainland China by the Communists in 1949, the United States had not formally recognized the Chinese Communist government . In late 1971, Nixon reversed that policy. In a 90- second television speech, the president announced that he would visit China "to seek the normalization of relations between the two countries and to exchange views on questions of concern to both sides." By going to China, Nixon was trying, in part, to take advantage of the decade-long rift between China and the Soviet Union. China had long criticized the Soviet Union as being too "soft" in its policies against the West. The two Communist superpowers officially broke ties in 1960. Nixon had thought about exploiting the fractured relationship for several years. "We want to have the Chinese with us when we sit down and negotiate with the Russians," he told a reporter in 1968. Nixon's visit to Beijing in February of 1972 scored high marks from the American public .U.S. television crews flooded American living rooms with news reports and film clips of Nixon at the Great Wall of China, at the Imperial Palace, and even toasting top Communist leaders at state dinners. Observers noted that an important reason for the trip's popularity back home was Nixon's strong anti- Communist background . It

Nixon and Mao

seemed that Nixon, and no one else, could convince the American people that the time was right to negotiate with the Communists Besides the trip's enormous symbolic value, it also resulted in important agreements between the United States and China. The two nations agreed that neither would try to dominate the Pacific and that both would cooperate in settling disputes peacefully. The two nations also agreed to participate in scientific and cultural exchanges as well as to eventually reunite Taiwan with the mainland .

17.

There is a phrase, often used in political discussions, that says, “Only Nixon could go to China.” What does that phrase mean?

a.	The American people might not trust a liberal politician to go to China because liberals might not stand up to the communists	c.	means neither of these
b.	The American people trusted Nixon to negotiate with Communist China because he was so anti-communist	d.	means both of these

18.

What did the U.S. and China agree to because of Nixon’s trip to China?

a.	cooperate in settling disputes peacefully	d.	neither would try to dominate the Pacific
b.	eventually reunite Taiwan with the mainland China	e.	all of these
c.	scientific and cultural exchanges

19.

Communist China was a sworn enemy of the United States for many years. Why did Nixon go to China?

a.	he wanted to drive a wedge between the Soviet Union and China	c.	he was an ideological politician
b.	he was afraid of the technology of China	d.	he was plotting to attack North Korea and wanted China’s help

20.

When did the communists take over mainland China?

a.	1949	c.	1960
b.	1952	d.	the communists did not take over mainland china, they took over Taiwan

21.

The majority of American people _______ Nixon’s trip to China

a.	opposed	c.	supported
b.	did not care about	d.	protested

NIXON TRAVELS TO MOSCOW

In May of 1972, three months after visiting Beijing, President Nixon headed to Moscow-the first U.S . president ever to visit the Soviet Union. By the time the president arrived for a summit meeting with Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev, relations with the Soviet Union had already warmed. In 1971, the United States and the Soviet Union had crafted an agreement about Berlin . The Soviets promised to guarantee Western nations free access to West Berlin and to respect the city's independence . In return, the Western allies agreed to officially recognize East Germany.

Like his visit to China, Nixon's trip to the Soviet Union received wide acclaim. After a series of meetings called the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), Nixon and Brezhnev signed the SALT I Treaty. This five-year agree ment limited the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched missiles to 1972 levels .

The foreign policy triumphs with China and the Soviet Union, which came just months before the 1972 presidential election, helped Nixon win a second term in the White House. The administration's announcement October of 1972, that peace was imminent in Vietnam also played a significant role in Nixon's reelection.

However, peace in Vietnam proved elusive, and the Nixon administration grappled with the war for nearly six more months before finally ending America's involvement in Vietnam. By that time, another issue was about to dominate the Nixon administration- one that eventually led to the downfall of the president.

22.

What was the First Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty about?

a.	open access to Berlin in East Germany	c.	opening trade with the Soviets
b.	freeing Poland	d.	limiting nuclear missiles

23.

We can safely assume that Nixon’s trips to China and the Soviet Union

a.	was opposed by most people in the world	c.	made world war more likely
b.	promoted peace in the world	d.	made the U.S. weaker

24.

After Nixon visited Communist China and the Soviet Union, North Vietnam quickly agreed to peace in Vietnam

true

false

25.

The trips to the Soviet Union and China _____ Nixon in the 1972 presidential election.

a.	had no effect on	c.	helped
b.	hurt

26.

The foreign policy of dtente was mainly intended to

a.	contain communism.	c.	increase international respect for human rights
b.	ease Cold War tensions	d.	raise U.S. prestige among the international community.

27.

With what nation did the United States sign the SALT I Treaty?

a.	Iran	c.	the Soviet Union
b.	Afghanistan	d.	the People’s Republic of China

28.

What did Henry Kissinger believe should be the main consideration of the United States in conducting relations with another nation?

a.	that nation’s power	c.	the political beliefs of that nation’s leaders
b.	that nation’s geographical location	d.	the respect shown for human rights by that nation’s leaders

29.

In 1972, the “plumbers” were caught breaking into the offices of

a.	OPEC	c.	the Democratic National Committee
b.	the CIA	d.	the Committee to Reelect the President

30.

Who presided over the trial of the Watergate “plumbers”?

a.	Sam Ervin	c.	John Sirica
b.	John Dean	d.	G. Gordon Liddy

31.

President Nixon’s resignation most directly followed the

a.	Saturday Night Massacre.	c.	release of taped presidential conversations.
b.	resignation of Vice-President Agnew.	d.	indictment of Mitchell, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman

32.

All of the following were forced to resign from office by the Watergate scandal except

a.	Spiro Agnew.	c.	John Ehrlichman
b.	H. R. Haldeman	d.	Richard M. Nixon

33.

Which of the following was the foundation of President Ford’s foreign policy?

a.	human rights	c.	the containment of communism
b.	the continuation of dtente	d.	reducing the cost of foreign oil

34.

Which of the following did President Carter believe was the most important domestic problem faced by the United States?

a.	inflation	c.	civil rights
b.	the energy crisis	d.	poverty and homelessness

35.

Who was the leader of a revolutionary government in Iran with which the United States eventually cut off diplomatic relations?

a.	Anwar Sadat	c.	Mohammed Pahlavi
b.	Menachem Begin	d.	Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

36.

The main goal of President Nixon’s New Federalism was to

a.	restore law and order to the nation	c.	limit the power of the Supreme Court
b.	increase the power of the presidency	d.	reduce the power of the federal government.

37.

During the 1970s, a number of nations formed OPEC in order to

a.	control inflation	c.	reduce the risk of nuclear weapons.
b.	control the price of oil.	d.	set standards to protect the environment

38.

During Nixon’s presidency, the United States first officially recognized

a.	Israel	c.	Taiwan.
b.	the Soviet Union	d.	the People’s Republic of Chin

39.

The Watergate cover-up began immediately after

a.	the burglars were arrested	c.	the trial for the burglars began
b.	the burglars were convicted.	d.	the Committee to Reelect the President was formed.

40.

To which of the following were the “plumbers” most closely connected?

a.	the FBI	c.	the White House
b.	the CIA	d.	the Democratic Party

41.

Who gave the order that resulted in the Saturday Night Massacre?

a.	John Dean	c.	John Mitchell
b.	Richard M. Nixon	d.	Eliot Richardson

42.

Which of the following reflects the correct chronological order?

a.	“plumbers” arrested Nixon reelected articles of impeachment adopted Nixon resigns Nixon pardoned	c.	Nixon reelected “plumbers” arrested Nixon resigns Nixon pardoned rticles of impeachment adopted
b.	“plumbers” arrested Nixon reelected Nixon resigns articles of impeachment adopted Nixon pardoned	d.	Nixon reelected “plumbers” arrested Nixon resigns articles of impeachment adopted Nixon pardoned

43.

Gerald Ford was responsible for all of the following except

a.	vetoing more than 50 pieces of legislation	c.	the “Whip Inflation Now” program.
b.	negotiating the SALT I Treaty.	d.	the continued easing of Cold War tensions

44.

9. Which of the following was the most significant element in Jimmy Carter’s foreign policy ?

a.	realpolitik	c.	human rights issues
b.	energy issues	d.	the containment of communism

45.

Who adopted the Southern strategy in the hopes of winning election?

a.	Gerald Ford	c.	Henry Kissinger
b.	Jimmy Carter	d.	Richard M. Nixon

Richard Nixon came to the office of President vowing to help heal the deep divisions and social conflicts of the 1960’s. He wanted to bring America together. In some ways he did help to heal the divisions of the 1960’s and in other ways he did not.

It was November of 1968 and Richard M. Nixon had just been elected president of the United States . President-elect Nixon asked Henry Kissinger to be his special adviser on foreign affairs . Kissinger did not particularly like Nixon, but he accepted, telling a surprised colleague, "I'm working for the presidency, not for Richard Nixon personally." However, in time the two men grew to be trusting colleagues . At the beginning of Nixon's second term in 1972, as the United States struggled to achieve an honorable peace in Vietnam, Kissinger finally came to respect Nixon for his vision and the two men did a great deal to promote world peace. They ended the Vietnam War and laid the foundation for the end of the cold war.

Nixon and Kissinger ended America's involvement in Vietnam. As the war wound down, the nation seemed to enter an era of limits . There were limits to U.S . power, as the nation's military had not been able to save South Vietnam from becoming Communist . Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs seemed limited in their ability to eliminate poverty. And as the 1970s progressed, there seemed to be limits to the economic prosperity that the nation had experienced since World War II .

Into this era stepped a president who believed that there were also limits to what the federal government could accomplish. President Nixon would take action to reduce the power of the federal .government (the U.S. government) and reverse the liberal policies of Lyndon Johnson. At the same time, he would seek to restore America's prestige and influence on the world stage-prestige that had been hit hard by the Vietnam experience .

Richard Nixon

Henry Kissinger

46.

What job did Henry Kissinger do for Richard Nixon?

a.	Secretary of the Treasury	c.	Presidential Secretary
b.	Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff	d.	Special advisor on foreign affairs

47.

Which president ended the Vietnam War?

a.	Lyndon Johnson	c.	Henry Kissinger
b.	Richard Nixon	d.	John Kennedy

48.

Which statement is true?

a.	Richard Nixon tried to expand the Great Society programs started by President Johnson	d.	Richard Nixon worked to make the U.S. government bigger
b.	Richard Nixon realized there were limits on what the government could do and tried to limit the growth of Great Society programs	e.	None of these statements are true
c.	Richard Nixon did not care about domestic policies

49.

Which statement is true?

a.	The United States was able to prevent Vietnam from uniting under communism	d.	none of these statements are true
b.	The United States was able to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist	e.	all of these statements are true
c.	In spite of the efforts of the United States, all of Vietnam became communist

50.

What did the Watergate scandal center on?

a.	bribes taken by Nixon and members of his administration	c.	Nixon’s attempt to purchase the Watergate hotel
b.	the Nixon administration attempt to cover up a burglary at the Watergate hotel	d.	none of these

Nixon's New Conservatism

A liberal can be described as someone who is in favor of a bigger central government. A conservative is someone who favors a smaller central government with more power going to the states and local communities. President Richard M. Nixon entered office determined to turn America in a more conservative direction . Toward that end, he decreased the power of the federal government, dismantled a number of Great Society programs, and tried to instill a sense of order into a nation still divided over the continuing Vietnam War.

51.

Richard Nixon was a _____ while Lyndon Johnson was a _____ .

a.	conservative - liberal	c.	liberal - liberal
b.	liberal - conservative	d.	conservative - conservative

52.

Conservatives think the Federal (U.S.) government should be

a.	bigger	c.	about the same size
b.	smaller	d.	not an issue for conservatives

NEW FEDERALISM'S TWO FACES

In the end, Nixon's New Federalism enhanced several key federal programs as it dismantled others . Nixon was a Republican and the Congress was controlled by the Democrats. With the House and Senate in the hands of Democratic majorities, Nixon initially sought compromise on Capitol Hill as he attempted to move ahead with his New Federalism program. For example, Nixon supported a number of measures to increase federal spending for some social programs. Without fanfare, the Nixon administration increased Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid payments and made food stamps more accessible. Nixon also supported subsidized housing for low- and middle-income families, and he expanded the nation's job Corps program. Because he performed these actions quietly, he did not receive much credit for these attempts to help the poor.

However, the spirit of compromise between Congress and the White House soon deteriorated. Confronted by laws that he opposed, Nixon turned to a little-used presidential practice called impoundment. Nixon impounded, or refused to spend money for programs he opposed, thus holding up their implementation . By 1973, Nixon had impounded almost $15 billion, affecting more than 100 federal programs, including those for health, housing, and education.

The federal courts eventually ordered the release of the impounded funds. They ruled that presidential impoundment was unconstitutional and that only Congress had the authority to decide how federal funds should be spent. However, in 1973 Nixon did use his presidential authority to abolish the Office of Economic Opportunity, a cornerstone of Johnson's antipoverty program.

The white house (the president) and the congress. Two branches of government that are sometimes in conflict with each other over issues

The White House (President)

The Capital Building
(Congress)

53.

Which statement is true

a.	Nixon tried to compromise with congress by expanding many social welfare programs	c.	Nixon did not need to compromise with congress because he was a Republican and the Republicans controlled congress
b.	Nixon made no attempt to compromise with congress	d.	Nixon was a Democrat and the congress was controlled by the Republicans

54.

Why didn’t Nixon receive credit for his attempts to increase social welfare programs and help the poor?

a.	Nixon did not do anything to help the poor	c.	Nixon worked quietly to help the poor
b.	Nixon was not good on TV	d.	None of these are true

55.

When congress passed laws that President Nixon did not agree with, he just refused to spend the money so the laws never went into effect. What was this tactic called?

a.	rescission	c.	filibuster
b.	impoundment	d.	veto

LAW-AND-ORDER POLITICS

As President Nixon fought with Congress, he also battled the more liberal elements of society, including the antiwar movement. Nixon had been elected in 1968 on a dual promise to end the war in Vietnam and mend the divisiveness within America that the war had created. Throughout his first term, Nixon aggressively moved to fulfill both these pledges. The president de-escalated America's involvement in Vietnam and oversaw peace negotiations with North Vietnam. At the same time, he began the "law and order" policies that he had promised his "silent majority"-those middle-class Americans who wanted order restored to a country beset by urban riots and antiwar demonstrations .

To accomplish this goal, Nixon used the full resources of his office-sometimes illegally. The FBI illegally wiretapped numerous left-wing individuals and organizations. The FBI also infiltrated the ranks of the Students for a Democratic Society and radical African-American groups in an effort to spread conflict within the organizations.

Vice President Spiro Agnew

In addition, the CIA investigated and compiled documents on thousands of American dissidents-people who objected to the government's policies . The administration even used the Internal Revenue Service to audit the tax returns of antiwar and civil rights activists. Viewing his opponents as personal assailants, Nixon began building an "enemies list" of prominent Americans whom the administration would harass . Remarked a top White House official, "anyone who opposes us, we'll destroy."

Nixon also enlisted the help of his combative vice-president, Spiro T. Agnew. In the fall of 1969, Nixon sent Agnew on a public speaking tour to attack the opposition . The vice-president repeatedly denounced the antiwar protesters and then turned his scorn on those who controlled the media, whom he viewed as liberal cheerleaders for the antiwar movement. Known for his colorful quotes, Agnew lashed out at the media and liberals as "an effete [weak] corps of impudent snobs," and "nattering nabobs of negativism ."

56.

What two promises did Nixon make when he became president?

a.	Continue the Great Society programs of the Johnson administration and end the war in Vietnam	c.	End the war in Vietnam and build-up the American military
b.	Make the government bigger and heal the problems in American society.	d.	End the war in Vietnam and heal the divisions in American Society by bringing the people together.

57.

Who was the “silent majority?”

a.	the majority of Americans who did not protest the war or riot, and wanted law and order in American society.	c.	the majority of the Anti-war movement who wanted to take a more violent approach in their protests
b.	the majority of the civil rights movement who wanted the movement to be more confrontational (violent)	d.	the young people in America

58.

Nixon set out to infiltrate, undermine and destroy the anti-war movement in America. Which government agency did he use to achieve this goal?

a.	CIA	d.	all of these agencies
b.	FBI	e.	none of these agencies
c.	IRS

59.

Nixon believed that the liberal news media (TV, Newspapers and magazines) were supporting the anti-war movement. What did Nixon do to combat the liberal news media?

a.	He remained quiet on the issue	c.	He tried to jail the major liberal publishers
b.	Sent Vice President Agnew to attack the liberal media.	d.	He tried to make friends with the liberal media

Nixon's Southern Strategy

Even as President Nixon worked to steer the country along a more conservative course, he had his eyes on the 1972 presidential election. Nixon had won a slim majority in 1968-less than one percent of the popular vote . Shortly after entering the White House, he began working to forge a new conservative coalition to build on his support. In one approach, known as the Southern strategy, Nixon tried to attract Southern conservative Democrats by appealing to their unhappiness with federal desegregation policies and a liberal Supreme Court.

60.

In the Southern Strategy, Nixon tried to get unhappy Southern Democrats to turn Republican so he would get more votes in the next election in 1972. What were the Southern Conservative Democrats unhappy about?

a.	too much welfare	c.	desegregation and liberal Federal courts
b.	the Vietnam war	d.	segregation and voting rights

A NEW SOUTH

Since Reconstruction, the South had been a Democratic stronghold . But by 1968 many white Southern Democrats had grown disillusioned with their party. In their eyes, the party champion of the Great Society and civil rights-had grown too liberal. -`This conservative backlash first surfaced in the 1968 election, when thousands of Southern Democrats helped former Alabama governor George Wallace, a conservative segregationist running as an independent, carry five Southern states and capture 13.5 percent of the popular vote.

Nixon wanted these voters . By winning over the Wallace voters and other discontented Democrats, the president and his fellow Republicans hoped not only to keep the White House but also to recapture a majority in Congress .

NIXON SLOWS INTEGRATION

To attract white voters in the South, President Nixon decided on a policy of slowing the country's desegregation efforts . In September of 1969, shortly after being elected president, Nixon made clear his views on civil rights ."There are those who want instant integration and those who want segregation forever. I believe we need to have a middle course between those two extremes," he said.

61.

What was Nixon’s view on racial integration?

a.	He believed we should have integration but it should move more slowly.	c.	He believed we should have integration right away.
b.	He was against racial integration	d.	He believed that the civil rights movement was part of a communist plot

62.

The southern Democrats who became unhappy with the Democrat party because of the liberal direction of the government became known as the ______

a.	Great Society	c.	civil rights movement
b.	Johnson Democrats	d.	conservative backlash

Throughout his first term, President Nixon worked to reverse several civil rights policies. In 1969, he ordered the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) to delay desegregation plans for school districts in South Carolina and Mississippi . Nixon's actions violated the Supreme Court's second Brown v. Board of Education ruling-which called for the desegregation of schools "with all deliberate speed." In response to an NAACP suit, the high court ordered Nixon to abide by the second Brown ruling . The president did so and by 1972, nearly 90 percent of children in the South attended desegregated schools, up from about 20 percent in 1969.

Nixon also opposed the extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The act had added nearly one million African Americans to the voting rolls. Despite the president's opposition, Congress voted to extend the act.

63.

Which statement is true?

a.	Nixon supported almost all of the civil rights goals of the NAACP	c.	Nixon thought the civil rights movement was part of a communist plot
b.	Nixon tried to delay the enforcement of civil rights laws to attract Southern white voters to the Republican party	d.	Nixon tried to delay the encforcement of civil rights laws to attract Southern white voters to the Democrat party

64.

In the 1960’s less than 20% of African American kids in the south attended integrated schools. By 1972 _____ of African American kids attended integrated schools in the south.

a.	50%	c.	75%
b.	60%	d.	90%

65.

How many African Americans were added to the voting roles by the Voting Rights Act in the early seventies?

a.	about 1 million	c.	about 10 million
b.	about 5 million	d.	90% of African Americans

President Nixon then attempted to thwart yet another civil rights initiative-the integration of schools through busing. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education that school districts may bus students to other schools to end the pattern of all-black or all-white educational institutions . Busing meant removing students from their home schools and sending them across town to other schools in order to integrate. White students and parents in cities such as Boston and Detroit angrily protested busing. They did not want their children removed from their neighborhood schools and sent to inner-city schools across town. South Boston became the scene for many protests that were televised across the country. Busing was very unpopular with the American people.

Nixon also opposed integration through busing and went on national television to urge Congress to halt the practice . While busing continued in some cities, Nixon had made his position clear to the country-and to the South

66.

Which statement is true?

a.	Bussing meant transferring students from their home schools to schools in other parts of the city	d.	all of these statements are false
b.	The purpose of bussing was to integrate schools that were “all white” or “all black”	e.	all of these statements are true
c.	The Supreme court ordered bussing, in spite of the fact that most Americans opposed it.

67.

Nixon’s position on bussing made him ______ in the south.

a.	popular	c.	neutral on busing
b.	unpopular	d.	none of these statements are true

68.

Liberals were _____ of bussing, while conservatives were _____ busing.

a.	against - in favor of	c.	against -- neutral on
b.	in favor - against	d.	neutral on - against

69.

Only the south was opposed to bussing. The north accepted it.

true

false

AN IMPERIAL PRESIDENCY

The U.S. Government is made up of three branches, the president, the congress and the supreme court. Over the course of the nation's history, the balance of power has shifted between these branches of the federal government. Sometimes the president is more powerful and sometimes the congress is more powerful. By the time Richard Nixon took office, the executive branch-(president) as a result of the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War-had become the most powerful branch. In his book The Imperial Presidency, the historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., argued that by the time of Richard Nixon, the executive branch had taken on an air of imperial, or supreme, authority.

President Nixon settled into this imperial role with ease . Nixon believed, as he told a newspaper reporter in 1980, that "a president must not be one of the crowd. . . . People . . . don't want him to be down there saying, `Look, I'm the same as you."' Like Franklin Roosevelt, Nixon expanded the power of the presidency and gave little thought to constitutional checks, as when he impounded funds for federal programs he opposed and ordered U.S . troops to invade Cambodia without congressional approval .

Franklin Roosevelt acted in much the same way. When the Supreme Court ruled that many of FDR’s New Deal programs were unconstitutional, he tried to pack the court with extra judges so they could not rule against him.

Two Imperial presidents:
FDR and Nixon

FDR

Richard Nixon

70.

Which answer below is not a branch of the U.S. government?

a.	president	c.	congress
b.	supreme court	d.	the states

71.

Which statement below is true?

a.	each branch of government always has the same power	c.	according to the Constitution the supreme court is more powerful than the president or congress
b.	only the power of the president changes. The power of congress always stays the same.	d.	The constitution says that each branch of government is equal but over time the real power of one of the branches can change

72.

The historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., argued that by the time of Richard Nixon, the executive branch had taken on an air of imperial, or supreme, authority. What does this mean?

a.	When Richard Nixon came to office the president was out of power	c.	The president of the U.S. had no power any longer
b.	When Richard Nixon came to office the president was like a king	d.	By the time of Richard Nixon presidents were no longer elected, they were appointed.

73.

Which statement would Nixon most likely make?

a.	people do not look up to their presidents	c.	It is better to be respected than loved
b.	presidents do not deserve any respect	d.	it is better to be loved than respected

John Ehrichman	H.R. Haldeman	John Mitchell	John Dean
THE "PRESIDENT'S MEN" Nixon confided in a small and fiercely loyal group of advisers . They included H. R. Haldeman, chief of staff; John Ehrlichman, chief domestic adviser; and John Mitchell, the attorney general. These men had played key roles in Nixon's 1968 election victory and now helped the president direct White House policy. These men also shared President Nixon's desire to keep confidential information from leaking to the news media and the consolidation of power. Through their personalities and their attitude toward the presidency, these men developed a sense that they were somehow above the law. This sense would, in turn, prompt President Nixon and his advisers to cover up their role in Watergate, and thus fuel the coming scandal

74.

What did Nixon’s advisors believe about the law.

a.	they could control the law and protect their power	d.	all of these
b.	the law should be respected at all times	e.	none of these
c.	the law should be obeyed at all times

A BUNGLED BURGLARY

In 1972 Richard Nixon ran for re-election. His opponent was Senator George McGovern. A large number of McGovern supporters were left wing radicals who were opposed to the war in Vietnam. Many of the young radicals were also supporters of North Vietnam, even though North Vietnam was at ware with U.S. forces. The North Vietnamese were also holding many Americans prisoner.

During his first administration, the Nixon White House organized a group of young investigators to stop government secrets from leaking out of the white house and state department. The group was called the “Plumbers.” During the 1972 campaign this group was put to work for the Nixon political campaign.

The Plumbers thought that the radicals in the McGovern campaign might be coordinating activities with the North Vietnamese to help McGovern get elected. McGovern was a patriotic American and the idea that he would have anything to do with North Vietnam was preposterous. There is also no evidence that Nixon thought that McGovern was working with North Vietnam.

The Plumbers, on the other hand, did suspect the McGovern campaign so they broke into the Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Hotel looking for evidence. In the first break-in they found nothing.

Anti-war protestors show support for North Vietnam by flying Vietcong and North Vietnam flag

Jane Fonda sits on a North Vietnam anti-aircraft gun aimed at American airplanes

75.

Who were the Plumbers?

a.	Federal workers who fixed the plumbing in federal buildings	c.	A group of people who worked to stop information leaks in the white house
b.	Pro-communist demonstrators	d.	A group of people who secretly sent leaked information to the media and congress

76.

Who was the Democrat candidate for president in 1972?

a.	Richard Nixon	c.	Jimmy Carter
b.	George McGovern	d.	Spiro Agnew

77.

What did the Plumbers suspect about the Democrat party?

a.	the Democrats might be sending money to the North Vietnamese	c.	some people in the McGovern campaign might be working with the South Vietnamese
b.	some people in the McGovern campaign might be working with the North Vietnamese	d.	Democrats might be leaking secret information to the press and congress

78.

What was the Watergate?

a.	A town close to Washington D.C.	c.	A hotel where George McGovern stayed
b.	A hotel that contained offices of the democrat party	d.	A hotel where the offices of the Plumbers were

79.

Who was the Republican Candidate for president in 1972?

a.	George McGovern	c.	Richard Nixon
b.	Spiro Agnew	d.	Jimmy Carter

The Second Watergate Break-in

At 2:30 A.M ., June 17, 1972, a guard at the Watergate complex in Washington, D .C ., caught five men breaking into the campaign headquarters of the DNC (Democrat National Committee). . The burglars had intended to photograph documents outlining Democratic Party strategy and to place wiretaps, or "bugs," on the office telephones . The press soon discovered that the group's leader, James McCord, was a former CIA agent. He was also an official of a group known as the Committee to Reelect the President (CRP). John Mitchell, who had resigned as attorney general to run Nixon's reelection campaign, was the CRP's director.

Richard Nixon did not know about the break-in and evidence shows he did not participate in the planning. There is evidence to show that Nixon found out about the break-in a few days after it happened and tried to cover it up.

At this point, the White House might have disowned the entire operation and demanded the resignation of everyone involved. If Nixon had done that the situation would have been solved. But instead, Nixon tried to cover up the break-in. The cover-up quickly began. Workers shredded all incriminating documents in Haldeman's office. The White House, with President Nixon's consent, asked the CIA to urge the FBI to stop its investigations into the burglary on the grounds of national security. In addition, the Nixon campaign passed out nearly $500,000 to the Watergate burglars to buy their silence after they were indicted in September of 1972.

Throughout the 1972 campaign, the Watergate burglary generated little interest among the American public and media. Only the Washington Post and two of its reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, worked on the story. In a series of articles, the reporters uncovered information that linked numerous members of the Nixon White House to the burglary. The White House denied each new allegation.

In light of efforts for world peace, his China and Soviet Union summits and his promise of peace in Vietnam-Richard Nixon scored the largest victory of any Republican presidential candidate in history. The president captured nearly 61 percent of the popular vote on his way to soundly defeating George S. McGovern, a liberal senator from South Dakota. However, as Nixon savored his landslide victory, the storm clouds of Watergate were gathering on the horizon .

80.

James McCord and the other Watergate burglars were linked to

a.	the McGovern campaign	c.	the Nixon Congress
b.	the Congress	d.	the Nixon White House

81.

Which statement is true?

a.	Richard Nixon did not know about the break-in when it happened but he did try to cover it up	c.	Richard Nixon did not know about the break-in when it happened and did not try to cover it up
b.	Richard Nixon knew about the break-in when it happened and tried to cover it up	d.	none of these are true

82.

If Nixon had fired everyone in the White House that was related to the Watergate break-in, what would most likely have happened?

a.	Nixon would have had to resign	c.	Nixon would have been impeached by the House of Representatives
b.	the scandal would have gone away and Nixon would have remained as president	d.	the Democrats would have won the election

83.

The President takes an oath that he will uphold the constitution and other laws of the United States. What is the worst thing that President Nixon did?

a.	he broke the law by using government agencies to cover up the Watergate investigation	c.	he organized the break in at the Watergate
b.	he accused the McGovern campaign radicals of being communist	d.	he used the FBI and the CIA to help himself get elected

84.

Who was Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein?

a.	members of the white house staff	c.	congressional investigators
b.	two of the plumbers who broke into the Democrat headquarters	d.	reporters for the Washington Post who were investigating the Watergate break-in

85.

Which statement is true?

a.	Nixon won the 72 election for his second term as president by a slim margin	c.	Nixon won the 72 election for his first term as president by a slim margin
b.	Nixon won the 72 election for his second term as president by a big margin	d.	Nixon won the 72 election for his first term as president by a big margin

86.

The Nixon administration was afraid that it would be linked to the Watergate break-in. What did the Nixon campaign try to do about the people charged with breaking into the Watergate?

a.	did what they could to help the congress investigate	c.	give them money to keep them quiet
b.	asked the FBI to keep them quiet	d.	turned over evidence to the CIA investigators

The Cover-Up Unravels

In January of 1973, the trial of the Watergate burglars began. During the trial, all of the burglars except James McCord changed their pleas from innocent to guilty. McCord was found guilty by a jury. He hinted that powerful members of the Nixon administration had been involved in the break-in.

THE SENATE INVESTIGATES WATERGATE

McCord's revelation of possible White House involvement in the burglary got the publics interest. President Nixon moved quickly to stem the growing public concern. On April 30, 1973, Nixon dismissed White House counsel John Dean who had turned on the Nixon administration and testified in congress. Nixon announced the resignations of Haldeman and Ehrlichman. All three men had been involved in the Watergate affair. The president then went on television and denied any attempt at a cover-up . He announced that he was appointing a new attorney general, Elliot Richardson, and was authorizing him to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Watergate . "There can be no whitewash at the White House," Nixon said. In other words, Nixon said he did not know about the break-in but was going to investigate to find out what happened.

The president's reassurances, however, came too late. In May 1973, the Senate began its own investigation of Watergate . A special committee, chaired by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina, began to call a parade of Nixon administration officials to give testimony. Throughout the summer and into the fall, millions of Americans sat glued to their televisions as the "president's men" testified one after another-and dropped several bombshells.

James MCCord

Senate Watergate hearings

Senators James Baker and Sam Ervin of the Watergate committee

87.

When the senate hearings into the Watergate began, there was no clear link between the break-in and the Nixon administration. What did James McCord, one of the burglars, imply?

a.	that the president knew nothing about the break-in and did not try to cover it up	c.	that the Nixon administration was not linked to the break-in
b.	that Nixon should be impeached	d.	that the Nixon administration was linked to the Watergate break-in

88.

Who was John Dean?

a.	one of the plumbers	c.	a staff member for the Irvin Watergate committee
b.	Nixon’s lawyer who testified against him in the senate hearings	d.	an FBI agent who testified against Nixon

89.

In April of 1973, what did Nixon do to clear himself in the Watergate scandal?

a.	he ordered the FBI to investigate John Dean	c.	he fired Eliot Richardson
b.	he fired the plumbers because they had failed to pay their union dues	d.	he fired his top aides and appointed a new lawyer to investigate the scandal

90.

Who was the chairman of the special senate committee investigating the Watergate scandal?

a.	James McCord	c.	Senator Howard Baker
b.	Senator Sam Ervin	d.	Senator Eliot Richardson

STARTLING TESTIMONY

John Dean was the President Nixon’s lawyer but he turned against him to save himself from prosecution. The president quickly sent John Mitchell up to Capitol Hill to refute Dean's charges

The hearings had suddenly reached an impasse as the committee A presidential aide Alexander Butterfield stunned the committee when he revealed that Nixon had taped all of his presidential conversations. Butterfield later claimed that the taping system was installed "to help Nixon write his memoirs."

THE SATURDAY NIGHT MASSACRE

A year-long battle for the "Nixon tapes" followed. Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor took the president to court in October 1973 to obtain the tapes. Nixon refused and ordered Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox. In what became known as the Saturday Night Massacre, Richardson refused the order and resigned. The deputy attorney general also refused the order, and he was fired. Shortly after the "massacre," the House Judiciary Committee began examining the possibility of an impeachment hearing.

As if Nixon did not have enough troubles, just days before the Saturday Night Massacre, Vice-President Spiro Agnew had resigned after it was revealed that he had accepted bribes. Nixon nominated the Congressman Gerald Ford, as his new vice-president . Congress quickly confirmed the nomination.

Federal investigators began to study Nixon's own financial dealings . News reports revealed that Nixon had paid only $1,000 in taxes on a $200,000 income in 1971 and 1972. They did not find that Nixon did anything wrong in his taxes. Nixon responded to the charges by saying, "People have the right to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well, I am not a crook."

91.

What did Alexander Butterfield reveal to the senate committee?

a.	that Nixon did know about the break-in	c.	that Nixon did not know about the break-in
b.	that Nixon did not know about the break-in but tried to cover it up	d.	that Nixon made tapes of all of the conversations that went on in his office

92.

Why were the Nixon tapes important to the committee investigating the Watergate?

a.	they were worth a-lot of money	c.	they showed what type of music Nixon listened to on his I-Pod
b.	they would show if Nixon knew about the break-in and tried to cover it up	d.	they could be used by Nixon to write a book about his presidency

93.

Nixon had appointed people to investigate the Watergate scandal at the White House. When they ordered Nixon to turn over the takes to the senate, he fired them. What was this called?

a.	the impeachment hearings	c.	the Saturday Night Massacre
b.	the administrative reorganization act	d.	the Washington Post investigation

94.

What happened to Vice President Spiro Agnew?

a.	he had to resign because he was taking “kick-back” money unrelated to the Watergate scandal	c.	he had to resign because he tried to pay-off the burglars of the Watergate
b.	he had to resign because he was the one who organized the Watergate break-in	d.	he had to resign for health reasons

95.

After Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned, President Nixon had to appoint a new Vice President. Who did he appoint?

a.	Sam Irvin	c.	Gerald Ford
b.	Elliot Richardson	d.	James Baker

The Fall of a President

In March 1974, a grand jury indicted Mitchell, Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and four other presidential aides on charges of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury. Later they were convicted and sent to prison. The investigation was closing in on the president of the United States .

NIXON RELEASES THE TAPES

On April 30, 1974, President Nixon told a televised audience that he was releasing 1,254 pages of edited transcripts of White House conversations about Watergate . The president hoped that this would convince everyone of his truthfulness and leadership.Furthermore, Nixon's offering of edited tape transcripts failed to satisfy investigators. They demanded the unedited tapes. Nixon refused, and the case went before the Supreme Court. On July 24, 1974, the high court ruled unanimously that the president must surrender the tapes.

THE PRESIDENT RESIGNS

Even without the original tapes, the House Judiciary Committee determined that there was enough evidence to impeach Richard Nixon. On July 27, the committee approved three articles of impeachment, charging the president with obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress for refusing to obey a congressional subpoena to release the tapes.

The evidence now seemed overwhelming. On August 8, 1974, Richard M. Nixon announced his resignation from office. The next day, Nixon and his wife, Pat, climbed into the presidential helicopter that would take them to Andrews Air Force Base for their flight back home to California. Moments later, Gerald Ford was sworn in as the 38th president of the United States .

THE EFFECTS OF WATERGATE

The effects of Watergate have endured long after Nixon's resignation . In the years following Vietnam and Watergate, the American public developed a general cynicism about many public officials.

There was a constitutional crisis because one branch of government (the president) tried to keep the other branches of government (the Congress) from doing its job. H also used the CIA and the FBI to obstruct (defy) the law. Nixon broke the oath he took to protect and defend the constitution by obstructing the law.

96.

What happened to Nixon’s aides?

a.	they were convicted and sent to jail	c.	they went to trial and were found innocent
b.	nothing	d.	they turned against Nixon

97.

Nixon edited the tapes before sending them to the senate. He refused to send the complete tapes. What happened next?

a.	the senate said they were satisfied	c.	Nixon burned the tapes
b.	the Supreme Court ordered the president to turn over the unedited tapes	d.	the Supreme Court said that Nixon did not have to turn over the tapes

98.

What did the House Judiciary Committee do after all of this evidence came out about Nixon.

a.	they said he was guilty of obstructing justice and recommended the House of Representatives impeach Nixon	c.	they said he was not guilty of obstructing justice and recommended the House of Representatives not impeach Nixon
b.	they said they needed to investigate further	d.	they said the Senate had no business investigating Nixon

99.

Nixon now knew he was going to be impeached by the House. When a group of Republican Senators told him that he would most likely be convicted in the Senate, what did Nixon do?

a.	he fired the Republican Senate	c.	he said he wanted to fight it out
b.	he resigned and Ford took over as President	d.	he appointed Elliot Richardson to investigate Watergate further

100.

Which statement is true?

a.	Nixon could have beaten the charges against him. He resigned so the government could stop focusing on Watergate	c.	Nixon created a constitutional crisis by going against the constitution and trying to obstruct justice
b.	Nixon did not mind resigning because he knew that Gerald Ford was going to take over.	d.	Nothing was ever proved against Nixon

101.

What was the relationship between environmentalists and industrial workers.

a.	the interests of environmentalists and workers are not related	c.	they had conflicting interests
b.	their interests are the same	d.	they agreed on the issues

102.

What is deregulation?

a.	putting more restrictions on industry to stop pollution	c.	removing controls from environmentalists
b.	making more regulations to protect the environment	d.	removing or lowering regulations to allow industries to grow

103.

Which statement is true about Ronald Reagan?

a.	none of these are true	c.	he pushed for more strict environmental regulations
b.	he advocated deregulation to improve the economy	d.	he was in favor of air pollution

104.

Sometimes industrial workers and environmentalists find themselves in conflict over issues. Large areas of forests have been put off limits to save certain birds. That puts lumber workers out of work and effects the lumber mills that process the lumber and all of the shops where lumbers workers shop. Whole towns are effected. The same has been true for other industries, such as mining, chemical plants, farming, textiles and fishing. What should the position of the government be in this conflict between jobs and the environment?

a.	the government should ignore jobs and protect the environment	c.	the government should stay out of the conflict
b.	the government should ignore the environment and protect jobs	d.	This is a problem to which there is no clear answer. The government needs to be thoughtful and consider all sides of the issue.

Ford Travels a Rough Road

Upon taking office, Gerald R. Ford urged Americans to put the Watergate scandal behind them. "Our long national nightmare is over," he declared. However, the nation's nightmarish economy persisted, and Ford's policies offered little relief.

"A FORD, NOT A LINCOLN"

Gerald Ford seemed to many to be a likable and honest man. Upon becoming vice-president after Spiro Agnew's resignation, Ford candidly admitted his limitations . "I'm a Ford, not a Lincoln," he remarked. Raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Ford was a product of the nation's heartland. Some people called him "square," but Ford saw nothing wrong with this. He once remarked, "It's . . . the straight, the square that accounts for the great stability of our nation. It's a quality to be proud of." On September 8, 1974,

President Gerald Ford

President Ford pardoned Richard Nixon in an attempt to move the country beyond Watergate. The move cost Ford a good deal of public support. The president hoped to rebuild that support by scoring a victory on what many Americans considered to be the most pressing issue facing the nation: the troubled economy.

105.

How did Gerald Ford become president?

a.	He was elected in 1976	c.	Nixon resigned when he was vice predident
b.	He was elected in 1974	d.	Congress appointed him after Nixon resigned

106.

Ford became Nixon’s Vvice President after _____ was forced to resign.

a.	Siro Agnew	c.	Lincoln
b.	Pat Buchannan	d.	None of these

107.

Gerald Ford gave Richard Nixon an “full and absolute” pardon over any crimes he may have committed in Watergate. How did the public respond to this act?

a.	the public approved of it	c.	there were riots in some American cities
b.	the public disapproved of it	d.	the public did not react at all

108.

Why did Ford give Nixon a pardon?

a.	they had a secret deal	c.	Ford was afraid that he might be implicated for his role in the Watergate scandle
b.	Ford wanted to get Watergate behind him so the government could get on to more important matters	d.	Ford did not think that Nixon could be convicted if he went to court and that would make his administration look bad

109.

The Lincoln is the best car that the Ford Motor Company makes. The Ford is not as good a car as a Lincoln. What did Ford mean when he said that he was a Ford not a Lincoln?

a.	he was not as good a president as Abraham Lincoln	c.	he liked to do things his own way
b.	he drove a Ford not a Lincoln	d.	he could be just as good a president as Lincoln

FORD TRIES TO "WHIP" INFLATION

By the time Ford took office, America's economy had gone from bad to worse. Both inflation and unemployment continued to rise. After the massive OPEC oil-price increases in 1973, gasoline and heating oil costs had soared, pushing inflation from 6 percent to I I percent by the end of 1974. In September 1974, the president invited the nation's top economic leaders to the White House to discuss economic strategies . In the end, Ford promoted a program of massive citizen action, called "Whip Inflation Now" or WIN. The president called on Americans to cut back on their use of oil and gas and to take other energy-saving measures . In the absence of incentives, though, the plan fell flat. Ford then tried to curb inflation through a "tight money" policy. He cut government spending and encouraged the Federal Reserve Board to restrict credit through higher interest rates . These actions triggered the worst economic recession in 40 years

FORD BATTLES THE CONGRESS

As Ford implemented his economic programs, he continually battled a Democratic Congress intent on pushing its own economic agenda. The Democrats called for a federal jobs program to bring down unemployment, which had climbed to 8.5 percent in 1975. Ford rejected the plan, claiming that pumping more money into the economy would only increase inflation. Throughout his term, Ford vetoed bills to fund programs for health, education, and housing. During his two years as president, Ford vetoed more than 50 pieces of legislation.

In the end, Ford's economic policies received mixed reviews. Inflation had dropped below 10 percent by 1975 and continued to decline slowly. Unemployment also retreated, but by 1976 it remained stuck at around 8 percent. Ford's policies, while holding stagflation steady, seemed to offer no lasting solutions.

110.

Inflation occurs when prices on goods and services rise. What was a major cause of inflaltion in the mid 70’s?

a.	OPEC raised the price of oil which raised the price of everything that used oil	c.	OPEC lowered the price of oil which raised the price of everything that used oil
b.	the farmers started to burn crops because they wanted more money for their products	d.	none of these

111.

What is OPEC?

a.	the United Nations Economic Councel	c.	an American company that sets the price of oil for the United States
b.	a group of oil producing nations that join together to set the price of oil.	d.	greedy American oilmen

112.

How did Ford encourage Americans to fight inflation?

a.	cut back on consumption of oil and gasoline	c.	stop buying houses and consumer goods
b.	cut back on amount of food consumed	d.	maintain a positive attitude about the economy and the country

113.

What was the effect of Ford’s tight money policy to curb inflation

a.	prices increased	c.	no effect at all
b.	the overall economy was hurt with a recession	d.	none of these

114.

Why did Ford veto so many bills passed by congress?

a.	congress was controlled by the Republicans	c.	congress wanted to pass laws that would put more money in the economy that would increase inflation
b.	congress was controlled by the Democrats	d.	congress wanted to pass laws that would restrict the flow of money and increase inflation

FORD'S FOREIGN POLICY

Ford fared slightly better in the international arena. With little experience in diplomacy, he relied heavily on Henry Kissinger, who continued to hold the key position of secretary of state. Following Kissinger's advice, Ford pushed ahead with Nixon's policy of negotiation with China and the Soviet Union. In November 1974, he met with Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev to plan the next round of arms talks. Less than a year later, he traveled to Helsinki, Finland, to discuss the future of East-West relations . There, some 35 nations, including the Soviet Union, signed the so-called Helsinki _ Accords-a series of agreements that promised greater cooperation between the nations of Eastern and Western Europe .

Helsinki Accords
“greater cooperation between the nations of Eastern and Western Europe” .

115.

Which statement is true?

a.	Ford rejected the Nixon approach to foreign affairs and started his own programs	c.	Ford rejected the Kissinger approach to foreign affairs
b.	Ford adopted the Reagan approach to foreign affairs	d.	Ford continued the Nixon/Kissinger approach to foreign affairs

116.

What did Ford’s policies and the signing of the Helsinki Accord do?

a.	increased tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union	c.	made war between the U.S. and the Soviets more likely
b.	had no effect on East/West relations	d.	reduced tensions betwen the communist nations and the west

The Mayaguez incident

Like presidents before him, Ford encountered trouble in Southeast Asia. In 1975, the Communist government of Cambodia seized the U.S. merchant ship Mayaguez in the Gulf of Siam. Ford responded with a massive show of military force. He ordered two air strikes against Cambodia and sent a crack team of U.S . marines to rescue 39 crew members aboard the ship. The total operation cost the lives of 41 U.S. troops . Most Americans applauded the action as evidence of the country's strength . However, critics argued that the mission had cost more lives than it had saved and that the president had acted without consulting Congress

117.

What did Gerald Ford prove to the Nations of Southeast Asia by his actions in the Mayaguez incident?

a.	that the U.S. victory in Vietnam had made America strong and rsolute	c.	that the U.S. was not willing to take action to protect its interests
b.	that the U.S. would take action to protect its interests regardless of what happended in Vietnam	d.	that the U.S. was weak because of the Vietnam War (Vietnam Syndrom)

118.

The Mayaguez incident was a _____ the other nations of Southeast Asia and the world

a.	victory for	c.	warning to
b.	none of these	d.	defeat for

Jimmy Carter Enters the White House

Gerald Ford won the Republican nomination for president in 1976. However, he had to fend off a powerful conservative challenge from former California governor Ronald Reagan . Because the Republicans seemed divided over Ford's leadership, and because Ford's economic policies had failed to provide substantial relief, the Democrats confidently eyed the White House. "We could run an aardvark this year and win," predicted one Democratic leader. The Democratic nominee was indeed a surprise: a nationally unknown peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia, Jimmy Carter.

THE ELECTION OF 1976

During the post-Watergate era-in which cynicism toward the Washington establishment ran high-an outsider such as Jimmy Carter proved to be the right candidate for the time. The soft-spoken man from Plains, Georgia, promised to restore integrity to the nation's highest office . "I will never tell a lie to the American people," he said with a distinctive Southern drawl. Throughout the presidential campaign, Carter and Ford squared off over the key issues of inflation, energy, and unemployment. However, Carter gained fewer points for his knowledge of economic issues than for his personality and sense of morality. He openly declared himself a born-again Christian, and he took pride in his pro-civil rights stance . In addition, Carter had a warm, direct campaign style. He would walk up to a stranger on the street, smile, and stick out his hand. "Hello, I'm Jimmy Carter and I'm running for president," he'd say. "I'd like your vote ."

The Carter - Ford Debate in 1976

President Jimmy Carter

Ford began the 1976 campaign well behind Carter in the polls. Although he narrowed the gap by election day, he could not close it. Jimmy Carter won a close election, claiming 40.8 million popular votes to Ford's 39.1 million.

119.

In the 1976 election there was a split in the Republican party between the supporters of President Ford and the supporters of _____

a.	Jimmy Carter	c.	Ronald Reagan
b.	George Bush	d.	Richard Nixon

120.

Why did the people of the United States like Jimmy Carter in 76?

a.	he was a simple, honest man from outside the Washington political scene	d.	all of these
b.	people were tired of the corruption inside Washington	e.	none of these
c.	people did not look at Carter as a politician

GEORGIA COMES TO WASHINGTON

From the very beginning, the new first family brought a down-to-earth style to Washington . Refusing the traditional limousine ride after his inauguration, Carter walked with his wife, Rosalynn, and daughter, Amy, down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House. After settling into office, Carter stayed in touch with the people by holding Roosevelt-like "fireside chats" on radio and television . He also held "phone-ins" so that people could talk directly with their president.

However, Carter failed to reach out to Congress in a similar way. Because he had run as an outsider, Carter refused to play the "insider" game of compromise and deal making . Relying mainly on a team of advisers from Georgia, Carter even alienated himself from congressional members of his own party. Democrats on Capitol Hill often joined Republicans to sink the president's budget proposals, as well as his ambitious legislative agenda, which included major reforms of tax and welfare systems.

Carter and Family walk to the White House

Carter White House Staff

121.

Jimmy Carter tried to portray himself as

a.	a simple man of the people	d.	a New England Liberal Elite
b.	an imperial president	e.	a Southern Liberal Elite
c.	a sophisticated intellectual

122.

Which statement is true about the Carter administration.

a.	they did not build good relations with congress so they had trouble getting their laws passed	c.	the team Carter brought with him from Georgia were good at getting things done in Washington
b.	they built good relations but could not get their laws passed because he was a southerner	d.	none of these are true

Carter's Domestic Agenda Like Gerald Ford, President Carter focused much of his attention domestically on battling the country's energy and economic crises . While he met with some successes, Carter could not bring the United States out of its economic downswing. CONFRONTING THE ENERGY CRISIS Carter considered the energy crisis to be the single most important issue facing the nation . A large part of the problem, the president believed, was America's over reliance on imported oil. On April 18, 1977, Carter sat before the nation and in a fireside chat urged his fellow Americans to cut their consumption of oil and gas Carter asked Americans to turn down their thermostats to 65 degrees in the day and 55 degrees at night. He proposed a cabinet-level Department of Energy and presented Congress with more than 100 proposals on energy conservation and development. The battle over the president's energy policy started almost immediately. Representatives from oil- and gas-producing states fiercely resisted some of the proposals. Automobile manufacturers also lobbied against gas-rationing provisions. "It was impossible for me to imagine the bloody legislative battles we would have to win,- Carter later wrote. Out of the battle came the National Energy Act The act placed a tax on gas-guzzling cars, removed price controls on oil and natural gas, produced in the United States,	People line up to make an appointment to buy gas President Carter talks to the nation about the energy crisis
and extended tax credits for the development of alternative energy supplies. By 1979, U.S . dependence on foreign oil had eased slightly. Private industry did its part by developing more gas-efficient automobiles and home heating systems. In addition, American citizens helped by lowering their thermostats and reinsulating their homes. A few also took advantage of a tax credit to install solar-heating panels

123.

Which statement is true?

a.	Carter used the fireside chat to urge Americans to cut their consumption of energy as a way of fighting the energy crisis	d.	all of these statements are true
b.	Carter urged individual Americans to take part in the conservation of energy by doing things like; lowering heat in their homes and turning off lights	e.	none of these statements are true
c.	Carter believed that a central energy problem was America’s over-dependance on foreigh oil

124.

Which item below did the National Energy Act not do?

a.	Put a tax on large cars that consumed lots of gasoline. If people bought fewer large cars they would consume less gas	c.	Removed controls on the price of American oil and gas so the price could rise. If gas and oil cost more, Americans would consume less.
b.	Encouraged Americans to travel more in the U.S. so they would use more American gasoline and less foreign gasoline

THE ECONOMIC CRISIS WORSENS

Unfortunately, these energy saving measures could do little to combat a sudden new economic crisis . In the summer of 1979, renewed violence in the Middle East produced a second major fuel shortage in the United States . To make matters worse, OPEC announced another major price hike. In 1979 inflation soared from 7.6 percent to 11 .3 percent.

Faced with increasing pressure to act, Carter attempted an array of measures. He implemented voluntary wage and price freezes to slow inflation. He also tried to reduce the national debt through spending cuts. To stimulate business, Carter deregulated, or lifted government controls from, trucking, railroad, and shipping industries . To reduce the money supply, he convinced the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates. None of these measures worked. Worse yet, Carter's scattershot approach convinced many people that he had no economic policy at all. Carter fueled this feeling of uncertainty by delivering his now famous "malaise" speech, in which he complained of a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will ."

Carter's address made many Americans feel that their president had given up. By 1980, inflation had climbed to nearly 14 percent, the highest rate since 1947. The standard of living in the United States slipped from first place to fifth place in the world. Carter's popularity slipped along with it . Polls put his approval rating at a dismal 26 percent, lower than Richard Nixon's lowest figures. The fact that this economic downswing-and Carter's inability to solve it-visited the nation during an election year was one of the key factors in sending Ronald Reagan to the White House.

125.

Why would a crisis in the Middle East provoke a feul shortage in the United States?

a.	The U.S. needed oil to prepare for a possible war with the Soviet Union	c.	The U.S. got much of its oil from the middle east
b.	A crisis in the middle east could not provoke fuel shorages in the U.S.	d.	The U.S. had to supply a great deal of oil to Israel

126.

Inflation is a rise in prices that hurt everyone in the economy. Most of the actions that Carter took were designed to ______ so prices would fall.

a.	reduce the amount of money in circulation	c.	increase wages and prices
b.	increase the amount of money in circulation	d.	increase unemployment

127.

Which statement is true?

a.	Under Jimmy Carter the economy of the United States improved	c.	Under Jimmy Carty the economy of the United States declined and the standard of living declined also
b.	Under Jimmy Carter the economy of the United States declined but the standard of living rose	d.	President Carter had a strong economic plan that improved the American economy

128.

President Carter had to face Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election. The economy _____ President Carter’s chances of victory.

a.	helped	c.	had no effect on
b.	hurt

A CHANGING ECONOMY

Many of the economic problems Jimmy Carter struggled with resulted from long-term trends in the economy. Since the 1950s, the rise of automation and foreign competition had reduced the number of manufacturing jobs. At the same time, the service sector of the economy expanded rapidly. This sector includes industries such as communications, transportation, and retail trade. During the 1970s, the shift toward a service-based economy accelerated, spurred on by the development of the tiny microchip that enabled computers to be cheaply mass-produced.The rise of the service sector and the decline of manufacturing jobs meant big changes for some American workers. Workers left out of the shrinking pool of manufacturing jobs faced an increasingly complex job market. Many of the higher-paying service jobs required more education or specialized skills than did manufacturing jobs. The lower-skilled service jobs usually did not pay well.

Growing overseas competition during the 1970s caused further change in America's economy. The booming economies of West Germany and countries on the Pacific Rim (such as Japan, Taiwan, and Korea) cut into many U.S. markets. Many of the nation's primary industries-iron and steel, rubber, clothing, automobiles- had to cut back production, lay off workers, and even close plants .

Especially hard-hit were the automotive industries of the Northeast. There, high energy costs, foreign competition, and computerized production led companies to eliminate tens of thousands of jobs. As the 1970s drew to a close, a "Rustbelt" of deteriorating older industries stretched from Detroit to New York. To reduce costs, a number of corporations moved overseas or to Southern and Western states, where labor and energy costs were lower

129.

A manufacturing economy is based on manufacturing products like steel, clothing and electronics. A service economy is based on providing services such as computer information processing, and telecommunications. In the 1970’s the U.S. began to shift from a _____ economy to a _____ economy

a.	service - manufacturing	c.	manufacturing - service
b.	service - computer	d.	none of these

130.

As thosands of industries shut down and manufacturing plants closed, a wide area of the northeast United States became known as the

a.	frost belt	c.	farm belt
b.	rust belt	d.	silicon valley

131.

The old manufacturing jobs of the northeast and central United States were usually high paying union jobs. Also, energy costs were high in this area because energy plants also hired union workers. What happened to these jobs in the 70’s

a.	most jobs were saved because of the use of technology and computers	c.	union jobs were lost as factories moved south, west and to foreign countries where they did not have to pay union wages
b.	all of these are true	d.	most were saved as factories put in place better machinery

132.

The higher paying service jobs of the new economy required

a.	lower skills than the average industrial worker.	c.	no more education and trainging than the average industrial worker had
b.	the same skills as lower service industries such as clerk and restaurant worker	d.	more education and trainging than the average industrial worker had

133.

The rise in unemployment, the loss of manufacturing jobs and the loss of industries to foreign countries

a.	hurt people who lived in the cities especially hard	c.	did not effect minorities
b.	did not effect people who lived in the cities	d.	had little effect on the people of the northeast

CARTER AND CIVIL RIGHTS Carter took special pride in his civil rights record . His administration included more African Americans and women than any before . In 1977, the president appointed civil rights leader Andrew Young as U.S . ambassador to the United Nations. Young was the first African American to hold that post. To the judicial branch alone, Carter appointed 28 African Americans, 29 women (including 6 African Americans), and 14 Latinos. However, President Carter fell short of what many civil rights groups had expected in terms of legislation. Critics claimed that Carter-preoccupied with battles over energy and the economy-failed to give civil rights his full attention. Meanwhile, the courts began to turn against affirmative action . In 1978, the Supreme Court decided, in the case of Regents of the University of California v Bakke, that the affirmative action policies of the university's medical school were unconstitutional and discriminated against some students . The decision made it more difficult for organizations to establish effective affirmative action programs.	Andrew Young
Jimmy Carter gave a great deal of thought to human rights around the world. In fact, he based much of his foreign policy on human rights. Carter rejected the philosophy of realpolitik, the pragmatic policy of negotiating with powerful nations despite their behavior. Instead, the president strived for a foreign policy committed to human rights

134.

President Carter appointed more minorities than any other president to that time but many civil rights leaders criticized him because

a.	he did not appoint enough minorities to high profile jobs	c.	he was, in his heart, a southerner
b.	he did not give enough attention to civil rights	d.	he was to religious

135.

What kept Carter from doing all that he could have done regarding rights for minorities?

a.	he was afraid of white backlash	c.	he had too many southern whites in his administration
b.	he was busy with the economy and energy	d.	he was afraid of congress

136.

In the 1970’s a medical student named, Bakke, filed a law suite against the University of California. He claimed that minority affirmative action students were given preferred treatment over him and got admitted to the medical school even though there qualifications were less than his. How did the Supreme Court rule in the Bakke v University of California case

a.	they disagreed with Backke and took the side of the University of California	c.	they did not decide on the case.
b.	they said that Bakke’s case was groundless an upheld affirmative action	d.	they agreed with Bakke and said that race could not be the single reason for admitting students to medical school

137.

Nixon and Kissinger advocated a foreign policy based on realpolitik. They said that the U.S. should do what is practical to promote world peach, even if it meant supporting dictatorships around the world. How did Carter feel about the realpolitik approach?

a.	he supported it	c.	he rejected it
b.	he ignored it	d.	he incorporated it into his own foreign policy

ADVANCING HUMAN RIGHTS

Jimmy Carter, like Woodrow Wilson, sought to use moral principles as a guide for U.S. foreign policy. He believed that the United States needed to commit itself to promoting human rights-such as the freedoms and liberties listed in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights-throughout the world.

Putting his principles into practice, President Carter cut off military aid to Argentina and Brazil, countries that had good relations with the United States but had imprisoned or tortured thousands of their own citizens . Carter followed lowed up this action by establishing a Bureau of Human Rights in the State Department. "Human rights had become the central theme of our foreign policy in the minds of the press and public," Carter recalled. "It seemed that a spark had been ignited, and I had no inclination to douse the growing flames ." But as time went on, that flame cooled . Although many people favored Carter's idealism, supporters of the containment policy felt that the president's policy undercut allies such as Nicaragua, a dictatorial but

President Jimmy Carter

anti-Communist country and the Shah of Iran.. Others argued that by supporting dictators in South Korea and the Philippines, Carter was acting inconsistently. In 1977, Carter's policies drew further criticism when his administration announced that it planned to give up ownership of the Panama Canal.

138.

Carter’s foreign policy was

a.	practical and based on human rights	c.	supported by dictators around the world
b.	undemocratic	d.	ideologically based on human rights

139.

Carters ideological approach to foreign policy based on human rights,

a.	made America’s allies stronger	c.	left many American allies open to attacks by their enemies
b.	none of these	d.	was accepted by Americas allies

140.

Who decided to give up control of the Panama Canal to the government of Panama?

a.	the Supreme Court	c.	The State Department
b.	the House of Representatives	d.	President Carter

141.

Carter tried to apply the Bill of Rights and the ideas of the Declaration to

a.	the communist countries	c.	the entire world
b.	allies of the United States	d.	European countries

YIELDING THE PANAMA CANAL

Since 1914, when the United States obtained full ownership of the Panama Canal, Panamanians had resented having their nation split in half by a foreign power. Shortly after 1964, President Lyndon Johnson began negotiations with the Panamanians to help ease tensions . Negotiations continued off and on into the Carter administration .

In 1977, the nations finally agreed to two treaties, one of which promised to turn over control of the Panama Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999. In 1978, the U.S. Senate, which had to ratify each treaty, approved both treaties by a vote of 68 to 32-one more vote than the required two-thirds. Public opinion also was divided. According to a Gallup poll, 45 percent of Americans favored the pacts, while 42 percent opposed them. Despite their cool reception by the American public, the treaties did bring about a warmer relationship between the United States and Latin America.

142.

Turning over control of the Panama Canal resulted in

a.	conflict between Panama and the U.S.	c.	better relations between the U.S. and Latin America
b.	conflict between the nations of Latin America and the U.S.	d.	had no effect on America’s relations with other countries

143.

Negotiations over control of the Panama Canal started in the _____ administration

a.	Carter	c.	Ford
b.	Kennedy	d.	Johnson

144.

The Panama Canal is in

a.	Columbia	c.	Colon
b.	Nicaragua	d.	Panama

THE COLLAPSE OF DETENTE

When Jimmy Carter took office, detente-the relaxation of tensions between the world's superpowers- had reached a high point. Beginning with President Nixon and continuing with President Ford, U.S. officials had worked to ease relations with the Communist superpowers of China and the Soviet Union. However, Carter's firm insistence on human rights led to a breakdown in relations with the Soviet Union. President Carter's dismay over the Soviet Union's treatment of dissidents, or opponents of the govern governments policies, delayed a second round of SALT negotiations .

President Carter and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev finally met in June of 1979 in Vienna, Austria, where they signed an agreement known as SALT II. Although the agreement did not reduce armaments, it did provide for limits on the number of strategic weapons and nuclear-missile launchers that each side could produce.

The SALT II agreement, however, met sharp opposition in the Senate . Critics argued that it would put the United States at a military disadvantage . Then, in December 1979, the Soviets invaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan. When President Carter heard of the invasion, he activated the seldom-used White House-Kremlin hot line and protested to Brezhnev that the action was a "gross interference in the internal affairs of Afghanistan ." As a result of the invasion, Carter refused to fight for the SALTII agreement, and the treaty died

145.

The overall effect of Carter’s ideological foreign policy was to

a.	reduce tension between the U.S. and Soviet Union	c.	make world peace more likely
b.	increase tension between the worlds super powers (U.S. and Soviet Union)	d.	increase the military power of the U.S.

146.

Which branch of government is required to approve treaties made by the president. It is called, “advise and consent.”

a.	the Senate	c.	the Supreme Court
b.	the House of Representatives	d.	the State Department

Triumph and Crisis in the Middle East

Through long gasoline lines and high energy costs, Americans became all too aware of the troubles in the Middle East. In that area of ethnic, religious, and economic conflict, Jimmy Carter achieved one of his greatest diplomatic triumphs- and suffered his most tragic defeat.

THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS

Jimmy Carter enjoyed a shining moment in a historic handshake between two long-time enemies-Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin. Through negotiation and arm-twisting, Carter helped forge a peace between the two nations that marked the first major break in Middle Eastern hostilities since the creation of Israel in 1948.

In 1974, Henry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy had helped end the Yom Kippur War between Egypt and Israel. At that time, Sadat and Begin had begun discussing an overall peace between the two nations . In the summer of 1978, Carter seized on the peace initiative. When the peace talks stalled, Carter invited Sadat and Begin to Camp David, the presidential retreat in Maryland.

After 13 days of intense negotiations, the three leaders reached two agreements known as the Camp David Accords. The first agreement provided for a five-year transition period during which Israel and Jordan would work out the issue of self-rule for the Palestinians, Arabs living on the West Bank and Gaza Strip-areas captured by Israel during earlier wars. The second agreement was aimed specifically at end- ending hostilities between Israel and Egypt. During a White House ceremony in March of 1979, Sadat and Begin signed a detailed peace treaty based on the accords . Under the treaty, Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula, which it had seized from Egypt during the Six-Day War in 1967. In exchange, Egypt became the first Arab nation to recognize Israel's existence as a nation.

The treaty left many issues unresolved. For example, the document said little about the independence claims of Palestinians .

147.

The Camp David Accords was a historic moment and achievement for President Carter. Who laid the groundwork for these accords?

a.	Henry Kissinger and Nixon	c.	John F. Kennedy
b.	President Johnson	d.	Golda Meir

148.

What two nations did Carter bring together at Camp David to sign the accords?

a.	Egypt and Jordan	c.	Jordan and Syria
b.	Egypt and Israel	d.	Iran and Israel

149.

Israel became a nation in 1948. Since that time no Arab nation had recognized Israel’s right to be a nation in the world. What historic event happened at Camp David related to this?

a.	Egypt became the first Arab nation to recognize Israel’s right to be a country	c.	Saudi Arabia became the first Arab nation to recognize Israel’s right to exist
b.	Israel was recognized by the entire Arab world	d.	nothing historic happened at Camp David

150.

Which statement is true

a.	Carter helped a little with the negotiations at Camp David but Israel and Egypt would have agreed even without him	c.	Anwar Sadat and Menachem Began were really plotting to double cross each other
b.	It was President Carter’s negotiating skills and persistence that made the agreement between Egypt and Israel possible	d.	none of these statements are true

151.

The Camp David Accords were signed in

a.	1976	c.	1978
b.	1977	d.	1979

152.

At the Camp David meeting, President Anwar Sadat represented ______ and Prime Minister Menachem Began represented ______

a.	Israel - Egypt	c.	Egypt - Israel
b.	Egypt - the U.S, State Department	d.	Jordan - Israel

THE IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS

Since the 1950s, the United States had provided political and military assistance to the government of the shah of Iran. He was a loyal ally of the U.S. in the cold war. By 1979, however, the shah's regime was in deep trouble. The shah's enemies claimed that the secret police, for example, tortured thousands of prisoners and executed many others without trial. But the real objection to the shah was the fact that he was too western for the Muslim extremists and wanted Iran to be a state based on the western model. In January 1979, revolution broke out . The Muslim religious leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the rebels in overthrowing the shah and establishing a religious state based on strict obedience to the Qur'an.Carter failed to support the shah but in October of 1979, the president allowed the shah to temporarily enter the United States for cancer treatment.

The act infuriated the revolutionaries of Iran. On November 4, 1979, armed students seized the U.S . embassy in Tehran and took 52 Americans hostage. The militants demanded that the United States send the shah back to Iran in return for the release of the hostages Carter forced the dying shah to leave the United States and Egypt accepted him.

A year-long standoff followed . The president banned all trade with Iran and eventually severed diplomatic relations with the nation. because the terrorists would not release the American hostages. Carter tried quiet negations and those efforts finally paid off in late 1980. The hostages were released on January 20, 1981, shortly after the new president, Ronald Reagan, took the oath of office.

Carters ideological “human rights” foreign policy was partly responsible for the fall of the shah of Iran. and the takeover by Muslim extremists. Iran continues to be a supporter of Muslim terrorism even to this day.

153.

Which statement is true

a.	The shah of Iran wanted his nation to be more western, like the nations of Europe	d.	The shah of Iran, sick with cancer, was forced to leave the United States by Jimmy Carter
b.	The shah of Iran was a strong ally of the United States in the cold war	e.	all of these statements are true
c.	The shah of Iran was hated by the Muslim extremists

154.

In Iran, the enemies of the Shah were

a.	moderate democratic forces	c.	foreign agents of the CIA and KGB
b.	economic conservatives in the business community	d.	Muslim extremists

155.

How long were the workers at the American embassy in Iran held hostage by the Muslim terrorists?

a.	three years	c.	two years
b.	one year	d.	six months

156.

The Shah of Iran had been an strong ally of the United States for many years. How did the Carter administration deal with the Shah when he asked to take up residence in the U.S. for cancer treatment?

a.	he was allowed to stay in the U.S. as resident alien for as long as he wanted	c.	he decided he did not want to come to the U.S.
b.	he was allowed to come to the U.S. for a brief period of time but was then forced to leave without his cancer treatment	d.	he was told he could stay for his treatments for a year but then had to leave

157.

What kind of government was set-up in Iran after the Shah was forced to leave?

a.	a democracy	c.	a communist dictatorship
b.	a democracy with a king	d.	a Muslim religious dictatorship

158.

Which statement is true

a.	After the fall of the Shah, Iran became a major supporter of Islamic terrorism and continues to support terrorists around the world to this day	c.	Iran is a major ally of the United States in the international war on terrorism
b.	After a short time where Iran became a religious state, a new government was elected and Iran became a positive force for peace in the world	d.	none of these statements are true

The Roots of Environmentalism

Although many Americans began mobilizing in the 1970s to protect the environment, the realization that urban growth and industrial development were damaging the nation's natural resources had actually begun a decade earlier. In particular, a shocking book had awakened America's concerns about the environment and helped lay the groundwork for the activism of the 1970s.

159.

What two thing made Americans wake up to the fact that the environment was being damaged?

a.	growth of highways and oil pollution	c.	asbestos and lung cancer
b.	shrinking cities and new factories	d.	growth of cities and industrialization

RACHEL CARSON AND SILENT SPRING

In 1962, Rachel Carson, a marine biologist, published a book entitled Silent Spring . In it, she attacked the growing use of pesticides-chemicals used to kill insects and rodents. Many owners of large farms sprayed a variety of pesticides on their crops to keep hungry insects from devouring their harvest. Carson argued that pesticides poisoned the very food they were intended to protect and as a result killed many birds and fish.

In her book, Carson warned that America faced a "silent spring," in which birds killed off by pesticides would no longer fill the air with song. "It was a spring without voices," she wrote. "On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh." Carson argued that one pesticide in particular, DDT, was a threat even to humans. She contended that DDT, which is very slow to decay, made its way through the entire food chain-from plants to animals and ultimately to human beings.

Within six months of its publication, Silent Spring sold nearly half a million copies . It also prompted an immediate counterattack from many chemical companies, which attacked the book as inaccurate and threat ended legal action against Carson. However, for a majority of Americans, Carson's book was an awakening to the danger that human activity posed to the natural environment. "There's no doubt about the impact of Silent Spring, its a real shocker," declared a reviewer of the book. People throughout the country wrote to their representatives in Congress and to the president, demanding an investigation into the nation's pesticide use. Shortly after the book's publication, President Kennedy established an advisory committee to investigate the situation

With Rachel Carson's prodding, the nation slowly began to focus more on environmental issues . In 1963, Congress passed the Clean Air Act, which regulated automotive and industrial emissions. Although Carson would not live to see the U.S. government outlaw DDT in 1972, her work helped many Americans realize that their everyday behavior, as well as the nation's industrial growth, had a damaging effect on the environment .

160.

The book, “Silent Spring,” warned people about the use of

a.	chemicals to kill insects and rodents	c.	chemicals used to kill birds
b.	accidental oil spills	d.	noise pollution

161.

Who was the author who wrote, Silent Spring?

a.	John Kennedy	c.	Ralph Nader
b.	Rachel Carson	d.	none of these

162.

According to the author, the main source of pollution was

a.	foreign countries	c.	farms
b.	industrial factories	d.	cities

163.

In 1963 what law did Congress pass to help clean up the environment?

a.	Clean Air Act	c.	Water pollution Act
b.	Clean Cities Act	d.	American Waterways Act

164.

What dangerous chemical did the government outlaw in 1972?

a.	Asbestos	c.	Carbon Monoxide
b.	Carbon Dioxide	d.	DDT

165.

What was the thesis of the book, Silent Spring?

a.	the noise from hip hop music is driving away the birds	c.	pollution might get into the food chain and kill all the birds someday
b.	noise pollution can drive the birds out of the community	d.	birds could loose the ability to sing because of pollution

Environmental Concerns in the 1970s

Throughout the 1970s, the administrations of Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter, along with numerous grassroots organizations, confronted such environmental issues as pollution, conservation, and the growth of nuclear energy.

THE FIRST EARTH DAY

The United States ushered in the 1970s-a decade in which it would actively address its environmental issues-fittingly enough with the first Earth Day celebration . In late 1969, Wisconsin's - - Senator Gaylord Nelson had suggested that Americans set aside April 22, 1970, as a day of serious discussion of environmental problems. On that day, nearly every community in the nation and more than 10,000 schools and 2,000 colleges hosted some type of environmental-awareness activity. The organizers of the first Earth Day, many of whom were antiwar and civil rights activists, spotlighted such problems as pollution, the growth of toxic waste, and the earth's dwindling resources.

166.

What was the purpose of Earth Day?

a.	to give old hippies from the 60s something to do	c.	promote environmental awareness
b.	promote a return to the good life of living in rural areas	d.	promote the use of insecticides to kill animals that pollute the earth

THE GOVERNMENT TAKES ACTION

President Nixon was not considered an environmentalist, or someone who takes an active role in advocating measures to protect the environment. However, Nixon recognized the nation's growing concern about the environment. In his 1970 State of the Union address he declared, "The great question of the seventies is : Shall we surrender to our surroundings or shall we make our peace with nature and begin to make reparations for the damage we have done to our air, to our land and to our water?"

President Nixon set out on a course that led to the passage of several landmark measures to protect the environment. In 1970, he consolidated 15 existing federal pollution programs into the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . The new agency was given the power to set and enforce pollution standards, to conduct environmental research, and to assist state and local governments in pollution control. Today, the EPA remains the federal government's main instrument for dealing with environmental issues .

Nixon also signed a new Clean Air Act in 1970. The act gave the nation's industries five years to meet new pollution standards, including a mandate that automakers reduce the tailpipe emissions of their new cars by 90 percent. When automakers complained that they would be unable to meet this goal by 1975, the EPA extended the deadline to the 1980s. Automakers eventually complied by introducing the catalytic converter (which changes tailpipe pollutants into less harmful substances). The use of catalytic converters (smog devices) also forced consumers to use gasoline free of additives containing lead, a harmful pollutant.

Following the 1970 Clean Air Act, Congress passed laws that limited pesticide use, protected endangered species, and curbed strip mining-the practice of mining for ore and coal by digging gaping holes in the land. While it made significant advances in environmental protection, the Nixon administration failed to fully satisfy either the conservative or the liberal element of society. Conservatives complained that the new environmental laws placed too great a burden on business, and liberals contended that the new legislation did not go far enough.

167.

Which statement is true?

a.	Richard Nixon did very little to help the environment	c.	Richard Nixon worked to block laws that helped the environment
b.	Richard Nixon took an active role in trying to protect the environment	d.	none of these are true

168.

Which statement is true?

a.	the conservatives were critical of Nixon over his environmental policies	c.	the liberals and conservatives were critical of Nixon over his environmental policies
b.	the liberals were critical of Nixon over his environmental policies	d.	neither the liberals nor the conservatives criticized Nixon over his environmental policies

169.

What agency did Richard Nixon create to coordinate the clean-up of the environment?

a.	Food and Drug Administration FDA	c.	pollution Tax Agency PTA
b.	Environmental Protection Agency EPA	d.	Department of Education DE

170.

What is one result of the Clean Air Act?

a.	trucks from Mexico cannot use American highways	c.	a percentage of Japanese cars have to be manufactured in the United States
b.	a new interstate highway system was built in the United States	d.	automobiles have to pass smog inspections

171.

Why did people stop using gasoline that contained lead?

a.	leaded gasoline is too heavy	c.	smog devices don’t work well with leaded gasoline
b.	none of these are reasons	d.	leaded gasoline costs too much

BALANCING PROGRESS AND CONSERVATION IN ALASKA

During the 1970s, the federal government took steps to ensure the continued well-being of the nation's largest, and one of its most ecologically sensitive, states. In 1968, the Atlantic Richfield Company announced the discovery of a gigantic oil field along Alaska's Arctic coast. In 1974, construction began on a pipeline to carry the oil 800 miles to the ice-free ports of the state's southern coast. The discovery of oil and the subsequent construction of a massive system to transport it created many new jobs and greatly increased state revenues.

However, the influx of new development also raised concerns about Alaska's wildlife environment, as well as the rights of its native peoples. In 1971, Nixon signed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which turned over millions of acres of land to the state's native tribes for conservation and tribal purposes. In 1978, President Carter enhanced this conservation effort by setting aside an additional 56 million acres in Alaska as national monuments. In 1980, Congress added another 104 million acres to the state's protected conservation areas

172.

Why was the Alaska pipeline built?

a.	to move oil to ports in the Southern part of the state where ships could transport it	c.	to move gasoline from the refineries to the cities
b.	to move oil to the big cities of Alaska and northern American cities	d.	to move oil from the ships to the oil fields

173.

What was the main concern over the Alaska oil pipeline?

a.	concern over the Alaska wildlife	c.	Alaska might run out of oil and be broke
b.	concern over pollution of Alaska farm lands	d.	business might be taken away from the ships that traditionally transported oil

174.

What steps did Nixon take to protect Alaska from oil pollution

a.	turned over land to the Alaskan Indians	c.	both of these
b.	designated large areas of Alaska as preserves for wild life	d.	neither of these

THE DEBATE OVER NUCLEAR ENERGY

As the 1970s came to a close, Americans became acutely aware of the dangers that nuclear power plants posed to both humans and the environment. Since the 1950s, nuclear power advocates had argued that nuclear energy was the energy of the future. It was cheap, plentiful, and, they argued, environmentally safe. They pointed to years of safe operation at nuclear plants and called for larger and more powerful plants to meet the nation's growing energy needs. During the 1970s, as America realized the drawbacks to its heavy dependence on foreign oil for energy, nuclear power seemed an attractive alternative

However, opponents of nuclear energy warned against the industry's growth. They contended that nuclear plants, and the wastes they produced, were potentially dangerous to humans and their environment. The construction of more nuclear power plants, they argued, increased the likelihood of accidents, which could lead to the accidental release of deadly radiation into the air.

175.

What made nuclear energy look so good to some Americans in the 1970s?

a.	it was cool	c.	it was an easy way to produce oil
b.	it looked like it might be a clean source of energy to replace oil	d.	it was a clean way to produce oil

176.

What did opponents of nuclear energy argue?

a.	accidents at plants could cause oil spills	c.	accidents at plants could cause pollution dangerous to humans
b.	it would hurt the economies of oil producing countries	d.	it was too expensive

177.

What government agency monitors the nuclear power industry?

a.	The Environmental Protection Agency	c.	The Atomic Energy Commission
b.	The Nuclear Regulatory Commission	d.	The Manhattan Project

THREE MILE ISLAND

In the early hours of March 28, 1979, the concerns of nuclear energy opponents appeared to come true. That morning, one of the nuclear reactors at a plant on Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, malfunctioned . The reactor overheated after its cooling system failed, and fear quickly arose that radiation might escape and spread over the region. Two days later, low-level radiation actually did escape from the crippled reactor. Pennsylvania's governor ordered schools in the area closed. Officials evacuated some residents, while others fled on their own. One homemaker who lived near the plant recalled her desperate attempt to find safety.

In all, more than 100,000 residents were evacuated from the surrounding area. On April 9, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the federal agency that monitors the nuclear power industry, announced that the immediate danger was over. President Carter inspected the site to help assure the public that the reactor was safe again. An investigation into the incident revealed that plant maintenance personnel had not been properly trained and that certain safety precautions at the plant were lax

The events at Three Mile Island refueled the debate over nuclear power. Supporters of nuclear power pointed out that no one had been killed or seriously injured. Opponents countered by saying that chance alone had averted a tragedy. They demanded that the government call a halt to the construction of new power plants and gradually shut down existing nuclear facilities.

While the government did not do away with nuclear power, federal officials did recognize nuclear energy's potential danger to both humans and the environment. As a result of Three Mile Island, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission strengthened its safety standards and improved its inspection procedures. By 1988, at least 17 new nuclear power plants had opened in the United States, and none had suffered a breakdown

178.

What was the Three Mile Island incident about

a.	a land fill at Three Mile Island that released chemical pollution into the water table	c.	an accident at a nuclear power plant and the release of radiation
b.	none of these	d.	an accident at the Three Mile Island oil refinery

179.

What was a result of the Three Mile Island tragedy?

a.	no new nuclear power plants were built in the U.S.	c.	there were no long range effects
b.	safety standards at nuclear power plants were made stronger	d.	people moved to the Three Mile Island area to buy property

Matching

a.	détente	n.	Saturday Night Massacre
b.	Gerald R. Ford	o.	Jimmy Carter
c.	Camp David Accords	p.	Richard M. Nixon
d.	revenue sharing	q.	realpolitik
e.	Family Assistance Plan	r.	Southern strategy
f.	H. R. Haldeman	s.	human rights
g.	Judge John Sirica	t.	Watergate
h.	OPEC	u.	National Energy Act
i.	Committee to Reelect the President	v.	John Mitchell
j.	New Federalism	w.	stagflation
k.	Rachel Carson	x.	Environmental Protection Agency
l.	Three Mile Island	y.	SALT I Treaty
m.	John Ehrlichman	z.	Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

180.

Environmentalist leader in the U.S.

181.

Plan for the federal government to share money with state and local governments

182.

Agreements between Israel and Egypt

183.

Iranian religious leader who led the revolution against the Shah of Iran

184.

Occurs when unemployment and inflation rise at the same time

185.

Attorney general and director of Nixon’s campaign committee

186.

Federal agency formed to decrease pollution

187.

Treaty to limit nuclear weapons

188.

Site of a nuclear plant that released radiation into the air

189.

Scandal that forced Nixon to resign

190.

38th president

191.

37th president

192.

Law aimed to conserve energy

193.

Nixon’s campaign committee

194.

39th president

195.

Organization of nations that export oil

196.

Advisor to Nixon

197.

Nixon Chief of Staff

198.

Rights and freedoms that all people should enjoy

199.

Nixon welfare reform proposal to give direct relief to poor families

200.

Realistic politics

201.

Nixon’s firing of Justice Department officials, including the special prosecutor investigating Watergate

202.

Plan to give federal power back to the states

203.

Judge in the trial of the Watergate burglars

204.

Nixon’s effort to attract Southern votes by opposing desegregation

205.

Policy aimed at easing Cold War tensions