Ch23 70s

Name:

Ch23 70s

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The Latino Presence Grows

Spanish-speaking Americans, or Latinos, have always been a large and diverse group. The country's Latino population includes people from several different areas: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, other Caribbean islands, Central America, and South America. Because these groups all trace their roots back to Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America, people often group them together. However, each Latino group has its own history, its own pattern of settlement in the United States, and its own set of economic, social, cultural, and political concerns . During the 1960s, the Latino population in the United States grew from 3 million to more than 9 million.

During this time, the number of Mexicans settling in the United States rose. Mexican Americans, who have always made up the largest Latino group in the United States, once lived mostly in the Southwest and California. Some were the descendants of the nearly 100,000 Mexicans who had lived in territories ceded by Mexico to the United States after the war with Mexico in 1848. Others were the children and grandchildren of the million or so Mexicans who settled in the United States in the decade following Mexico's 1910 revolution. Still others came as braceros, or temporary laborers, during the 1940s and 1950s. And, of course, the largest number have recently come to the United States to escape poverty and economic repression in Mexico. Since the 1960s millions have come to the United States, some legal and some illegal, but they have all come to find a better way of life.

One of the great success stories is the way that Mexican Americans have come to this country with very little resources and managed to find their way into the American middle class. Within a generation many now own their own businesses and contribute greatly to our culture and economy. In the United States they have found successes that would have been impossible in their native Mexico.

The Latino population in the United States

a.	comes only from Mexico and Cuba	c.	all speak spanish
b.	is a diverse group that comes from many different countries in South and Central America	d.	come only from Mexico

The biggest migration of Latino’s has come to the United States since the

a.	1960s	c.	1910 to 1920
b.	1940s to 1950s	d.	none of these

Why do most Latino’s come to the United States?

a.	to escape political persecution	d.	all of these
b.	they do not like the climate in South and Central America	e.	none of these
c.	to escape economic deprevation and take advantage of the economic opportunities available in the Unites States

Which statement is true?

a.	Latino’s remain stuck in poverty in America, generation after generation	c.	Most Latino’s would have been better off had they remained in their native countries.
b.	After a generation, many (if not most) Latino’s find their way into the American middle class	d.	none of these statements are true

THE FARM WORKER MOVEMENT

Thousands of Mexican Americans working on California's fruit and vegetable farms found themselves subjected to long hours of backbreaking work for little pay and few benefits . Cesar Chavez believed that the only way to improve conditions for farm workers was to unionize them, so that they could bargain as a group for improved conditions and better treatment. In 1962, Chavez and Dolores Huerta established the National Farm Workers Association.

Four years later, Chavez merged this group with a Filipino agricultural union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC). Chavez and his fellow organizers insisted that California's large fruit and vegetable companies accept their union as the bargaining agent for the farm workers. In 1965, when California's grape growers refused to recognize the union, Chavez launched a nationwide boycott of the companies' grapes . Chavez, like Martin Luther King, Jr., believed in nonviolence to achieve his goals. His strategy was to win, through peaceful means, American public support for La Causa, or the cause of social and economic justice for farm workers.

The union sent farm workers across North America to convince supermarkets and shoppers not to buy California grapes. To call further attention to the workers' plight, Chavez, in 1968, went on a three week fast in which he lost 35 pounds. He ended his fast by taking communion with Senator Robert F. Kennedy.

The efforts of the farm workers eventually paid off. In 1970, the grape growers finally signed contracts with the UFWOC. The new contracts guaranteed union workers higher wages and other benefits long denied them. "The boycott of grapes was the most near-perfect of nonviolent struggles," said Chavez afterward .

Who started the National Farm Workers Association?

a.	Cesar Chavez	c.	both Chaves and Huerta
b.	Dolores Huerta	d.	Robert Kennedy

Which group joined with the United Farm Workers Association to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC)

a.	Japanese farm workers	c.	Restaurant Employees Association
b.	American Federation of Labor	d.	Filipino farm workers

In the 1960s which growers did Cesar Chavez target for a boycott to build the union?

a.	lettuce growers	c.	potato growers
b.	grape growers	d.	meat processors

The boycott that Chavez led was

a.	violent	c.	won by battling the police and growers
b.	a bitter battle in the courts	d.	a non-violent protest that got results

Which promenent American politician gave his support to Cesar Chavez and the farm workers movement?

a.	Robert Kennedy	c.	Bill Clinton
b.	Barry Goldwater	d.	Gerald Ford

CULTURAL PRIDE

The activities of the California farm workers helped to inspire other Latino "brown power" movements across the country. In New York, Puerto Ricans began to demand that schools offer Spanish-speaking children classes taught in their own language as well as programs on their culture . In 1968, Congress enacted the Bilingual Education Act, which provided funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural heritage programs for non-English-speaking children

Young Mexican Americans started to call themselves Chicanos or Chicanos-a shortening of "Mexicanos" that expressed pride in their ethnic heritage . A Chicano community action group called the Brown Berets formed under the leadership of David Sanchez. In 1968, the Brown Berets organized school walkouts in East Los Angeles high schools . About 15,000 Chicano students walked out of class demanding smaller classes, more Chicano teachers and administrators, and programs designed to reduce the high Latino dropout rate. Militant Mexican-American students also won the establishment of Chicano studies programs at colleges and universities

10.

Which statement is true

a.	The Federal Government largely ignored the demands and needs of the Latino community	c.	the federal government responded to the demands of the Latino Community but the state of California ignored them
b.	The state governments ignored the demands and needs of the Latino community	d.	the federal and state governments responded to the demands and needs of the Latino communities

11.

In 1968 the Chicano drop-out rate in LA city schools was

a.	low	c.	lower than the drop-out rate for their parents
b.	high	d.	higher than the drop out rate for their parents

12.

Who started the Brown berets

a.	Cesar Chavez	c.	Jesse Jackson
b.	David Sanchez	d.	Roberto Sanchez

13.

Most of the demands of Latinos centered around

a.	housing	c.	education
b.	jobs	d.	medicine

POLITICAL POWER

Latinos also began organizing politically during the 1960s . Some worked within the two-party system to win support for Latino issues and candidates. For example, the Mexican American Political Association (MAPA), which sponsored candidates, registered and educated voters and lobbied for legislation that benefited the Latino community. In 1962, MAPA helped elect Los Angeles politician Edward Roybal to the House of Representatives. Roybal was the second Mexican American to serve in Congress . Henry Gonzalez, elected to the House of Representatives from Texas in 1961, was the first.

Others sought to create an independent Latino political movement. That was the dream of Texan Jose Angel Gutierrez, who established La Raza Unida (the United People Party) in 1970. In the 1970s, La Raza Unida ran Latino candidates in five states and won positions on school boards and city councils, as well as several races for mayor. Still other Latinos took on a more confrontational tone. Reies Tijerina, a one-time evangelical preacher, argued that the United States had stolen some of the Latinos' land. In 1963, Tijerina founded the Alianza Federal de Mercedes (Federal Alliance of Land Grants) to help reclaim U.S. land taken from Mexican landholders in the 19th century.

14.

What did the Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) do?,

a.	registered and educated voters	d.	sponsored candidates
b.	lobbied for legislation that benefited the Latino community	e.	none of these
c.	all of these

15.

MAPA was a

a.	social organization	c.	farm workers association
b.	political organization	d.	legal aide organization

A. A New Women's Movement Arises

The theory behind the women's movement of the 1960s was feminism, the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men. Feminist beliefs gained momentum during the mid-1800s and led to woman suffrage, or women's right to vote, in 1920 . The women's movement declined after this achievement. However, it reawakened during the 1960s, when many women began to recognize their social and economic inequality. This realization helped spark a new, powerful feminist movement.

16.

The theory behind the women's movement of the 1960s was feminism. What is feminism?

a.	women should have social equality with men (social respect)	d.	all of these
b.	women should have economic equality with men (equal pay)	e.	none of these
c.	women should have political equality with men (women in politics)

17.

What year did women get the right to vote (suffrage)

a.	1910	c.	1960
b.	1920	d.	1970

B. WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE

By 1960, the number of women joining the work force was on the rise. In 1950, only one out of three women had worked for wages. By 1960, more than 40 percent of all women had jobs outside the home, and women made up a third of the nation's work force. While their numbers were growing, however, working women experienced widespread job and wage discrimination . Many occupations were considered "men's work" and were closed to women. The jobs available to women-mostly clerical work, domestic service, retail sales, social work, teaching, and nursing-paid poorly. The country largely ignored the discrimination women faced in the workplace, until President Kennedy appointed the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in 1961. In 1963, the commission reported that women were paid far less than men, even when doing the same jobs. Furthermore, women were seldom promoted to management positions, regardless of their education, experience, and ability. The discrimination that women faced in the workplace awakened many women to their unequal status in society.

18.

Who appointed a commission to study the condition of women in the workplace in 1961?

a.	Lyndon Johnson	c.	Richard Nixon
b.	John F. Kennedy	d.	none of these

19.

In 1961 about 40 percent of women worked outside the home. Which job below might they have a chance of getting?

a.	school principal	d.	engineer
b.	business executive	e.	hotel manager
c.	school teacher

20.

Although many jobs were closed to women, they generally got the same pay if they did the same work?

true

false

C. SOCIAL ACTIVISM INSPIRES WOMEN

Other sources of discontent for women stemmed from their involvement in the civil rights and antiwar movements. Although both movements inspired many women to take action on behalf of their beliefs, the discrimination they faced within the movements made them acutely aware of their inferior social status .

In these organizations, men led most of the activities, while women were assigned lesser roles . When women protested, the men usually brushed them aside. When activist Shulamith Firestone tried to raise the issue of women's rights with antiwar activists, one man told her, "Move on little girl; we have more important issues to talk about here than women's liberation ."

Despite their activism, women were not given leadership roles in the civil rights movement

Such experiences led some women to organize small groups to discuss their concerns. During these discussions, or "consciousness-raising" sessions, women shared their lives with each other and discovered that their experiences were not unique . Rather, they reflected a much larger pattern of sexism, or discrimination against women.

21.

Which statement is true?

a.	In the civil rights movement, women found the equality they were looking for	c.	Disrespect for women came only from the “conservative” parts of American society
b.	Women who joined the anti-war movement were treated with respect and equality	d.	Women found little equality in the civil rights or anti-war movements of the 60s

22.

Women formed small groups to discuss their problems and the discrimination they experienced in society. What were these groups called?

a.	reality therapy discussions	c.	transcendental meditation experiences
b.	consciousness-raising" sessions	d.	global awareness discussions

D. THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT EMERGES

In 1963, Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique, which captured the very discontent that many women were feeling. The book quickly became a bestseller. From across the country, women wrote to Friedan to thank her for exposing "the problem that has no name" and to tell her their own painful stories. "Thank God someone had the insight and courage to write it," an Iowa woman wrote .

Friedan's book helped galvanize a number of women throughout the nation . By the late 1960s, women across the country were coming together to work for change . "This is not a movement one `joins,"' observed Robin Morgan. "The Women's Liberation movement exists where three or four friends or neighbors decide to meet regularly . . . on the welfare lines, in the supermarket, the factory, the convent, the farm, the maternity ward. . .

23.

What effect did Betty Friedan’s book, “The Feminine Mystique,” have on women?

a.	made them aware of their condition	d.	none of these
b.	galvanized (motivated) them to take action	e.	all of these
c.	got them talking to each other about their problems

E. The Womens Movement Experiences Gains

As the women's movement grew, it achieved remarkable political and social gains for women.

THE CREATION OF NOW

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, and national origin-had. There was also a provision outlawing discrimination based on gender. One result of the gender provision was that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)-an organization set up to investigate discrimination claims by African Americans and women's job complaints.

By 1966, however, some women voiced dissatisfaction with the EEOC. They argued that the commission showed an overall lack of attention toward the flood of women's grievances . That year, several women, including Betty Friedan, created the National Organization for Women (NOW) to pursue more actively women's goals .

NOW moved into action quickly. Its members pushed for the creation of more child-care facilities and for improved educational opportunities for women. NOW also pressured the EEOC to enforce more vigorously the ban on gender discrimination in hiring . NOW's efforts prompted the EEOC to declare sex-segregated job ads illegal and issue guidelines to employers, stating that they could no longer refuse to hire women for traditionally male jobs .

Betty Friedan
Helped to found NOW

24.

Which type of discrimination did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 fail to address?,

a.	discrimination based on race	d.	discrimination based on national origin
b.	discrimination based on gender	e.	the act addressed all of these forms of discrimination
c.	discrimination based on religion

25.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The purpose of this commission was to investigate discrimination against African Americans and women in

a.	housing	c.	hiring
b.	borrowing money	d.	education

26.

What motivated Betty Friedan and others to form the National Organization for Women (NOW)?

a.	the EEOC was not paying enough attention to women’s complaints	c.	the government would not allow women to take combat roles in the military
b.	the Civil Rights Bill of 64 did not say anything about women	d.	women were being denied proper medical attention

27.

Which goal did NOW fail to address

a.	improved educational opportunities	d.	more child-care facilities
b.	ban on gender discrimination in hiring	e.	NOW addressed all of these issues
c.	sex-segregated job ads

F. A DIVERSE MOVEMENT

In its first three years, NOW's ranks swelled from 300 to 175,000 members. Outside of NOW, a number of other women's groups sprang up around the country. In 1968 a militant group known as the New York Radical Women staged a well-publicized demonstration at the annual Miss America Pageant. To protest the concept of judging women's beauty, the women threw bras, girdles, wigs, and other "women's garbage" into a "Freedom Trash Can." They then crowned a sheep as "Miss America ." In 1971, journalist Gloria Steinem helped found the National Women's Political Caucus, a group that encouraged women to seek political office.

The radicals and moderates within the movement often quarreled over strategy. However, these diverse factions put aside their differences in August 1970 to join in the largest women's rights demonstration ever. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of woman suffrage, tens of thousands of women gathered from around the country and marched through New York City to promote women's equality.

By the early 1970s, the women's movement had scored several victories on the political and social fronts . In 1972, Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activities receiving federal financial assistance," as part of the Higher Education Act. (called Title 9) As a result, several all-male colleges opened their doors to women. That same year, Congress expanded the enforcement powers of the EEOC and gave working parents a tax break for child-care expenses.

28.

Which statement is true?

a.	NOW sought to have the wearing of bras in the workplace banned	d.	Women adopted the sheep as a symbol for the womens movement
b.	In the early 70s NOW, as well as other women’s, groups grew in numbers to become the “Womens Movement.”	e.	all of these are true
c.	Women were happy about the Miss America pageant because it recognized the talent and beauty of American women

29.

According to the Higher Education Act.of 1972

a.	private schools could not ban girls from auto shop classes	d.	none of these are true
b.	public and private school programs could not discriminate against women if they took federal funds	e.	boys in public schools were forced to take classes in cooking and sewing
c.	whether or not a school or program received federal funds did not effect discrimination practices

30.

Gloria Steinem was mainly interested in helping women

a.	get better jobs in the corporate world	c.	to run for political office
b.	get administrative jobs in education	d.	to legalize abortion

G. ROE V. WADE

One of the more controversial issues that NOW and other feminist groups supported was a woman's right to have an abortion. In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in the case Roe v. Wade that women had the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. In an editorial on the decision, the New York Times expressed hope that the ruling might "bring to an end the emotional and divisive public argument." However, this did not happen . Americans today remain divided over the abortion issue .

31.

What did the Supreme Court rule in 1973 in the Roe v. Wade decision

a.	that women had a right to an abortion at any time (abortion on demand)	c.	that women had a right to an abortion in the first 3 months of pregnancy
b.	that teenagers did not have to tell their parents to get an abortion	d.	that women did not have a right to an abortion unless their life was in danger because of the pregnancy

32.

Roe v. Wade was a popular decision in 73 and almost all Americans now support the decision.

true

false

H. THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT

In what seemed at first to be another triumph for the women's movement, Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1972. This was a constitutional amendment that needed ratification by 38 states-three-quarters of the 50 states-to become part of the Constitution. The ERA, which had first been introduced to Congress in 1923, would have guaranteed that

"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex ."

The ERA supporters argued that the amendment was needed to make sure that men and women could not be treated differently under the law solely because of their gender. It was, they said, a matter of "simple justice." Opponents argued that the amendment was poorly written and failed to define what “rights” meant.

In spite of several extensions in time, the Equal Rights Amendment failed to get the required 38 states for ratification. It never did become part of the constitution.

33.

How many states are needed to ratify a change to the constitution?

a.	50	c.	two thirds
b.	one half	d.	three quarters

34.

The Equal Rights Amendment was mainly concerned with the rights of

a.	African Americans	c.	Women
b.	Latino’s	d.	Children

35.

When was the Equal Rights Amendment to the constitution first introduced in congress?

a.	1920	c.	1971
b.	1923	d.	1972

36.

What eventually happened to the ERA?

a.	it passed and is now Amendment 27 to the constitution	c.	it failed to get the approval of the required number of states and it died
b.	it is still in the process of being voted on	d.	it passed and is now Amendment 26 to the constitution

I. CONSERVATIVES AND THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT

Phyllis Schlafly

The ERA amendment sparked fierce opposition from conservative religious groups, political organizations, and many women who opposed the feminist movement. These groups raised fears that the ERA would lead to "a parade of horribles," such as the drafting of women, the end of laws protecting homemakers, and same-sex marriages . One prominent ERA opponent was Phyllis Schlafly. In 1972, Schlafly founded and became national chairman of the Stop-ERA campaign. Schlafly characterized the ERA as the work of radical feminists who "hate men, marriage, and children" and whose oppression existed "only in their distorted minds."

The Stop-ERA campaign also attracted support from many women who feared its impact on families . Many worried that the amendment would end a husband's responsibility to provide support to his wife and children. They feared that broken families would produce broken children.

37.

Who were the main opponents of the ERA?

a.	Conservatives	c.	Socialists
b.	Liberals	d.	Communists

38.

Social Conservatives warned that passage of the ERA would lead to

a.	same-sex marriages	d.	drafting of women in the military
b.	all of these	e.	none of these
c.	end of laws protecting homemakers

39.

Phyllis Schlafly was

a.	a Social Conservative opposed to the ERA	c.	a founder and member of NOW who supported the ERA
b.	a feminist who supported the ERA	d.	a Socialist who opposed the ERA

40.

Many moderate women opposed the ERA because

a.	it did not go far enough	c.	they were afraid of their husbands
b.	they feared the impact of the ERA on family life	d.	it might endanger a womens right to vote

J. Pro Family Movement

Pro family

anti-abortion movement

During the 1970s, conservatives built on their opposition to the ERA and the Roe v. Wade abortion decision by gaining support for what they called a new "pro-family" movement. Jo Anne Gasper, editor of a newsletter entitled The Right Woman, described this movement as a "broad-based coalition of social conservatives who recognize the value of the person, the importance of the family, the rights and responsibilities of parents, and the importance of restricting government so that there can be personal freedom."

This coalition of social conservatives-which focused on social, cultural, and moral issues-came to be known as the New Right.* The New Right and the women's movement debated family-centered issues such as federally funded day care, which the New Right opposed. Throughout the 1970s, the New Right built grassroots support for social conservatism ; in fact, it would play a key role in the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency in 1980.

* (In politics, people on the right are called conservatives while people on the left are called liberals)

41.

The social conservatives in the pro-family movement recognized

a.	the rights and responsibilities of parents	d.	all of these
b.	the importance of the family	e.	none of these - social conservatives only care about themselves
c.	the importance of restricting government so that there can be personal freedom

42.

What was the New Right?

a.	a coalition (group) of conservatives who cared about family issues	c.	a coalition of women who worked to pass the ERA
b.	a group of feminists who tried to protect a womans right to an abortion	d.	none of these

43.

Ronald Reagan supported

a.	New Right Conservatives	c.	Social Liberals
b.	New Left Liberals	d.	Socialists

K. The Movement's Legacy

The New Right and the women's movement clashed most dramatically over ERA, By 1977, the ERA had won approval from 35 of the 38 states needed to ratify the amendment. At that point, however, the amendment stalled, as opposition to the ERA gained strength . By the end of 1982 (the deadline for ratification), no other states had approved the amendment. The ERA went down in defeat . Despite ERAS defeat, the women's movement succeeded in opening up new opportunities for American women and dramatically altering their roles in society.

For instance, the movement left its mark on education. In 1970, 8 percent of all medical school graduates and 5 percent of all law school graduates were women. By 1992, those proportions had risen to 36 and 43 percent, respectively.

The women's movement also changed the way women looked at work and careers. In the 1950s, most women who took jobs had done so mainly to "help out." By the 1970s, many women were preparing themselves for lifetime careers. Still, many women ran into a "glass ceiling"- an invisible, but very real, resistance to promoting women into top positions. The women's movement brought women into the political arena in growing numbers. Women held only 3.5 percent of elected state offices in 1969. By 1996, 25 percent of elected state officeholders were women. The number of women in Congress also has increased-from 19 in 1975 to 60 in 1997. Most of all, the women's movement helped countless women open their lives to new possibilities. "We have lived the second American revolution," wrote Betty Friedan in 1976

In most nations of the world, Africa, Asia, South America and the Middle East, women are little more than slaves and live as they have for thousands of years. In America, thanks to women like Betty Friedan and the womans movement, women are free, strong and important members of our society who help to make our nation a better place to live for everyone, men and women.

Empowered Women

Rosie the Riviter WWII

44.

The women’s movement

a.	brought many new women into politics	d.	helped women to achieve a new sense of dignity, self worth and independence
b.	helped women to develop careers in traditional male dominated professions	e.	all of these
c.	opened male dominated schools to women

45.

Martin Luther King is to the civil rights movement as Betty Friedan is to

a.	NOW National Organization of Women	c.	feminist movement
b.	ERA Equal Rights Amendment	d.	social conservative movement

The Counterculture

In the late 1960s, the historian Theodore Roszak described the rise of these idealistic youths as the "counterculture ." It was a culture, he said, so different from the mainstream "that it scarcely looks to many as a culture at all, but takes on the alarming appearance of a barbarian intrusion ." The so-called alarming barbarians were mostly white middle-class college youths . And while they indeed did create a culture different from the mainstream, their lack of organization and direction-as well as the devastating effects of drug use-led to the counterculture's eventual collapse

46.

The counter culture was composed mostly of

a.	inner city black youths	c.	gays and lesbians
b.	middle class white youths	d.	upper class white and southern black youths

47.

What led to the eventual collapse of the counter-culture (hippie) movement?

a.	police infiltration	c.	lack of numbers
b.	attacks by the gray panthers	d.	lack of organization and drugs

"TUNE IN, TURN ON, DROP OUT"

Members of the counterculture, known as hippies, shared some of the beliefs of the New Left movement, namely that American society-and its materialism, technology, and war-had grown hollow. A number of hippies even participated in various New Left demonstrations, including its many protests against the Vietnam War. However, a majority of hippies chose to protest against society by leaving it.

Influenced heavily by the nonconformist beat movement of the 1950s, hippies eagerly embraced the credo voiced by Harvard psychology professor and counterculture philosopher Timothy Leary: "Tune in, turn on, drop out." Throughout the mid- and late 1960s, tens of thousands of idealistic young Americans left behind their established worlds of school, work, or home to live with one another in the streets, parks, and group homes . Their goal was to create, in the midst of what they viewed as a cold and cruel nation, an idyllic setting of peace, love, and harmony.

48.

Having a good job, owning your own home and car, and living the good life is sometimes called, “materialism.” How did the hippies (counter culture) feel about materialism?

a.	they were in favor of it	c.	they did not care about it one way or the other
b.	they were against it	d.	they favored it as long as they did not have to get a job

49.

What does, “tune in, turn on and drop out,” mean?

a.	tune in to the radio, turn on your CD player and drop out of society	c.	tune in to president Johnson, turn on the radio and drop out of college
b.	tune in to the government, turn on your mp3 player and drop out of the military	d.	tune in to the message of the counter culture, turn on to drugs and drop out of society

50.

The counter-culture hippie generation was

a.	idealistic about the way society should be	d.	all of these
b.	cynical about American materialism	e.	none of these
c.	anti war

HIPPIE CULTURE

The creation of this peace and love, which some called an Age of Aquarius, usually involved three things : rock 'n' roll music, colorful clothing and appearance, and the liberal use of drugs-both marijuana and a new hallucinogenic, or mind-altering, compound called LSD, or acid. Timothy Leary, an early experimenter with LSD, promoted the drug as a "liberating" and "mind-expanding" aid in the search for greater self-awareness and inner peace.

Aside from illegal drug use, hippies showed their rejection of the establishment by wearing what were then considered outrageous clothes . Many young men and women wore ragged jeans and tie-dyed T-shirts, as well as surplus plus military garments. In addition, many hippies enhanced their outfits with beads and Native American ornaments. Men grew long hair and beards. To many hippies, long hair symbolized the freedom to "do your own thing." To the older generation, long hair symbolized a lack of respect for social conventions . Signs went up across the country saying "Make America Beautiful-give a hippie a haircut ."

Hippies also turned their backs on conventional home life. Many chose to live together in communes-group living arrangements in which the members renounced private property to live together in cooperation and harmony. For some, this meant establishing rural communes; for others, it meant crowding together in urban "crash pads." Scores of hippies flocked to Chicago's Old Town, Atlanta's Fourteenth Street, New York City's Greenwich Village, and especially San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district.

By the mid-sixties, Haight- Ashbury had become the hippie capital, mainly because of the availability of hallucinogenic drugs, which California did not outlaw until late 1966 .

51.

Why did the hippies choose the Haight Ashbury district of San Francisco as their capital in the 1960s?

a.	California did not outlaw hallucinogenic drugs until the late 60s	c.	California was against the Vietnam War
b.	The business community of San Francisco encouraged the hippies	d.	Haight Ashbury was not the hippie capital

52.

Which statement is true

a.	The hippies seemed to reject all societal customs, even conventional family life	c.	Except for the clothing and haircuts, hippies generally accepted most social conventions
b.	The hippies rejected society and it’s conventions but lived in traditional marriage situations	d.	There were very few black hippies because the counter-culture was racist

Many disillusioned youths also sought fulfillment through new and different religious experiences . Rejecting traditional forms of worship, scores of young men and women turned to the teachings of such Eastern religions as Zen Buddhism. According to the Zen philosophy, people attain enlightenment through meditation, self-contemplation, and intuition, rather than through the reading of scriptures .

Influenced by the preaching of spiritual gurus, such as Maharishi Mahesh Yogi of India, thousands of Americans began taking informal courses in mystical meditation and forming groups to practice what they learned. In 1968, the news media declared that more than 10,000 of the nation's youths had become "transcendental meditators." Later that year, Life magazine proclaimed 1968 to be the "Year of the Guru."

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

53.

What did the Year of the Guru mean?

a.	it was a time when hippies accepted traditional religion	c.	it was a year when Guru Catholics became an important religion
b.	it was a time when hippies rejected conventional religion for unconventional forms of worship	d.	none of these refer to the year of the Guru

DECLINE OF THE MOVEMENT

After only a few years, the counterculture's peace and harmony gave way to violence and disillusionment . The urban communes eventually turned seedy and dangerous, as they became havens for muggers, drug dealers, and runaways . "It got very ugly very fast," Alex Forman recalled. "There were ripoffs, violence . . . people living on the street with no place to stay."

In 1969, two episodes of counterculture violence shocked America. In August, commune leader Charles Manson and his "family" murdered actress Sharon Tate. Four months later at the Altamont Raceway in California, the Hell's Angels motorcycle gang beat a man to death in front of the stage where the Rolling Stones, a British rock band, were playing .

By 1970, the widespread use of drugs had further eroded the counterculture movement . Many young people fell victim to the drugs they used, experiencing overdoses, drug dependence, and mental and physical breakdowns. The popular rock singer Janis Joplin and the legendary guitarist Jimi Hendrix both died of drug overdoses in 1970.

More than anything else, however, the hippies eventually discovered that they could not sustain themselves outside of mainstream America. Even though they tried to reject conventional society, many hippies found themselves ultimately dependent on it. Numerous hippies ended up panhandling on street corners and lined up at government offices, collecting welfare and food stamps to help them survive the trials of natural living. "We were together at the level of peace and freedom and love," said one disillusioned hippie. "We fell apart over who would cook and wash the dishes and pay the bills."

54.

Which statement is true

a.	Hippies found that they needed the culture that they rejected in order to survive	d.	all of these statements are true
b.	Drugs were a major cause of the decline of the hippie counter culture	e.	none of these statements are true
c.	In some cases the counter culture led to extreme violence and brutality

A Changing Culture

Although the counterculture movement was short-lived, some aspects of it namely, its fashion, fine arts, and social attitudes-left a more lasting imprint on mainstream America and on the rest of the world

ART AND FASHION

The counterculture's rebellious style left its mark on the worlds of art and fashion . The 1960s saw the rise of popular, or pop, art. Pop artists, led by Andy Warhol, attempted to bring art into the mainstream. Warhol became famous for his bright silk-screen portraits of soup cans, Marilyn Monroe, and other icons of mass culture .

To a larger extent, the counterculture's legacy lived on in the way many Americans dressed and groomed themselves . While most Americans did not adopt the out outlandish look of hippies, many came out of the sixties wearing longer hair, more colorful clothing, and blue jeans, which became a staple in nearly every American's wardrobe.

Andy Warhol Self Portrait
Hippie Fashion

55.

Some forms of counter culture art and fashion have come to be accepted today

true

false

ROCK MUSIC

Perhaps the most lasting legacy of the counterculture movement was its music. During the 1960s, the hippie movement embraced rock 'n' roll-the offshoot of African-American rhythm and blues music that had captivated so many teenagers during the 1950s-as its loud and biting anthem of protest . However, as the years went on, rock music melded into the mainstream and is today one of the more recognizable characteristics of American youth.

The band that, perhaps more than any other, helped propel rock music into mainstream America was the Beatles . The British band, made up of four youths from working-class Liverpool, England, arrived in America in 1964 and immediately took the country by storm . By the time the Beatles broke up in 1971, the four "lads" from Liverpool had inspired a countless number of other bands and had won over millions of Americans to rock 'n' roll .

56.

The Beatles were the best known rock music group of the 60s

true

false

WOODSTOCK

One dramatic example of rock 'n' roll's exploding popularity occurred in August 1969 on a farm in upstate New York. There, about 120,000 young people were expected to gather for a free music festival called "Woodstock Music and Art Fair, an Aquarian Exposition." More than 400,000 showed up . For three days, the most popular bands and musicians of the time performed, including Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Joe Cocker, Joan Baez, the Grateful Dead, and Jefferson Airplane . Despite the huge crowd, the event, which became known simply as Woodstock, was remarkably peaceful and well-organized. However, not everyone remembered it as three days of bliss. Tom Mathews, a writer who attended the Woodstock festival, later recalled his experience there.

57.

What was Woodstock

a.	a hippie commune	c.	a rock concert
b.	an anti-Vietnam war protest	d.	a pro Vietnam war rally

CHANGING ATTITUDES

As the counterculture movement faded, its casual, "do your own thing" philosophy left an imprint on Americans' social attitudes. In particular, American attitudes toward sexual behavior became more permissive, leading to what became known as the sexual revolution . During the 1960s and 1970s, mass culture-which included books, magazines, and movies-began to more openly address subjects that had once been prohibited, particularly sexual behavior and explicit violence.

While some hailed the increasing permissiveness as a liberating force, others attacked it as a sign of moral decay. Millions of Americans opposed the country's increasingly permissive social behavior. While the counterculture movement eventually helped prompt many Americans to adopt more liberal attitudes about dress and appearance, music, and social behavior, the movement's immediate impact on the country produced the opposite effect.

In 1968, conservative commentator William F. Buckley announced that his magazine, the National Review, was starting a newsletter to expose rebellious students, antiwar radicals, and Communist forces that he claimed were behind the New Left. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover issued a warning to the nation's police officers that "revolutionary terrorism" was a threat to law and order on campuses and in cities . Other conservative critics warned the public that campus rebels posed a danger to traditional values and threatened to plunge American society into anarchy and lawlessness.

58.

Which statement is true

a.	The sexual revolution was inspired by Soviet Communism as a way to destroy American society	c.	Liberals saw the sexual revolution as a threat to American culture
b.	The sexual revolution caused American young people to adopt a more traditional attitude toward sex	d.	Conservatives saw the sexual revolution as a threat to American culture

CONSERVATIVES ATTACK THE COUNTERCULTURE

Conservatives also attacked the counterculture for what they saw as its decadent values : glorification of drug use, indulgent sexual behavior, and indifference toward work. In the view of psychiatrist Bruno Bettelheim, student rebels and members of the counterculture had been pampered in childhood; as young adults, they did not have the ability for delayed gratification .

According to some conservative commentators, the counterculture had abandoned rational thought in favor of the senses and restraint for uninhibited self-expression. The counterculture, they believed, was undermining the capacity of young Americans to debate issues rationally.

The angry response of mainstream Americans to the disorders caused a profound change in the political landscape of the United States . By the end of the 1960s, conservatives were presenting their own solutions on such issues as lawlessness and crime, the size of the federal government, and welfare . This growing conservative movement would propel Richard M. Nixon into the White House-and set the nation on a more conservative course.

59.

As illustrated by the presidential elections, by the late 60s most Americans _____ conservative attacks on the counter culture

a.	neither	c.	agreed with
b.	both	d.	disagreed with

60.

It can be said that the counter-culture helped the conservatives to take control of the government because it gave them issues that most Americans agreed with. Because the hippies and the counter-culture were associated with liberal politicians and the democrat party, a majority of Americans gave their support to conservative Republicans

true

false

61.

Given the choice, most parents in the 60s and 70s would rather have their children be

a.	young hippies	c.	bikers
b.	young conservatives	d.	successful drug dealers

Native Americans Struggle for Equality

Many people view Native Americans, like Latinos, as one group, despite the hundreds of distinct Native American tribes and nations in the United States. During the 1960s, many Native Americans joined together to demand improvements in their conditions.

62.

What do Latino’s and Native Americans have in common?

a.	they are often viewed as a single group, rather than diverse groups	c.	they both speak mostly Spanish
b.	they are ethnic groups with a single identity	d.	neither group are allowed to own land in the United States

63.

When did Native Americans begin to demand improvements in their condition?

a.	1960s	c.	1980s
b.	1990s	d.	2001

NATIVE AMERICANS SEEK GREATER AUTONOMY

Vine Deloria & Vine Deloria Jr

Despite their cultural diversity, Native Americans have shared many of the same problems throughout the 20th century. As a group, Native Americans have been the poorest of Americans and have suffered from the highest unemployment rate. They have been more likely than any other group to suffer serious health problems, such as tuberculosis and alcoholism. Despite an increase in the Native American population during the 1960s, the death rate among Native American infants was nearly twice the national average, while the life expectancy of Native Americans was several years lower than for other Americans.

In an attempt to deal with these problems, the Eisenhower administration in 1953 enacted a termination policy designed to relocate Native Americans from isolated reservations into mainstream urban American life. The plan failed miserably. Most of the Native Americans who moved to the cities remained desperately poor.

In addition, many Native Americans refused to assimilate, or blend, into mainstream society. Native American nationalist Vine Deloria, Jr., expressed his opinion that young Native Americans viewed mainstream America as nothing more than "ice cream bars and heart trouble and neurosis and deodorants and getting up at six o'clock in the morning to mow your lawn in the suburbs." Deloria added that "when you get far enough from the reservation, you can see it's the urban man who has no identity." and govern their own lives.

In 1961, representatives from 67 Native American groups met in Chicago and drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose, which stressed the determination of Native Americans to "choose our own way of life." The declaration called for an end to the termination program in favor of new policies designed to create economic opportunities for Native Americans on their reservations . In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson responded to the Native Americans' call for more self-determination . As part of his Great Society program, Johnson established the National Council on Indian Opportunity to "ensure that programs reflect the needs and desires of the Indian people."

64.

In spite of the fact that they own a great deal of land in the United States, throughout the 20th century Native Americans

a.	have poor health	d.	have high birth death rates
b.	are financially poor	e.	all of these
c.	have a shorter life expectancy

65.

How did the Eisenhower attempt to deal with Native American problems.

a.	started a Termination program which built schools and hospitals on the reservations	d.	none of these is true
b.	started a Termination program that sent young American College students to the reservations to help Native Americans	e.	all of these are true
c.	started a Termination program, which was a great failure

66.

What was the central idea of the Termination program?

a.	build schools and hospitals on the reservation	c.	assimilate Native Americans into American society
b.	build up the economy of the reservations	d.	isolate Native Americans from American society

67.

Native American Vine Deloria, Jr

a.	wanted to integrate into American society	c.	believed that Native Americans were citizens of the world rather than a distinct ethnic group
b.	was a nationalist who did not want to be part of American society	d.	was a communist

68.

In 1961, representatives from 67 Native American groups met in Chicago and drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose, What was the purpose of this declaration?

a.	help the Native Americans to assimilate into American society	c.	campaign for more the rights of Native Americans to make treaties with foreign countries
b.	help Native Americans to become more independent from American society	d.	none of these were a goal of the Declaration of Indian Purpose

69.

What program did President Lyndon Johnson use to establish the National Council on Indian Opportunity?

a.	the Square Deal Program	d.	the Great Society
b.	the No Child Left Behind Act	e.	the Declaration of Indian Purpose Act
c.	the New Frontier Program

VOICES OF PROTEST

Despite a change in the government's policies, many young Native Americans were dissatisfied with the slow pace of reform. Their discontent led in part to the growth of the American Indian Movement (AIM), an often militant Native American rights organization . AIM had begun in 1968 in Minneapolis as a self-defense group against the local police. However, it soon turned its attention to the larger issue of Native American rights and branched out to northern and western states with large Native American populations

70.

The American Indian Movement was started in 1968 for what purpose?

a.	to fight against perceived brutality by the local police	c.	to campaign for more help from the U.S. government
b.	to get more medical care for the Indian community	d.	to police the Indian reservations to keep down the crime rate

71.

AIM evolved into an organization to

a.	get more Native Americans elected to political office	c.	promote education of Native American youth
b.	protect Indian rights	d.	promote the development of businesses and farms that would create more jobs for the Native American community

CONFRONTING THE GOVERNMENT

Alcatraz

In its early years, AIM, as well as other groups, actively-and sometimes violently-confronted the government as it sought greater reforms for Native Americans. In November 1969, militants calling themselves the Indians of All Tribes seized Alcatraz Island, the site of a former federal prison in San Francisco Bay. While claiming the federally owned island as Native American territory "by right of discovery," they offered to pay for it with $24 in beads and cloth-the amount Dutch settlers paid native inhabitants for Manhattan Island in 1626. The group occupied the island for 18 months before federal officials finally removed them .

In 1972, AIM leader Russell Means organized a march known as the Trail of Broken Treaties in Washington, D .C., to protest the U .S . government's numerous treaty violations with Native Americans throughout history. Native Americans from across the country joined the marchers. The organizers called for the restoration of 110 million acres of land to Native American tribes . They also pushed for the abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), an agency that many believed was inefficient and corrupt . The marchers temporarily occupied the BIA building, destroyed records, and caused $2 million in property damage.

The most violent demonstration occurred a year later, when AIM led nearly 200 Sioux to the tiny village of Wounded Knee, South Dakota-where the U .S. cavalry had massacred a Sioux village in 1890. To protest living conditions on their reservation, the Sioux seized the town and took eleven people hostage. After ten weeks of tense negotiations with the FBI, the situation erupted in a shootout that left one Native American dead and another one wounded and two federal agents wounded. The confrontation ended with a government promise to reexamine Native American treaty rights

72.

What methods did AIM use in confronting the government?

a.	they copied the non-violent methods of Dr. Martin Luther King	c.	violence and confrontation
b.	they used the law by filing law suites against the government	d.	peaceful negotiation

73.

What federally owned island did AIM take over in 1969?

a.	Manhattan	c.	Alcatraz Island
b.	Terminal Island in San Francisco	d.	Wounded Knee Island

74.

How long did the federal government wait before ejecting AIM from their takeover of Alcatraz?

a.	15 days	c.	18 months
b.	30 days	d.	12 months

75.

What was the name of the famous leader of the American Indian Movement (AIM)?

a.	Russell Means	c.	Nighthorse Campbell
b.	Charles Lightfoot	d.	William Jefferson Clinton

76.

The United States had a federal agency for the purpose of dealing with issues that involved Native Americans. The American Indian Movement (AIM) did not like the agency. What was the agencies name?

a.	Federal Bureau of Investigations	c.	Bureau of Indian Affairs
b.	Federal Bureau of Indian Investigations	d.	the Department of American Indian Matters (AIM)

77.

What happened in the town of Wounded Knee in South Dakota in 1973?

a.	AIM conducted a peaceful protest	c.	AIM killed several FBI agents
b.	The FBI took over the Indian Town of Wounded Knee	d.	AIM took over the town and took hostages

78.

What was the outcome of the confrontation between the FBI and AIM at Wounded Knee?

a.	two federal agents were wounded	d.	all of these
b.	one AIM member was killed	e.	none of these
c.	the government promised to re-examine Native American treaty rights

NATIVE AMERICAN VICTORIES

Although some of their actions led only to violence and stalemate, Native Americans did secure a number of reforms from both Congress and the federal courts . Congress passed the Indian Education Act in 1972 and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act in 1975. These laws gave tribes much greater control over their own affairs and especially over the education of their children. "This is the most wonderful revolution in Indian Country," commented a Native American educator, "the right to educate on our own terms."

Native Americans also regained rights to land through court action . Armed with copies of old land treaties that the U.S . government had broken, Native American groups took their cases to federal court, where they demanded portions of their land back. In 1970, the Taos of New Mexico regained possession of their sacred Blue Lake, as well as a portion of its surrounding forest land. Land claims by the Aleut and Inuit tribes of Alaska resulted in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. This act gave more than 40 million acres to native peoples and paid out more than $962 million in cash. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Native Americans in Maine, Massachusetts, and South Carolina won settlements that provided legal recognition of their tribal lands as well as financial compensation.

With Latinos and Native Americans rising up in the midst of African Americans' struggle for change, the 1960s and the early 1970s saw a wave of activism from the nation's minority groups. However, another group of Americans also pushed for changes during this era. Women, while not a minority group, felt in many ways like second-class citizens, and many joined together to demand equal treatment in society.

79.

How did Native Americans achieve their greatest victories in the 60s and 70s

a.	through the violent demonstration of AIM	c.	through non-violent protest in the south, following the model of Dr. King
b.	from laws passed by congress and actions by the courts	d.	Native Americans did not have any victories or make any progress in the 60s and 70s

80.

What did the Indian Education Act in 1972 and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act do for Native Americans?

a.	Allowed Indian children to integrate with white children in the cities	c.	gave Native Americans more autonomy over the education of Indian children
b.	set up a school bussing program that forced town children to go to schools on the reservations.	d.	none of these

81.

While many of the Native Americans in the lower United States made progress in the 60s and 70s, the Aleut and Inuit tribes of Alaska were ignored.

true

false

Matching

a.	feminism	k.	grape boycott
b.	Phyllis Schlafly	l.	United Farm Workers OrganizingCommittee
c.	La Raza Unida	m.	Timothy Leary
d.	Woodstock	n.	Gloria Steinem
e.	counterculture	o.	Cesar Chavez
f.	National Organization for Women	p.	Equal Rights Amendment
g.	American Indian Movement	q.	Betty Friedan
h.	conservatives	r.	The Beatles
i.	New Right	s.	Haight-Ashbury
j.	Liberals	t.	focused on Indian self-determination

82.

Amendment to U.S. Constitution that would prohibit discrimination against women

83.

Leader of the farmworker movement

84.

A coalition of social conservatives

85.

Conservative women activist. Equal Rights Amendment opponent

86.

Harvard college professor who advocated the use of LSD as a mind liberating drug

87.

Journalist who tried to help women gain political power

88.

Movement whose members sought to drop out of mainstream society

89.

Community in San Francisco that attracted many hippies

90.

Union that fought for farmworkers’ rights

91.

Massive outdoor concert that demonstrated rock ’n’ roll’s popularity

92.

Organization that pushed for women’s rights

93.

British rock group that helped popularize rock ’n’ roll

94.

The belief that women should be equal to men in all areas

95.

Group that believes in smaller government and traditional values

96.

Author of The Feminine Mystique

97.

Group that believes in big government and advocates non-traditional values

98.

Latino political party

99.

1961 Declaration of Indian Purpose

100.

Group that fought for greater reform for Native Americans

101.

Protest strategy used by United Farm Workers to win concensions from the farmers

Use all of the readings above to answer these questions

a.	Henry Gonzalez,	f.	Fulgencio Batista
b.	Senator Robert Kennedy	g.	Chavez and Dolores Huerta
c.	Jose Angel Gutierrez	h.	MAPA
d.	grape growers	i.	braceros
e.	Martin Luther King	j.	Bilingual Education Act

102.

Cesar Chavez modeled his tactics after this person

103.

In 1970 signed a contract with UFWOC.(United Farm Workers)

104.

established the National Farm Workers Association

105.

Mexican American political organization that worked withing the Republican and Democrat parties

106.

Congress enacted this to provided funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural heritage programs for non-English-speaking children

107.

took communion with Cesar Chavez to end his hunger strike

108.

established La Raza Unida

109.

temporary workers used in the U.S. in the 40s and 50s

110.

elected to the House of Representatives from Texas in 1961

111.

Cuban dictator overthrown by Fidel Casto - led to increased Cuban immigration to the U.S.