Ch22 Vietnam

Name:

Ch22 Vietnam

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Leader of North Vietnam

a.	Mao Zedong	c.	General Jeip
b.	Chou	d.	Ho Chi Minh

Communist group led by Ho Chi Minh

a.	Vietcong	c.	Communist Little League
b.	Vietminh	d.	Commenterm

Eisenhower’s explanation for what would happen if the U.S. did not stand up against communism. One nation would fall then others would fall one after the other.

a.	domino theory	c.	Theory of diminishing returns
b.	NATO	d.	Vietnamization

Major French outpost captured by the Vietminh. Last battle before the French were driven out of Vietnam.

a.	Little Big Horn	c.	Saigon
b.	Dien Bien Phu	d.	Haiphong

Peace agreement that split Vietnam in two

a.	Versailles Treaty	c.	Geneva Accords
b.	Treaty of the 18th parallel	d.	Paris Peace Treaty

Leader of South Vietnam he and his family were assassination. Generals took over in South Vietnam after their death

a.	Ngo Dinh Diem	c.	Cahng Ki Shek
b.	Ho Chi Minh	d.	Mao

Communist rebel group in South Vietnam

a.	Vietwan	c.	Viet Legion
b.	Vietcong	d.	Vietsam

Network of paths running between North and South Vietnam

a.	Viet Cong Trail	c.	Vietnam 805
b.	Cambodia Trail	d.	Ho Chi Minh Trail

Passed by congress, it gave President Johnson the power to fight in Vietnam

a.	War Powers Act	c.	Tonkin Gulf Resolution
b.	Vietnam Resolution	d.	Desert Storm Resolution

10.

This person was Secretary of Defense under John Kennedy. When Johnson took over from Kennedy he kept the Kennedy foreign relations team. He remained Secretary of Defense under Johnson and was responsible for the Vietnam war strategy

a.	Bobby Kennedy	c.	Walt Rostow
b.	Robert McNamara	d.	Henry Kissinger

11.

Another hold over from the Kennedy administration the person was Secretary of State under Johnson and Kennedy

a.	Dean Rusk	c.	Robert McNamara
b.	J. Edgar Hoover	d.	Walt Rostow

12.

Commander of U.S. troops in Vietnam

a.	Henry Kissinger	c.	Wesley Clark
b.	Curtis Lemay	d.	William Westmoreland

13.

Gasoline-based explosive used extensively in Vietnam

a.	black powder	c.	napalm
b.	co2	d.	TNT

14.

Chemical that destroyed jungle foliage so Viet Cong would have no place to hide.

a.	Napalm	c.	Agent Blue
b.	DDT	d.	Agent Orange

15.

Tactic in which U.S. troops destroyed Vietnamese villages because the Vietcong was using them as hiding places

a.	Vietnamization	c.	defoliation
b.	scorched earth policy	d.	search-and-destroy mission

16.

The difference between the government says and the truth. Often applied to the Johnson administration by the anti-war activists during the Vietnam era

a.	misery index	c.	credibility gap
b.	conspiracy gap	d.	truth index

17.

Name given to the anti-war, movement of the 1960’s

a.	New Right	c.	Beatnicks
b.	New Left	d.	Liberals

18.

Prominent group of the New Left responsible for much of the anti-war activity on college campuses.

a.	Communist Party USA (CPUSA)	c.	Youg Republicans
b.	Young Americans for Freedom YAF	d.	Students for a Democratic Society SDS

19.

New Left group that attacked business and government - Originated in UC Berkley campus

a.	American Association Manufactures	c.	Students for Democratic Society SDS
b.	Free Speech Movement	d.	Young Americans for Freedom

20.

Those Americans who called for America to withdraw from Vietnam

a.	doves	c.	eagles
b.	hawks	d.	seals

21.

Those Americans who supported the war effort

a.	doves	c.	hawks
b.	donkey’s	d.	elephants

22.

attacks during 1968 Tet holiday that led many in America to believe that the U.S. could not win the war in Vietnam

a.	Yom Kippur war	c.	Tet Retreat
b.	6 day war	d.	Tet Offensive

23.

Lyndon Johnson adviser who became his secretary of defense after Robert McNamara quit

a.	Clark Clifford	c.	Maxwell Taylor
b.	George Ball	d.	Wm. Westmorland

24.

Democratic candidate for president in 1968. He decided to run after it looked like President Johnson could be beaten. He was John Kennedy’s brother and a senator from New York.

a.	Teddy Kennedy	c.	John Kennedy Jr
b.	Robert Kennedy	d.	William Kennedy

25.

Democratic presidential candidate who ran on antiwar platform. He came close to beating President Johnson in the New Hampsire primary and opened the way for others to get in th race..

a.	Clark Clifford	c.	Eugene McCarthy
b.	Hubert Humphry	d.	Robert Kennedy

26.

1968 Democratic nominee for president. He was President Johnson’s vice president and became the party favorite after Bobby Kennedy was assassinated.

a.	Spiro Agnew	c.	Eugene McCarthy
b.	Hubert Humphrey	d.	William Westmorland

27.

Third party candidate in 1968 presidential election He was a segregationist who ran as the American Independent Party candidate. He was shot and paralysed during the election.

a.	George Wallace	c.	Robert Byrd
b.	Hubert Humphrey	d.	Orville Faubus

28.

President Nixon’s plan for ending America’s involvement in the war by turning it over to the Vietnamese army.

a.	The Vietnam Master Plan	c.	The Vietnimh plan
b.	Vietnamization	d.	The Vietcong plan

29.

Those mainstream Americans who supported Nixon’s policies. They did not demonstrate or make much political noise but they voted in most elections.

a.	the mass majority	c.	great unwashed masses
b.	the quiet Americans	d.	silent majority

30.

Government documents, stolen by Daniel Elsberg, that showed the government had no real plan for leaving Vietnam. Anti-war groups used them as proof that the Johnson administration was lying tothe public.

a.	The White House Briefs	c.	Pentagon Papers
b.	The Warren Report	d.	White House Tapes

31.

Nixon adviser who helped negotiate an end to the war

a.	Henry Kissinger	c.	Robert McNamara
b.	Maxwell Taylor	d.	George Wallace

32.

Communist group that took control of Cambodia after the end of the Vietnam war. For some it proved the domino theory.

a.	Cambodian Vietcong	c.	Cambocong
b.	Khmer Rouge	d.	Comminterm

33.

Law that forbids the president from mobilizing troops without Congressional approval

a.	Anti-war Act	c.	Anti-Vietnam Act
b.	Congressional Authority Act	d.	War Powers Act Act

34.

In the 1940s, which countries troops, at one point or another,
occupied Vietnam?

a.	France and Japan	c.	the United States and France
b.	China and the Soviet Union	d.	the United States and the Soviet Union

35.

Which of the following was the United States’ main goal in Vietnam?.

a.	the reunification of Vietnam	c.	the upholding of the Geneva Accords
b.	the containment of communism	d.	the negotiation of a cease-fire agreement with North Vietnam

36.

Which of the following authorized President Johnson to conduct the war in Vietnam?

a.	the Geneva Accords	c.	the War Powers Act
b.	the Fulbright hearings	d.	the Tonkin Gulf Resolution

37.

Which of the following served as the commander of U.S. troops in Vietnam?

a.	Dean Rusk	c.	Clark Clifford
b.	Robert McNamara	d.	William Westmoreland

38.

5. In the early years of the war, a young man could be automatically deferred from the draft by

a.	enrolling in college	c.	getting married.
b.	becoming employed	d.	claiming to be a conscientious objector

39.

6. In the 1968 presidential campaign, a dove would have been most likely to support

a.	George Wallace	c.	Hubert Humphrey
b.	Richard M. Nixon	d.	Eugene McCarthy

40.

All of the following occurred in 1968 except for the

a.	Tet offensive.	c.	assassination of Robert Kennedy
b.	invasion of Cambodia	d.	assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

41.

Which of the following did President Nixon say would bring about “peace with honor” in Vietnam?

a.	the domino theory	c.	the Vietnamization of the war
b.	the Geneva Accords	d.	the Americanization of the war

42.

9. Which of the following events set off the first general student strike in U.S. history?

a.	the invasion of Cambodia	c.	the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
b.	the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.	d.	the riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention

43.

Congress passed the War Powers Act in order to

a.	allow military leaders more independence	c.	limit the president’s authority to wage war
b.	prevent tragedies like the My Lai massacre	d.	increase the president’s authority to wage war

	In 1969, President Nixon proposed a gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops from Southeast Asia. This public opinion poll shows what Americans thought of the president’s plan. Use the chart to answer the questions below. *Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger*

44.

What percentage of all Americans favored immediate withdrawal of troops from Vietnam?

a.	25%	c.	57%
b.	36%	d.	60%

45.

Which section of the country had the highest response in support of Nixon’s policy?

a.	East	c.	Midwest
b.	South	d.	West

46.

Was support for Nixon’s policy stronger in the cities or in the suburbs?

cities

suburbs

47.

Which category of people was least sure about troop withdrawal?

a.	age 29 and under	c.	age 50 and over
b.	age 30-49

48.

Which nation did the United States aid in its efforts to control Vietnam?

a.	Japan	c.	China
b.	France	d.	Britain

49.

2. Which president asked Congress for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?

a.	Richard Nixon	c.	John Kennedy
b.	Lyndon Johnson	d.	Dwight Eisenhower

50.

The main purpose of introducing the “body count” was to

a.	persuade the Vietcong to surrender	c.	build antiwar sentiment in the United States
b.	motivate U.S. soldiers to desire revenge	d.	show that the war could not be won without U.S. involvement.

51.

Which of the following enabled North Vietnam to supply it’s troops in South Vietnam?

a.	the Ho Chi Minh Trail	c.	the strategic hamlet program
b.	the fall of Dien Bien Phu	d.	Operation Rolling Thunder

52.

Which of the following statements regarding the Democratic candidates for president in the 1968 election is true?

a.	Robert Kennedy was assassinated after narrowly losing the party’s nomination.	c.	Eugene McCarthy voluntarily dropped out of the race before the national convention took place
b.	Hubert Humphrey had the party’s nomination guaranteed before the national convention took place.	d.	Lyndon B. Johnson announced at the national convention that he would not seek the party’s nomination

53.

The invasion of Cambodia directly or indirectly led to all of the following except

a.	the repeal of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution	c.	Nixon’s decision to resign
b.	the first general student strike in U.S. history	d.	the deaths of four students at Kent State University.

54.

Which president adopted the policy of Vietnamization?

a.	Richard M. Nixon	c.	John F. Kennedy
b.	Lyndon B. Johnson	d.	Dwight D. Eisenhower

55.

Which of the following was most effective in leading the American public to conclude that the war was unwinnable?

a.	body counts	c.	the Tet offensive
b.	the actions of the SDS	d.	the invasion of Cambodia

56.

Which of the following were long lasting effects of the Vietnam war?

a.	abolished the draft	d.	demoralization of the American spirit and poor morale
b.	War Powers Act to limit the president’s ability to make war on his own	e.	all of these were lasting effects until the 1980’s and the Reagan revival of the American spirit.
c.	Vietnam Syndrome which, some think, made the U.S. apprehensive about asserting itself in foreign affairs

The Roots of American Involvement

During the 1800”s and early 1900”s the countries of Europe had many colonies in Asia and Africa. Indochina, including Vietnam, was a colony of France. During World War II the Japanese drove the French out of Vietnam and occupied the country.

In the 1930’s the French owned many plantations in Vietnam. They controlled the countries rice and rubber trade. Some peasants revolted against the French which caused them to restrict free speech and other liberties of the peasant population.

The Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1930, organized most of the uprisings. The_ party's leader was Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh He was condemned to death by the French in 1930 for his rebellious activity and fled Vietnam that year and went in exile in the Soviet Union and China. However, throughout the 1930s, Ho Chi Minh orchestrated Vietnam's growing independence movement from exile.

When Japan took control of Vietnam in 1940, Ho Chi Minh returned home to fight the Japanese..The Vietnamese Communists combined with other nationalist groups to form an organization called the Vietminh. The group sought Vietnam's independence from foreign rule. When the Allied defeat of Japan in August of 1945 it forced the Japanese to leave Vietnam. On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh stood in the middle of a huge crowd in the northern city of Hanoi and declared Vietnam an independent nation.

57.

Why did the Vietnamese revolt against the French?

a.	They wanted more money for their crops	c.	They wanted to be communist
b.	They wanted Japan to win World War II	d.	They wanted to free their country from French rule and gain their civil rights

58.

Ho Chi Minh was a .....

a.	Communist	c.	French Socialist
b.	Capitalist	d.	Japanese Fascist

59.

What was the name of the organization that was formed to fight the Japanese occupation of Vietnam during World War II?

a.	Ho Chi Vietminh	c.	Vietcong
b.	Foreign Legion	d.	Vietminh

60.

Some people claim that the U.S. forced Ho Chi Minh to side with the Communists and in fact he was just a Vietnamese patriot. What evidence would suggest that the U.S. did not force Ho Chi Minh to be a communist.

a.	He said he was a communist	d.	All of these are true
b.	When he went into exile he stayed in China and the Soviet Union	e.	All of these are false, the U.S. did force him to be a communist
c.	He was leader of the Communist Party in Vietnam in the 1930’s

FRANCE BATTLES THE VIETMINH
France had no intention of relinquishing its former colony. French troops moved back into Vietnam in 1946 after Japan left the country. Eventually the French drove the Vietminh out of the cities and regain control of the country's southern half. Ho Chi Minh vowed to fight from the North to liberate the South from French control.

In 1950 President Truman sent nearly $15 million in economic aid to France. He saw Ho Chi Minh and the communists in Vietnam as part of the Cold War.

By 1950, however, Cold War fever had gripped much of the world. China and Eastern Europe had fallen to the Communists, and Korea appeared to be next. America saw a dual benefit in supporting France: (1) maintaining an ally against the growing Soviet presence in Europe, and (2) helping to stop another Asian country from turning Communist. The U.S. saw Ho Chi Minh as just another communist revolutionary.

61.

The French were fighting the Vietminh in Vietnam. Why did President Truman send economic aid to the French?

a.	Truman wanted the U.S. to control part of Vietnam	c.	He knew the French would pay the money back.
b.	Truman saw the war against the Vietminh as part of the cold war	d.	France was part of the United Nations

62.

What part of Vietnam did Ho Chi Minh control?

a.	North	c.	South
b.	East	d.	West

THE VIETMINH DRIVE OUT THE FRENCH

Upon entering the White --House in 1953, President Eisenhower continued the policy of supplying aid to the French war effort. By this time, the United States had settled for a stalemate with the Communists in Korea, which only stiffened America's resolve to halt the spread of communism. During a news conference in 1954, Eisenhower explained the domino theory, in which he likened the countries on the brink of communism to a row of dominoes, waiting to fall one after the other. "You have a row of dominoes set up," the president said. "You knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly."

The French could not retake Vietnam. The final blow came in May of 1954, when the Vietminh overran the French base at Dien Bien Phu, in northwestern Vietnam. The French asked Eisenhower for air support but he refused. Without air support the French were doomed. Led by General Vo Nguyen Giap, the Vietminh surrounded the fort and pounded it with heavy artillery for nearly two months. In 1955 thousands of North Vietnamese Catholics fled to the South to escape communism. The U.S. Navy helped the catholics escape with an operation called, “Pass to Freedom.” Mr Schneemann was there and participated in the operation.

After the fall of Dien Bien Phu, the French surrendered and began to pull out of Vietnam. From May through July 1954, the countries of France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, China, Laos, and Cambodia met in Geneva, Switzerland, with the Vietminh and with the South Vietnam's anti-Communist nationalists to hammer out a peace agreement. The Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel. The Communists and their leader, Ho Chi Minh, controlled North Vietnam from the capital of Hanoi. The anti-Communist nationalists controlled South Vietnam from the port city of Saigon. An election to unify the country was called for in 1956.

63.

What did President Eisenhower do to help the French forces at Dien Bien Phu?

a.	He increased financial aid to the French army	c.	Nothing, he refused to give them U.S. air support
b.	He sent American troops to help the French	d.	He sent Ho Chi Minh to help the French

64.

What was the domino theory and how did it apply to the cold war in Asia.

a.	If you do not fall like a domino into your neighbor, he will not fall into you.	c.	Asian peasants need to stand straight and tall like a domino
b.	Dominos is a popular game in Asia. The Asians will be happy if you let them play	d.	If one nation falls to communism it will make all the rest of the countries fall

65.

What was the name of the treaty agreed to by the major countries and the Vietminh that ended French occupation of Vietnam?

a.	Treaty of Versailles	c.	The United Nations Agreement
b.	Geneva Accords	d.	South East Asia Treaty

66.

Where was Vietnam divided between the communist north and the anti-communist South?

a.	38th parallel	c.	17th longitude
b.	17th parallel	d.	Yalu river

	DIEM CANCELS ELECTIONS In the wake of France's retreat, Ngo Dinh Diem became president of South Vietnam. Although he directed a brutal and repressive regime, Ho Chi Minh won popular support in the North by breaking up large estates and redistributing land to peasants. Moreover, his years of fighting the Japanese and French had made him a national hero.
Recognizing Ho Chi Minh's widespread popularity, South Vietnam's president, Ngo Dinh Diem, a strong anti-Communist, refused to take part in the countrywide election of 1956. The United States also sensed that a countrywide election might spell victory for Ho Chi Minh and therefore supported the cancellation of elections. The Eisenhower administration promised military aid and training to Diem in return for a stable reform government in the South. Diem ushered in a government that suppressed opposition of any kind and offered little or no land distribution to peasants. In addition, Diem, a devout Catholic, angered the country's large Buddhist population by restricting Buddhist practices. He believed the Buddhists were supportive of the communists. In one famous incident a Buddhist monk burned himself alive and it was seen on television around the world. The incident horrified Americans and made Diem unpopular in the U.S. By 1957, a Communist opposition group in the South, known as the Vietcong, had begun attacks on the Diem government, assassinating thousands of South Vietnamese government officials. While the group would later be called the National Liberation Front (NLF), the United States continued to refer to the fighters as the Vietcong. Ho Chi Minh supported the group, which had strong Communist ties. In 1959, Ho Chi Minh began supplying arms to the Vietcong via a network of paths along the border of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia that became known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail. As the fighters stepped up their surprise attacks, or guerrilla tactics, South Vietnam grew more unstable. The Eisenhower administration took little action, however, deciding to "sink or swim with President Ngo Dinh Diem."

67.

____ was the president of North Vietnam and _____ was the president of South Vietnam

a.	Ngo Dinh Diem - Ho Chi Minh	c.	Viet Kong - Viet Minh
b.	Ho Chi Minh - Ngo Dinh Diem.	d.	Mao Tsi Tung - Ho Chi Minh

68.

Why did the U.S. agree with Diem to cancel the elections that they promised to hold in 1956?

a.	There was not time to organize elections.	c.	The U.S. did not want to have to pay the expense of elections.
b.	The Vietnamese people were not literate enough to elect a president	d.	They were afraid that the communist, Ho Chi Minh would win the elections

69.

What effect did the monk who burned himself alive on TV have on America?

a.	Helped to turn Americans against Diem	c.	Turned Americans against Buddhists
b.	Helped to turn Americans against Ho Chi Minh	d.	Had no effect at all

70.

Where was the base of the Vietcong?

a.	North Vietnam	c.	Communist China
b.	South Vietnam	d.	North Korea

71.

What group destabilized the South Vietnam government by murdering thousands of government officials and ordinary citizens?

a.	Vietminh	c.	CIA
b.	Diem military squads	d.	Vietcong

	KENNEDY AND VIETNAM The Kennedy administration, which entered the White House in 1961, also supported President Diem. However. Kennedy was wary of accusations that Democrats were "soft" on communism. In fact, Kennedy, a catholic, was a strong anti-communist. Therefore, he increased financial aid to Diem's regime and sent thousands of military advisers to help train South Vietnamese troops in their battle against the NLF (National Liberation Front). By the end of 1963, almost 16,000 U.S. military personnel were in South Vietnam. Meanwhile, Diem's popularity plummeted because of social unrest and lack of land reform. To combat the growing Vietcong
presence in the South's countryside, the Diem administration initiated the strategic hamlet program, which meant moving all villagers to protected areas. Many Vietnamese deeply resented being moved from their home villages where they had lived for generations and where ancestors were buried. Diem also intensified his attack on the Buddhist monks. Fed up with continuing Buddhist demonstrations, the South Vietnamese ruler imprisoned hundreds of Buddhist clerics and destroyed their temples. To protest, several Buddhist monks and nuns publicly burned themselves to death. Horrified, American officials urged Diem to stop the persecutions, but Diem refused. It had become clear that for South Vietnam to remain stable, Diem would have to go. On November 1, 1963, a U.S.-supported military coup toppled Diem's regime. Diem and his family were murdered. A few weeks later, Kennedy too fell to an assassin's bullet. The presidency-along with the growing crisis in Vietnam-now belonged to Lyndon B. Johnson.

72.

By 1963, which American president had put the most U.S. forces in Vietnam and made the biggest commitment against communism there?

a.	Truman	c.	Kennedy
b.	Eisenhower	d.	Johnson

73.

President Diem attacked the Buddhist demonstrators, started a program called the strategic hamlet program and worked to preserve the land for its owners. All of these actions made Diem _____ in Vietnam.

a.	unpopular	c.	valued
b.	popular	d.	honored

74.

What president inherited the Vietnam war from John F.Kennedy?

a.	Dwight Eisenhower	c.	Lyndon Johnson
b.	Harry Truman	d.	Barry Goldwater

	President Johnson Expands the Conflict Some people claim that shortly before his death, Kennedy had announced his intent to withdraw U.S. forces from South Vietnam. "In the final analysis, it's their war," he declared. Whether Kennedy would have, in fact, withdrawn from Vietnam remains a matter of debate. His actions show otherwise and his history shows that he was an anti-communist and committed to South Vietnam. Lyndon Johnson continued the Kennedy policies and escalated-or increased-the nation's role in Vietnam. Johnson kept most of the Kennedy advisors so there was a continuation of the Kennedy policies in the Johnson administration.
The South Grows More Unstable Diem's death brought more chaos to South Vietnam. A string of military leaders attempted to lead the country, but each regime was more unstable and inefficient than Diem's had been. Meanwhile, the Vietcong's influence in the countryside steadily grew.To President Johnson, a Communist takeover of South Vietnam would be disastrous. As a Democratic president, Lyndon Johnson was particularly sensitive to being perceived as "soft" on communism. A Democrat, Harry Truman, had been president when China fell to the Communist Party in 1948, unleashing charges by some Republicans that the Democrats had "lost" China. In addition, many of Senator Joseph McCarthy's charges during the 1950s of Communist infiltrators in America had been directed against Democrats. For these political reasons, Johnson wanted to avoid being accused of "losing" Vietnam. "If I ... let the Communists take over South Vietnam," Johnson said, "then ... my nation would be seen as an appeaser, and we would find it impossible to accomplish anything ... anywhere on the entire globe."

75.

The government that came after the Diem government was

a.	better than the Diem government	c.	worse than the Diem government
b.	the same as the Diem government	d.	a little bit better than the Diem government

76.

After the Diem was assassinated the influence of the Vietcong in South Vietnam

a.	decreased	c.	stayed the same
b.	was eliminated	d.	increased

77.

America was an anti-communist country and so were her presidents. Both Kennedy and Johnson were afraid of being called _____ communism by the American public. They were both Democrats and their party had that reputation.

a.	soft on	c.	resentful to
b.	hard on	d.	unreasonable to

THE TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION

On August 2, 1964, a North Vietnamese patrol boat fired a torpedo at an American destroyer, the U.S.S. Maddox, which was patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin off the North Vietnamese coast. The torpedo missed its target, but the Maddox inflicted heavy damage on the patrol boat.

Two days later, the Maddox and another destroyer were again off the North Vietnamese coast. In spite of bad weather, technicians reported enemy torpedoes. The American destroyers began firing. The attack on the U.S. ships prompted Johnson to launch bombing strikes on North Vietnam. He also asked Congress for powers to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." Congress overwhelmingly approved Johnson's request, with only two senators voting against it. On August 7, Congress adopted the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. While not a declaration of war, it granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam.

Johnson did not tell Congress or the American people that the United States had been leading secret raids against North Vietnam. The Maddox had been in the Gulf of Tonkin to collect information for these raids. Furthermore, Johnson and his advisors from the Kennedy administration had prepared the resolution months beforehand and was only waiting for the chance to push it through Congress.

In February of 1965, President Johnson used his newly granted powers. In response to a Vietcong attack that killed eight Americans, Johnson unleashed Operation Rolling Thunder, the first sustained bombing of North Vietnam. In March of that year the first American combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam. By June, more than 50,000 U.S. soldiers were battling the Vietcong. The Vietnam War had become Americanized.

78.

What prompted President Johnson to bomb North Vietnam?

a.	Attacks on navy ships by North Vietnam	c.	Attacks on navy ships by South Vietnam
b.	Attacks on North Vietnam boats	d.	Vietcong attacks on navy ships

79.

The U.S. Constitution says that only the U.S. Congress can declare war. Where then did President Johnson get the Power to fight the war in Vietnam?

a.	The Washington Resolution	c.	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
b.	The North Vietnam Accords	d.	Vienna Accords

80.

Kennedy and Johnson are to communism as George Bush is to ...

a.	socialism	c.	Vietnam
b.	Iraq	d.	terrorism

81.

It can safely be said that Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon after him, all agree that Vietnam was part of a world-wide struggle against communism and for freedom in the world.

False

True

Much of the nation supported Lyndon Johnson's determination to contain communism in Vietnam . Therefore, President Johnson began sending large numbers of American troops to fight alongside the South Vietnamese Army against the forces of the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese Army. Johnson did not want to send more troops to Vietnam but his Generals believed the South Vietnam army could not win alone. Working closely with his foreign-policy advisers, particularly Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and Secretary of State Dean Rusk, President Johnson began dispatching tens of thousands of U.S. soldiers to fight in Vietnam.
A 1965 poll showed that 61 percent of Americans supported the U.S . policy in Vietnam, while only 24 percent opposed it. There were dissenters in the Johnson administration. In October of 1964, Undersecretary of State George Ball argued against escalation. Remember, Johnson kept Kennedy’s advisors and continued his policies on Vietnam. They had a strong influence on Johnson so he sent more troops.

The American commander in South Vietnam, General William Westmoreland said he wanted more troops. By 1967, the number of U.S .
troops in Vietnam had climbed to about 500,000.

82.

Johnson felt that the South Vietnam army was not able to fight the war against the North without help. What did Johnson do?

a.	Sent more military aid to the South	c.	Asked the Chinese in Taiwan to help
b.	Discussed ways to get out of Vietnam	d.	Send more American troops

83.

What percentage of the American people supported the war in 1965?

a.	50	c.	76
b.	61	d.	most people were against the war

84.

One of the strongest Johnson advisors who supported the war was Secretary of Defense _____

a.	George Ball	c.	Dean Rusk
b.	Robert McNamara	d.	George McBundy

85.

Who was General of U.S. forces in Vietnam?

a.	General George Ball	c.	Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara
b.	General William Westrmorland	d.	Secretary of State Dean Rusk

The Vietcong

*Vietcong*	Ho Chi Minh North Vietnam Leader Supported the Vietcong in the South
The United States entered the war in Vietnam believing that its superior weaponry would lead it to victory over the Vietcong. However, the jungle terrain and the enemy's guerrilla tactics soon turned the war into a frustrating stalemate. Because the Vietcong lacked the high-powered weaponry of the American forces, they used hit-and-run and ambush tactics, as well as a keen knowledge of the jungle terrain, to their advantage. Moving secretly in and out of the general population, the Vietcong destroyed the notion of a frontline by attacking U.S . troops in both the cities and the countryside . Because some of the enemy lived amidst the civilian population, it became increasingly difficult for U .S. troops to discern friend from foe . A woman selling soft drinks to U .S. soldiers might be a Vietcong spy. A boy standing on the corner might be ready to throw a grenade. In addition, the enemy laced the terrain with countless booby traps and land mines . American soldiers marching through South Vietnam's jungles and rice paddies dealt not only with sweltering heat and leeches but also with deadly traps. The Vietcong also had an elaborate system of tunnels throughout Vietnam. General Westmorland introduced the concept of the body count, or the tracking of Vietcong killed in battle, the general believed that as the number of Vietcong dead rose, the enemy's surrender would become inevitable . However, the Vietcong had no intention of quitting their fight. What Ho Chi Minh had told the French in the 1940s applied also to the Americans, "You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours," he warned, "but even at those odds, you will lose and I will win ." The campaign to win the "hearts and minds" of the South Vietnamese villagers proved more difficult than the Americans imagined. Some of the tactics the Americans used to battle the Vietcong also harmed much of the rural population. For instance, in their attempt to expose Vietcong tunnels and hideouts, the U.S . planes dropped napalm, a gasoline-based bomb that set fire to the jungle. American planes also sprayed Agent Orange, a leaf-killing toxic chemical that devastated the landscape. The saturation use of these weapons often wounded villagers and left villages and their surrounding area in ruins.

86.

Who had the superior weapons in Vietnam?

a.	the Americans	c.	the Vietminh
b.	the Vietcong	d.	the North Vietnamese

87.

It can be said that Americans were

a.	happy about their success in winning over the civilian population in South Vietnam	c.	frustrated about their inability to win over the villagers
b.	unconcerned about winning over the civilian population	d.	able to win over the civilian population

88.

Judging by the comments of their leaders, who had the greatest concern for human life?

a.	the Vietcong	c.	the South Vietnamese
b.	the North Vietnamese	d.	the Americans

Sinking Morale
In the beginning the morale of the American troops was high. Also many of the troops were volunteers and many came from middle and upper middle class home. As the war continued, American morale dropped steadily. as some soldiers turned to alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs. The new people coming into the army reflected the new American culture with its emphasis on drugs. The late 1960’s was the start of the “hippie” generation. Morale would worsen during the later years of the war when soldiers realized they were fighting even as their government was negotiating for peace.
Despite the low morale among some U.S. troops, most soldiers firmly believed in their cause-to halt the spread of communism. They took patriotic pride in fulfilling their duty, just as their fathers had done in World War II.
Many American soldiers fought courageously. Particularly heroic were the thousands of soldiers who endured years of torture and confinement as prisoners of war.Their torture was made worse by the anti-war protests at home.

Soldiers using drugs in Vietnam

89.

Which statement below is true about American soldiers in Vietnam?

a.	later in the war some took drugs	c.	later in the war none took drugs
b.	later in the war all took drugs	d.	most took drugs all through the war

90.

Which statement below is true about solders in Vietnam?

a.	The use of drugs by some soldiers reflected their frustration with the war	d.	all of these statements are true
b.	Not all soldiers used drugs, most were conscientious and dedicated fighters	e.	none of these statements are true
c.	The soldiers in Vietnam were kids who reflected the culture they cam from

91.

What effect did the anti-war protests have on the American prisoners of war in Vietnam?

a.	made imprisonment a little better	c.	had no effect on imprisonment
b.	made imprisonment a-lot worse	d.	the Vietnamese had no knowledge of the anti-war protests in America

Secretary of State Dean Rusk - President Johnson - Secretary of Defense Robert McManara

THE GREAT SOCIETY SUFFERS
When President Johnson took office from Kennedy, he wanted to put in place many new domestic programs called, “The Great Society.” Medicare was one of those domestic programs. As the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam continued to mount, the war grew more costly. As a result, the nation's economy began to suffer. The inflation rate, which had remained at 2 percent through most of the early 1960s, nearly tripled by 1969. President Johnson had been determined to pay for both the war and his Great Society programs. Inflation means there is a rise in prices.

However, the cost of financing the Vietnam War became too great. In August of 1967, Johnson asked for a tax increase to help fund the war and to keep inflation in check. Congressional conservatives agreed, but only after demanding and receiving a $6 billion reduction in funding for Great Society programs. Vietnam was slowly claiming an early casualty: Johnson's grand vision of domestic reform.

92.

The “Great Society” was a

a.	military program	c.	domestic program
b.	Vietnam war program	d.	financial program

93.

We can infer from the reading that _____ might be part of the President Johnson’s “Great Society”

a.	aid to education	c.	military pay raises to boost morale
b.	scientific research into new weapons	d.	political fund raising

94.

The opposite of a conservative is a liberal. Therefore we can infer from the reading that President Johnson must have been a _____ on domestic issues.

a.	conservative	c.	a hawk
b.	socialist	d.	liberal

95.

Put these wars in the correct order according to the presidents who administered them
World War I - World War II - Vietnam - Iraq

a.	Roosevelt - Wilson - Johnson - Bush	c.	Wilson - Roosevelt - Johnson - Bush
b.	Roosevelt - Johnson - Wilson - Bush	d.	Johnson - Wilson - Bush - Roosevelt

96.

If the inflation rate rises as it did in the Vietnam war, the same amount of money will buy _____

a.	more	c.	the same
b.	less	d.	inflation has no effect on the value of money

The Living Room War

By 1967, a majority of Americans still supported the war. However, cracks were beginning to show. The media, mainly television, helped heighten the nation's growing concern about the war. Vietnam was America's first "living-room war," in which footage of combat appeared nightly on the news in millions of homes. And what people saw on their television screens seemed to contradict the optimistic war scenario that the Johnson administration was painting. Quoting body-count statistics that showed large numbers of Communists dying in battle, General Westmoreland continually reported that a Vietcong surrender was imminent. Victory "lies within our grasp-the enemy's hopes are bankrupt," he declared. Defense Secretary McNamara backed up the general's rosy analyses. saying that he could see *"the light at the end of the tunnel."*	Senator William Fulbright Critic of the Johnson Vietnam policy
However, the repeated television images of Americans in body bags told a different story. Communists may have been dying, but so too were Americans nearly 16,000 between 1965 and 1967. Critics charged that a credibility gap was growing between what the Johnson administration reported and what was really happening. One such critic was Senator J. William Fulbright, chairman of the powerful Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Fulbright, a former Johnson ally, charged the president with a "lack of candor" in portraying the war effort. In early 1966, the senator conducted a series of televised committee hearings to investigate the Johson war policies. It was in 1967 that the war protest movement on college campuses grew and began to be noticed.

97.

Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara said, “We see light at the end of the tunnel” What did he mean?

a.	there is no end insight for the war	c.	the Vietcong are being driven out of their tunnels
b.	the war will be over soon	d.	critics of the war have “tunnel vision”

98.

Why was the Vietnam war called, “the living room war?”

a.	people could see the war every night on television	c.	America needed living room and that is one of the reasons we went to war
b.	most Americans were untouched by the way and went about their lives normally	d.	most soldiers preferred their living rooms at home to the Vietnam jungles

99.

The difference between what Americans were told by the Johnson administration and what they saw on television every night was called

a.	light at the end of the tunnel	c.	body count
b.	Johnsons folly	d.	the credibility gap

100.

The Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, was William Fullbright. How did he feel about the war?

a.	he was unconcerned	c.	he was suspicious and critical
b.	he ignored it	d.	he was supportive

101.

Which media was responsible for raising the American publics concern over the Vietnam war?

a.	television	c.	General Westmorland
b.	the Department of Defense	d.	the college campus protests

A Working-Class War

The idea of fighting a war in a faraway place for what some believed was a questionable cause prompted a number of young Americans to avoid going to Vietnam. Because many middle-class and upper-class American youths were able-through college and other means-to avoid military service, most of the soldiers who fought in Vietnam were from the lower economic classes of American society.
A “MANIPULATABLE” DRAFT Most soldiers who fought in Vietnam were drafted into combat under the country’s Selective Service System. Under this system, which had been established in the 1940s during World War II, all males had to register with their local draft boards when they turned 18. In the event of a war, the board called men between the ages of 18 and 26 into military service as they were needed . Thousands of men attempted to find ways around the draft. Because many medical excuses were honored, some men sought out sympathetic doctors to obtain medical deferments . Local draft boards decided who would be drafted. Different draft boards had different qualifications, which prompted some men to change residences in order to stand before more lenient boards. Some Americans even joined the National Guard or Coast Guard, which often secured a deferment from service in Vietnam. One of the most common ways to avoid the draft was to receive a college deferment, by which a young man enrolled in a university could put off his military service. Because most university students during the 1960s were white and some were financially well-off, many of the men who fought in Vietnam were lower-class whites or

minorities who were less privileged economically. To be sure, the majority of Americans who were drafted proudly went to Vietnam .

Others volunteered to fight, their reasons ranging from a sense of duty to a feeling of patriotism. Nonetheless, with almost 80 percent of American soldiers coming from lower economic levels, Vietnam was a working-class war

102.

Almost 80 percent of soldiers who fought in Vietnam were _____ .

a.	middle class college students	c.	from the South
b.	from non-college lower economic levels	d.	from the Northeast

103.

Americans were drafted into wars as far back as the American Revolution. The present system for drafting soldiers was called the “Selective Service System.” It was made-up of local people who tried to be fair and decided who would be drafted and who would not. When was the Selective Service System established.?

a.	World War I	c.	Civil War
b.	World War II	d.	1920’s

104.

To get out of the draft because you were in college was one of the main ways to escape service. This method was called a college _____

a.	probation	c.	deferment
b.	annulment	d.	extension

Women and Minorities in the War
While there was some racial tension in the military during the Vietnam war, there was much less tension than there was in the civilian sector. The civil rights movement was in full swing in the United States and that led to some of the tension. Dr. Martin Luther King did not agree with the war and he spoke out against it. Finally, there was some natural resentment of soldiers who looked at the thousands of college students who did not have to be called to duty. There was a high percentage of black soldiers who were killed but that was because of their economic status rather than any conscious effort to put black soldiers in harms way. Most black soldiers were loyal and heroic. Some found themselves in positions of leadership for the first time in their lives during the war. Colin Powell fought in Vietnam,

While the U .S . military in the 1960s did not allow females to serve in combat, nearly 7,500 women served in Vietnam as army and navy nurses. Thousands more women volunteered their services in Vietnam to the American Red Cross and the United Services Organization (USO), which delivered hospitality and entertainment to the troops.

105.

There was a conscious effort to push black soldiers onto the front lines during the Vietnam war.

True

False

106.

The civil rights movement in the U.S. took place _____ the war in Vietnam.

a.	before	c.	after
b.	because of	d.	during

107.

Women in Vietnam served in _____ positions.

a.	combat	c.	leadership
b.	non-combat	d.	fighting

108.

Dr. Martin Luther King spoke out _____ the war in Vietnam.

a.	against	c.	in favor of
b.	in silence for	d.	quietly in favor of

Anti War Movement Emerges
In the years prior to America’s involvement in Vietnam, an atmosphere of protest already existed in many college campuses. In contrast to the general contentment that characterized the youths of the 1950s, students in the early 1960s had become more active socially and politically . Some had participated in the civil rights struggle, while others had answered President Kennedy’s call to more actively pursue public service . By the mid-sixties, many youths believed! the nation to be in need of fundamental change.
THE NEW LEFT The growing youth movement of the 1960s became known as the New Left, which encompassed many different activist groups and organizations . The movement was “new” in relation to the “old left” of the 1930s, which generally tried to move the nation toward socialism, and, in some cases, communism . While the New Left movement did not preach socialism, its followers demanded sweeping changes in American society.
Voicing these demands was one of the better-known New Left organizations, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) . Tom Hayden and Al Haber, two University of Michigan students, founded the group in 1959. Three years later, they convened a meeting in Port Huron, Michigan, to draft the group’s declaration. Known as the Port Huron Statement, it began : “We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit.” The statement, which charged that corporations and large government institutions had taken over America, called for a restoration of “participatory democracy” and greater individual freedom.

In 1964, another New Left group gained prominence . At the University of California at Berkeley, the Free Speech Movement (FSM) grew out of a clash between students and administrators over free speech on campus. Led by Mario Savio, a philosophy major and a dynamic speaker, the FSM soon focused its criticism on what it called the American “machine,” the nation’s faceless and powerful business and government institutions .

CAMPUS ACTIVISM The strategies and tactics of the FSM and SDS soon spread to colleges throughout the country. There, students addressed mostly campus issues, such as dress codes, curfews, dormitory regulations, and mandatory Reserved Officer Training Corps (ROTC) programs . At Fairleigh Dickinson University in New Jersey, students marched merely as “an expression of general student discontent With the onset of the Vietnam War, the students suddenly found a galvanizing issue . At campuses across the country, American youths joined together to protest the war.

"It isn't the rebels who cause the troubles of the world, it's the troubles that cause the rebels.".. Carl Oglesby, SDS

Tom Hayden and Jane Fonda

What motivated these young people to protest?. Was it idealism, was it a desire to avoid the draft or was it a way to be “cool?”. Maybe a little of each. To be in favor of the war and in college in the 60’s and 70’s was to be alienated from your classmates and many of your college professors. The anti-war groups had the drugs, the music and the girls. Beards, beads and sandals were “in.”

109.

Comparing the 1950’s to the 1960’s, which statement below is not true

a.	60’s youth were more intelligent	c.	60’s youth were more concerned about social issues
b.	60’s youth were more liberated	d.	60’s youth were more aware of politics

110.

The SDS and other activist groups of the 1960’s became known as

a.	the old left	c.	the Socialist left
b.	the new left	d.	the new right

111.

SDS stood for ....

a.	Soviet Demonstration Society	c.	Students for Democratic Society
b.	Saving Democracy Society	d.	Students for Demonstration Societies

112.

The new left was anti

a.	business	c.	traditions
b.	war	d.	all of these

THE MOVEMENT GROWS
Throughout the spring of 1965, a number of colleges began to host “teach-ins” to protest the war. At the University of Michigan, where only a year before, President Johnson had announced his sweeping Great Society program, teachers and students now assailed his war policy. “This is no longer a casual form of campus spring fever,” journalist James Reston noted about the growing demonstrations . As the war continued, the protests grew and divided the country between those Americans who supported their government’s policy in Vietnam and those who opposed it.
In April of 1965, SDS helped organize a march on
Washington, D .C., by some 20,000 protesters . By November of that year, a protest rally in Washington drew more than 30,000. Then, in January of 1966, the Johnson administration changed deferments for college students . Students now had to be in good academic standing to defer their military service . Campuses around the country erupted in protest. SDS called for civil disobedience at Selective Service Centers and openly counseled students to flee to Canada or Sweden . By the end of 1967, SDS had chapters on nearly 300 campuses. The protesters claimed that the conflict in Vietnam was basically a civil war and that the U.S. military had no busi ness there. Others argued that the United States could not police the world. Still others saw the war simply as morally unjust.
As the antiwar movement grew, it reached outside the college campuses and touched other groups in society. Small numbers of returning veterans also began to protest the war. Some antiwar veterans returned their medals to President Johnson. In addition, many musicians took up the antiwar cause. Folk singers such as Peter, Paul and Mary and Joan Baez led the way as music became a popular protest vehicle . Soon protest songs even conquered the pop-music charts. Number one in September 1965 was “Eve of Destruction,” in which singer Barry McGuire stressed the ironic fact that in the 1960s an American male could be drafted at 18 but had to be 21 to vote :

113.

By 1968 the U.S. was divided between _____

a.	business and labor	c.	pro Vietnam war and anti Vietnam war
b.	Great Society and those against	d.	soldiers and civilians

114.

In 1966 the Johnson administration ruled that students needed to be a student in good academic standing at a college in order to have a deferment. What was the result of this ruling?

a.	Some students fled to Canada	c.	Campuses erupted into protest
b.	Demonstrations at Selective Service Offices	d.	All of these

115.

Every paragraph has a topic sentence. It is the main idea of the paragraph. The rest of the sentences are supporting details that support the main idea. What is the topic sentence of the last paragraph above?

a.	Some antiwar veterans returned their medals to President Johnson	c.	Soon protest songs even conquered the pop-music charts
b.	As the antiwar movement grew, it reached outside the college campuses and touched other groups in society	d.	In addition, many musicians took up the antiwar cause

FROM PROTEST TO RESISTANCE
From 1965 to 1967, the antiwar movement intensified. “We were having no effect on U.S . policy,” recalled one protest leader. “So we thought we had to up the ante.” In the spring of 1967, nearly half a million protesters of all ages gathered in New York’s Central Park. Shouting “Burn cards, not people” and “Hell, no, we won’t go!” hundreds tossed their draft cards into a bonfire . Many in the park were protesting for the first time. A housewife from New Jersey told a reporter, “So many of us are frustrated. We want to criticize this war because we think it’s wrong, but we want to do it in the framework of loyalty.”
Draft resistance continued from 1967 until President Nixon phased out the draft in the early 1970s During these years, the U.S. government accused more than 200,000 men of draft offenses and imprisoned nearly 4,000 draft resisters. (Most won parole after 6 to 12 months behind bars, while some served four or five years.) Throughout these years, about 10,000 Americans fled to Canada rather than serve in the military.

Responding to antiwar posters, Americans who supported the government's Vietnam policy developed their own slogans : "Support our men in Vietnam" and "America-love it or leave it." In one incident construction workers came down from the buildings they were working on and beat protestors in an anti-Vietnam parade when the protestors defaced the American flag. Because they wore construction hard hats, the term, “hard-hat,” now has come to mean anyone who is a conservative patriotic middle class working person.

116.

The passage above shows clearly that Americans were _____ over the war in Vietnam.

a.	polarized	c.	unconcerned
b.	united	d.	enthused

117.

What president ended the draft in 1970?

a.	Johnson	c.	Carter
b.	Nixon	d.	Reagan

WAR DIVIDES THE NATION
By 1967, Americans increasingly found themselves divided into two camps regarding the war. Those who strongly opposed the war and believed the United States should withdraw were known as doves. Feeling just as strongly that America should unleash a greater show of military force to end the war were the hawks.
Despite the visibility of the antiwar protesters, a majority of American citizens in 1967 still remained committed to the war. In May of that year, a prowar march through the streets of Manhattan drew 20,000 people . During this time, a poll showed that two-thirds of Americans still felt that the war was justified. And while only 10 percent of Americans approved of’ the administration’s present level of commitment in Vietnam, about 50 percent felt that “increased attacks” against North Vietnam would help win the war. A poll taken in December of 1967 showed that 70 percent of Americans believed the war protests were “acts of disloyalty.”
JOHNSON REMAINS DETERMINED
Throughout the turmoil and division that engulfed the country during the early years of the war, President Johnson remained firm. Attacked by doves for not withdrawing and by hawks for not increasing military power rapidly enough, Johnson continued his policy of slow escalation . As for the protesters who paraded outside his window, the president saw them as misguided and misinformed. They “wouldn’t know a Communist if they tripped over one,” he declared.
However, by the end of 1967, Johnson’s policy-and the continuing stalemate-had begun to create turmoil within his own administration . In November, Defense Secretary McNamara, a key architect of U.S. escalation in Vietnam, quietly announced he was resigning to become head of the World Bank.
As it happened, McNamara’s resignation came on the threshold of the most tumultuous year of the sixties. In 1968 the war-and Johnson’s presidency would take a drastic turn for the worse .

118.

People who were against the war in Vietnam were called _____ and those in favor of the war were called _____

a.	hawks - doves	c.	doves - hawks
b.	pigeons - eagles	d.	fish - sharks

119.

In 1967 _____ of the people in the U.S. supported the war.

a.	a majority	c.	only a minority
b.	only a slight majority	d.	half

120.

This person was a holdover from the Kennedy administrtion and was the main architect of the Vietnam war. After guiding President Johnson into the war he resigned in 1967. Who was he?

a.	Robert McNamara	c.	Maxwell Clark
b.	Bobby Kennedy	d.	Jerry Rubins

121.

Which group wanted to increase the war effort to finally win the war in Vietnam?

a.	SDS	c.	FSM
b.	hawks	d.	American Eagles

The year 1968 began with a daring surprise attack by the Vietcong on numerous cities in South Vietnam. The simultaneous strikes, while a military defeat for the Communist guerrillas, stunned the American public and caused many people with moderate views to begin turning against the war.
A SURPRISE ATTACK
January 30 was the Vietnamese New Year’s Eve. The lunar new year festivities were called Tet. Throughout that day in 1968, villagers streamed into cities across South Vietnam to celebrate their New Year. At the time of the Tet celebration, many funerals were being held for victims of the war. As it turned out, the coffins contained weapons, and many of the villagers were Vietcong agents . That night the enemy launched an attack on nearly 100 towns and cities in South Vietnam, as well as 12 U.S . air bases . The fighting was especially fierce in Saigon and in the former imperial capital of Hue. The Vietcong even attacked the U.S. embassy in Saigon, killing five Americans there. The Tet offensive continued for nearly a month before U.S . and South Vietnamese forces regained control of the cities General Westmoreland declared the attacks an overwhelming defeat for the Vietcong. From a purely military standpoint, Westmoreland was right. The Vietcong lost about 32,000 soldiers during the month-long battle, while the American and ARVN (South Vietnam) forces lost little more than 3,000.
However, from a psychological-and political-standpoint, the Vietcong made gains. Despite its overall military failure, the Tet offensive greatly shook an American public that had come to believe that the enemy was close to defeat. The Johnson administration’s credibility gap suddenly widened to a point from which it would never recover.

Many Americans no longer believed the administration. Part of the problem for the U.S. was the way the Tet Offensive was reported in the American media. People who opposed the war, many in the media, used Tet to prove that the U.S. was loosing the war. In fact, the U.S. was winning the war but the perception was that the U.S. was loosing. In the political world, perception is everything and the perception was that President Johnson was defeated by the Vietnam war.

122.

What was Tet

a.	Summer holiday for the Vietnamese	c.	The holiday equal to our Christmas
b.	Vietnamese New Year	d.	Election Day in Vietnam

123.

The Tet offensive was a military defeat for

a.	the U.S.	c.	neither the U.S. nor the Vietnamese
b.	the Communists Vietnamese	d.	both the Communists and the U.S.

124.

The Tet offensive was a psychological defeat for

a.	the U.S.	c.	neither the U.S. or the communists
b.	the Communist Vietnamese	d.	both the U.S. and the communists

125.

Look at the map. The Ho Chi Min Trail was a series of trails that the North Vietnamese used to supply the Vietcong and the North Vietnam soldiers in the South. What countries did the Ho Chi Minh trail go through?

a.	Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam	c.	Cambodia, Thailand, China
b.	Laos, Cambodia, Thailand	d.	North Vietnam, Thailand,

A NATION TURNS ON JOHNSON
The main-stream media, which had reported the war in a skeptical but generally balanced way, now openly criticized the war.One of the nation’s most respected journalists, Walter Cronkite, told his viewers that it now seemed “more certain than ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate.” In a matter of weeks, the Tet offensive had changed millions of minds about the war. Minds were also changing at the White House. To fill the defense secretary position left vacant by Robert McNamara’s resignation, Johnson picked Clark Clifford, a trusted friend and strong supporter of the president’s Vietnam pol icy. However, after settling in and studying the situation, Clifford concluded that the war was unwinnable. “We seem to have a sinkhole,” Clifford said . “We put in more-they match it . I see more and more fighting with more and more casualties on the U.S . side and no end in sight to the action.
In the weeks following the Tet offensive, Johnson’s popularity plummeted. In public opinion polls taken at the end of February 1968, nearly 60 percent of the American public disapproved of the president’s handling of the war. Nearly half of the country now felt it had been a mistake to send American troops to Vietnam. Johnson recognized the change, too. Upon learning of Cronkite’s pessimistic analysis of the war, the president lamented, “If I’ve lost Walter, then its over. I’ve lost Mr.Average Citizen”

126.

Who was Walter Cronkite?

a.	A popular Senator	c.	A popular nightly news broadcaster
b.	A popular Talk Radio Host	d.	The host of the Tonight Show

127.

President Johnson relied heavily on advice from former Kennedy advisors about the war in Vietnam. Events showed that the advise he got was

a.	good	c.	pro communist
b.	helpful	d.	faulty

128.

What does this passage suggest about the American Presidency?

a.	The president has the ultimate responsibility for foreign policy in the U.S.	c.	The president is not responsible for the war because he used Kennedy’s advisors.
b.	Congress is responsible for foreign affairs	d.	The Supreme Court should have helped Johnson with the Vietnam war

JOHNSON WITHDRAWS

Well before the Tet offensive, an antiwar coalition within the Democratic Party had taken steps to unseat President Johnson . The group sought a Democratic candidate to challenge Johnson in the 1968 presidential primary election. Senator Gene McCarthy, a strong critic of the war, and declared he would run against Johnson. McCarthy was a Democrat and it was unusual for a Democrat to run against his own President. Robert Kennedy promised McCarthy that he would not run for President but said he would support McCarthy. In fact no one thought McCarthy had a chance of beating Johnson.
In the New Hampshire Democratic primary in March 1968, Senator McCarthy shocked the nation by capturing 42 percent of the vote. While Johnson won the primary with 48 percent of the vote, the slim margin of victory was viewed as a defeat for the president. Johnson seemed weak in the polls so Kennedy went back on his promise to McCarthy and announced that he too was running for president against Johnson.
It is a well known fact that Johnson and Kennedy had a deep dislike for each other going back as far as 1960. Johnson felt that the Kennedy’s looked down on him because he was not born rich and went to a small, unknown college. Many people believed that Johnson could not bear to loose the presidential election to Bobby Kennedy. This fact may have contributed to the following event.

President Johnson decided not to run for President again

On March 31, 1968, President Johnson made a speech to the nation on Vietnam. He ended the speech by saying, Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as president.” The president was stepping down from national politics, his grand plan for domestic reform done in by a costly and divisive war. Johnson admitted that the Vietnam war had killed his “Great Society plans.“

129.

Why did Johnson fear he would not be able to beat Robert Kennedy in an election for President?

a.	Kennedy had more money	c.	Johnson was low in the polls and unpopular at the time
b.	Kennedy was better looking	d.	Kennedy, like Johnson was in favor of the war.

130.

If McCarthy got 42% of the vote in New Hampshire, and Johnson got 48% of the vote, why was it considered a defeat for Johnson?

a.	McCarthy was a Republican	c.	Neither candidate got a majority
b.	To be president you need 268 electoral votes	d.	No one expected McCarthy to do that well against a sitting president

131.

What was the “grand plan for national reform” that Johnson believed he was unable to complete because of the Vietnam war?

a.	The New Deal	c.	Vietnamization
b.	The Square Deal	d.	The Great Society

132.

Why did a coalition form inside the Democratic party to try and unseat President Johnson from the presidency?

a.	They did not like the Great Society	c.	They wanted George Wallace to win because of his stand on segregation
b.	They favored Richard Nixon	d.	They did not like Johnson’s stand on the Vietnam war

VIOLENCE AND PROTEST GRIP THE NATION in the 1960’s
The Democrats-as well as the nation-were in for more shock in 1968. Johnson’s startling announcement had barely sunk in when America was rocked by the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on April 4. In the wake of the civil rights leader’s death, violence ripped through more than 100 U.S . cities as enraged followers of King burned buildings and destroyed neighborhoods .
Violence and rage engulfed the nation’s capital for several days, as rioters set more than 700 fires. Federal army troops in full combat gear were called in to protect the Capitol and the White House. By the end of the week, 21,000 federal troops and 34,000 National Guardsmen had been called upon to subdue the rioting across the country. When it was all over, 46 persons were dead, more than 3,000 were injured and some 27,000 were arrested . Just two months later, a bullet cut down yet another popular national figure.
By June of 1968, Robert Kennedy had become a strong candidate in the Democratic primary, drawing support heavily from minorities and urban Democratic voters . On Tune 4, Kennedy won the California primary. Just after midnight, he gave a victory speech at a Los Angeles hotel . On his way out of the hotel, he passed through the Hotel’s kitchen . A young Palestinian immigrant, Sirhan Sirllan, was hiding in the kitchen with a gun. Sirhan, who later said he was angered by Kennedy’s support of Israel, fatally shot the senator.
Meanwhile, the nation’s college campuses continued to erupt in protest. During the first six months of 1968, almost 40,000 students on more than 100 campuses took part in 221 major demonstrations . While many of the demonstrations continued to target U .S . involvement in the Vietnam War- -students also clashed with university officials over campus and social issues. A massive student protest at Columbia University in New York City held the nation’s attention for a week in April . There, students protesting the university’s community policies took over several buildings. Police eventually restored order and arrested nearly 900 protesters .
The violent decade of the 60s
1963 President John F. Kennedy assassinated
1963 Lee Harvey Oswald (Kennedy’s killer) assassination
1965 Los Angeles race riots
1965 Malcom X assassinated
1968 Martin Luther King assassinated
1968 Second race riots of the decade
1968 Robert Kennedy assassination
1968 Presidential candidate, George Wallace shot but survives (paralyzed for life)
College students riot throughout the decade
1968 Riots at the Democrat Convention in Chicago.

133.

Who killed Robert Kennedy

a.	a member of the KKK	c.	a member of the Mafia
b.	a Palestinian terrorist	d.	an environmental terrorist

134.

How did the African American community react to the assassination of Dr. King?

a.	calm sadness	c.	rage
b.	tranquil, thoughtful grief	d.	indifference

135.

What was the most violent year of the 1960s?

a.	1963	c.	1968
b.	1965	d.	1966

136.

What was “Johnson’s startling announcement” referred to in this section?

a.	he called for peace in Vietnam	c.	he claimed he was wrong in Vietnam
b.	he authorized bombing the North	d.	he announced he would not run again for president

*Rioters at the Democrat Convention*	The anti-war protesters did not like Humphry because he had supported President Johnson and they did not want to see him nominated to run for president. The chaos and violence of 1968 climaxed in Chicago. Thousands of antiwar demonstrators converged on the city to protest at the Democratic National Convention in August of that year. The contest was now between Eugene McCarthy and Vice-President Hubert Humphrey. McCarthy, while still popular with the nation’s antiwar segment, but he had little chance of defeating Humphrey, a loyal party man who had President Johnson’s support. During the last week of August,
As the delegates arrived in Chicago, so too did nearly 10,000 protesters . Led by men such as SDS veteran Tom Hayden, many demonstrators sought to pressure the Democrats into adopting an antiwar platform . Others came to voice their displeasure with Humphrey’s nomination . Still others, known as Yippies (members of the Youth International Party), had come hoping to provoke violence that might discredit the Democratic Party. Chicago’s mayor, Richard J. Daley, was determined to keep the protesters under control . With memories of the nationwide riots after King’s death still fresh, Daley mobilized 12,000 Chicago police officers and 5,000 National Guardsmen. “As long as I am mayor,” Daley vowed, “there will be law and order.” Riots broke out and the Chicago police put them down with force. People watched on television and rioters and police fought outside the convention hall. Disorder of a different kind reigned inside the convention hall, where delegates bitterly debated an antiwar plank in the party platform. When word of the riot filtered into the hall, delegates angrily shouted at Daley, who returned their shouts with equal vigor. The whole world indeed was watching-on their televisions . The images of the Democrats-both inside and outside the convention hall-as a party of disorder became etched in the minds of millions of Americans

137.

Who was the leading Democrat in the race for president at the Democrat convention?

a.	Eugene McCarthy	c.	Tom Hayden
b.	Richard Nixon	d.	Hubert Humphry

138.

Which of the candidates was a supporter of President Johnson?

a.	Hubert Humphry	c.	Tom Hayden
b.	Eugene McCarthy	d.	Bobby Kennedy

139.

Who was the mayor of Chicago who gave the order to quell the rioters in Chicago?

a.	Tom Hayden	c.	Hubert Humphry
b.	Richard Daily	d.	Abby Hoffman

140.

There was a debate raging inside the convention also. What were the delegates arguing about?

a.	Whether the party would be pro or anti war	c.	Whether they should nominate Tom Hayden of Richard Nixon
b.	How much they should increase social security	d.	Whether or not Johnson should run again

141.

Millions of people watched the Democrat convention on television. What impression did the people get of the democrat party.

a.	the Democrats were organized and in control.	c.	the Democrats were out of control and unorganized
b.	the Democrats were very democratic	d.	the Democrats were organized

	*Republican Nixon Wins*
In the 1960 election John Kennedy and Richard Nixon ran against each other. It was one of the closest elections in American history. Nixon lost and went back to California where he ran for Governor. Nixon lost that election also and everyone thought he was finished in politics. At the Republican convention Nixon announced that he would run for president. He had a great deal of support in the Republican party and he said his main issue was to restore law and order in the United States. He said he would, “bring us together.” He also said that he had a plan to win the war in Vietnam and would bring an end to that war. Nixon won the nomination of the Republican party. The millions of people who watched the Republican convention saw a well organized convention free of chaos and riots. Another person ran for president in 1968. George Wallace was a democrat and the Governor of Alabama. He was also a segregationist who tried to keep black students from entering the University of Alabama. Wallace did not like the people who were in control of the Democrat party so he decided to leave the Democrat party and run as the American Independent party candidate. He had many supporters in the Democrat party so this took support from Hubert Humphry, the Democrat candidate. So, the race for president was between three candidates in 1968; Hubert Humphry, democrat; George Wallace, American Independent; and Richard Nixon, Republican. In the U.S. each state is given a certain number of votes for president. These votes are called electoral votes and you need a majority of them to be elected. In the end, Nixon defeated Humphrey by more than 100 electoral votes. By winning the presidency Richard Nixon inherited the quagmire in Vietnam. He eventually would end America's involvement in Vietnam but it would take him another 4 years..

142.

To the millions of people watching the conventions on television in 1968, which party seemed to be the most organized and able to run the country.

a.	Republicans	c.	American Independence
b.	Democrats	d.	none of them

143.

Which candidate won more electoral votes than the other two candidates combined?

a.	Humphry	c.	Nixon
b.	Wallace	d.	none of them

144.

George Wallace had a history of anti-black going back to the time he tried to block black students from entering the University of Alabama. If it can be said that George Wallace was the anti-black candidate. What do the election results of 1968 say about racism in America?

a.	The South was the only part of the country that voted to support African Americans.	c.	Except for the South, when given the chance to vote against African Americans, most Americans refused to do so.
b.	Except for the North and West, when given the chance to vote against African Americans, most Americans refused to do so	d.	Most Americans voted to support candidates who were anti-black

145.

Which candidate ran against John F. Kennedy and later Hubert Humphry?

a.	Richard Nixon	c.	Lyndon Johnson
b.	Gene McCarthy	d.	Tom Haydon

146.

Which candidate split the Democrat party by leaving and running as an independent?

a.	Gene McCarthy	c.	George Wallace
b.	Hubert Humphry	d.	Tom Haydon

The End of the War President Nixon and Vietnamization President Nixon took office in 1969 and wanted to end the war. Right away he announced that some American troops would be withdrawn from Vietnam. He thought this might be a peace overture to North Vietnam but the Communists did not show any signs toward peace. Nixon then continued the war against North Vietnam to achieve what he called “peace with honor THE PULLOUT BEGINS President Johnson had started negotiations with North Vietnam to end the war. The talks took place in Paris. President Nixon continued the talks after he took office but the talks were going nowhere. The United States and South Vietnam insisted that all North Vietnamese forces withdraw from the South and that the government of Nguyen Van Thieu, then South Vietnam’s ruler, remain in power. The North Vietnamese and Vietcong demanded that U.S. troops withdraw from South Vietnam and that the Thieu government step aside for a coalition government that would include the Vietcong . In the midst of the stalled negotiations, Nixon announced his strategy to end America’s involvement in Vietnam. Known as Vietnamization, the plan called for the gradual withdrawal of U .S . troops in order for the South Vietnamese to take on a more active combat role in the war. By August of 1969, the first 25,000 U.S. troops had returned home from Vietnam . Over the next three years, the number of American troops in Vietnam dropped from more than 500,000 to less than 25,000. Nixon was keeping his promise to end the war in Vietnam “PEACE WITH HONOR” However, part of Nixon’s Vietnamization policy was aimed at establishing what he called a “peace with honor.” Nixon intended to maintain U .S. dignity in the face of its withdrawal from war. A further goal was to keep America strong in the negotiations North Vietnam. President Nixon still demanded that the South Vietnamese government remain intact. North Vietnam continued to use the Ho Chi Minh trail to supply the Vietcong in the South.
The North Vietnamese could use the trail without worrying about being attacked because we did not want to Laos and Cambodia, which were neutral countries. Nixon felt he had to stop the supplies to the South so he secretly ordered a massive bombing campaign against supply routes and bases in North Vietnam The president also ordered that bombs be dropped on the Ho Chi Minh trail in the neighboring countries of Laos and Cambodia, which held a number of Vietcong sanctuaries. Nixon told aide H. R. Haldeman that he wanted the enemy to be afraid of the U.S.	*President Nixon plans strategy in Vietnam*

147.

President Nixon reduced the American troops in Vietnam by _____

a.	25,000	c.	475,000
b.	125,000	d.	525,000

148.

Nixon wanted to pull the U.S. out of the war but he did not want to desert the people of South Vietnam and he did not want it to look like the U.S. was defeated. What labile did Nixon put on this policy?

a.	Peace with Honor	c.	Vietcong peace
b.	Peace at any cost	d.	Paris treaty

149.

Who was the president of South Vietnam when Nixon took office?

a.	Ho Chi Minh	c.	Mao
b.	Nguyen Van Thieu	d.	Chaing

150.

Nixon wanted the South Vietnamese to take over the fighting so the American troops could be pulled out. This policy was called _____

a.	Peace with honor	c.	Peach now
b.	Vietnamization	d.	North Vietnamization

151.

Why did Nixon decide to bomb Laos, Cambodia and North Vietnam?

a.	stop the supplies through the Ho Chi Minh trail	d.	all of these
b.	Make North Vietnam fear and respect him	e.	only two of these answers are correct
c.	make the U.S, stronger in the negotiations with North Vietnam

Seeking to win support for his war policies, Richard Nixon appealed to what he called the silent majority-moderate, mainstream Americans who quietly supported the president’s strategy. To be sure, many average Americans did support the president. However, the events of the war continued to divide the country. HE MY LAI MASSACRE In November of 1969, Americans learned of a shocking event. On March 16, 1968, a U.S . platoon under the command of Lieutenant William Calley Jr., entered the small village of My Lai in northern South Vietnam in search of Vietcong rebels .The troops rounded up the villagers and shot them . In all, the soldiers massacred more than 100 innocent Vietnamese-mostly women and children. The troops insisted that they were following Lieutenant Calley’s orders . When asked what his directive had been, one soldier answered, “Kill anything that breathed.” Twenty-five army officers were charged with involve- ment in the massacre and subsequent cover-up, but only Calley was convicted and imprisoned . The My Lai massacre shook the nation’s conscience THE INVASION OF CAMBODIA AND KENT STATE The country’s mood by 1970 seemed to be growing less explosive. American troops were on their way home, and it appeared that the war was finally winding down. In 1969 many students were shifting their attention from the antiwar movement to the environment . Then on April 30, 1970, President Nixon announced that U.S . troops had invaded Cambodia. President Nixon said the “incursion” into Cambodia was launched, to clear out North Vietnamese and Vietcong supply centers. Upon hearing of the invasion, college students across the country erupted in protest. In what became the first general student strike in the nation’s history, more than 1.5 million students closed down some 1,200 campuses . Disaster struck hardest at Kent State University in Ohio, where a massive student protest led to the burning of the ROTC building . In response to the growing unrest, the local mayor called in the National Guard. On May 4, 1970, the guards fired into a crowd of campus protesters who were hurling rocks at them. The gunfire wounded nine people and killed four, including two who had not even participated in the rally. Ten days later, similar violence rocked the mostly all-black college of Jackson State in Mississippi. National Guardsmen there confronted a group of antiwar demonstrators and fired on the crowd after ;
several bottles were thrown . In the hail of bullets, 12 students were wounded and 2 were killed, both innocent bystanders . Polls indicated that many Americans supported the National Guard respondents claimed that the students “got what they were asking for.” The weeks following the campus turmoil brought new attention to a group known as “hardhats,” construction workers and other blue-collar Americans who supported the U.S. government’s war policies . In May of 1970, nearly 100,000 members of the Building and Construction Trades Council of New York held a rally outside city hall to support the government.

152.

Who was responsible for the My Lai Massacre?

a.	North Vietnam	c.	100 Vietnamese villagers
b.	The Vietcong	d.	A platoon of U.S. soldiers

153.

The officer responsible to My Lai was named _____ and he was _____ by the U.S. government

a.	William Calley - set free	c.	Nguyen Van Thieu - put in prison
b.	Lieutenant William Calley Jr - imprisoned	d.	President Nixon - impeached

154.

The mood in the colleges seemed to be calming down in 1970. It seemed that the U.S. was pulling out of Vietnam. What got the students fired up and protesting again?

a.	My Lai Massacre	c.	Nixon said they had to have passing grades to continue as students
b.	Bombing of Laos and Cambodia	d.	The colleges wanted the students to pay tuition

155.

The great majority of the American people did not protest or demonstrate against the war. They wanted the U.S. to end the war in Vietnam but they supported the government and President Nixon because they believed he was doing what needed to be done for the good of the country.
What were these supporters called?

a.	Hard Hats	c.	Mothers for Peach
b.	SDS	d.	Silent Majority

156.

Why did president Nixon invade Cambodia?

a.	He wanted to cut off supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam	c.	He wanted to cut off supplies to North Vietnam
b.	He wanted to free those countries from Communism	d.	He wanted to make them part of greater Vietnam

THE PENTAGON PAPERS
Nixon’s Cambodia policy cost him significant political support. By first bombing and then invading Cambodia without even notifying Congress, the president stirred anger on Capitol Hill (Congress). On December 31, 1970, Congress repealed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which had given the president near independence in conducting policy in Vietnam .

In June of 1971 former Defense Department worker named Daniel Ellsberg stole secret papers about the Vietnam war from the government and gave them to a newspaper. These papers became known as the Pentagon Papers . The 7,000-page document, written for Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, revealed that the government drew up plans for entering the war even as President Lyndon Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Vietnam . Furthermore, the papers showed that there was never any plan to end the war as long as the North Vietnamese persisted .For many Americans, the Pentagon Papers confirmed their belief that the government had not been honest about its war intentions . For most Americans the Pentagon Papers did not mean much because the Pentagon is always drawing up plans. They saw them as part of the anti-war movement. The document was not particularly damaging to the Nixon administration. They did show that the Johnson administration was saying one thing in private about the Vietnam war and another thing in public. Was this dishonest?

157.

What does the nickname, “capital hill” stand for?

a.	the president	c.	the defense department
b.	the supreme court	d.	the congress

158.

Since the constitution says that only congress can declare war, what gave the president the right to send troops to Vietnam to fight?

a.	the Pentagon Papers	c.	the Pentagon Resolution
b.	the Tonkin Gulf Resolution	d.	the war resolution act

159.

The Pentagon Papers showed that Robert McNamara _____

a.	was honest and in what he told the President and the American people	c.	may not have been honest with Americans about the Vietnam war
b.	did not like or trust the Defense Department	d.	did not like Daniel Elsberg

America’s Longest War Ends
In March of 1972, the North Vietnamese launched their largest attack on South Vietnam since the Tet offensive in 1968. President Nixon responded by ordering a massive bombing campaign against North Vietnamese cities, and the mining of Haiphong’s harbor, into which Soviet and Chinese supply ships sailed . The bombings halted the North Vietnamese attack, but the grueling stalemate continued . It was after this that the Nixon administration took steps to finally end America’s involvement in Vietnam .
“PEACE IS AT HAND”
By the middle of 1972, the country’s growing social division and the looming presidential election prompted the Nixon administration to change its negotiating policy in Paris . Polls showed that more than 60 percent of Americans in 1971 felt that the United States should withdraw all troops from Vietnam by the end of the year.
Henry Kissinger, the president’s adviser for national security affairs, served as Nixon’s top negotiator in Vietnam . Kissinger, a German emigrant who had earned three degrees from Harvard, was an expert on international relations . Since 1969, Kissinger had been meeting privately with North Vietnam’s chief negotiator, Le Due Tho. Eventually, Kissinger dropped his insistence on the removal of all North Vietnamese troops from the South before the complete withdrawal of American troops. On October 26, 1972, one week before the presidential election, Kissinger announced, “Peace is at hand.”
THE FINAL PUSH
President Nixon won reelection, but the promised peace proved to be elusive . The Thieu regime, alarmed at the prospect of North Vietnamese troops stationed in South Vietnam, rejected Kissinger’s plan. Talks broke off on December 16, and two days later, the president unleashed a ferocious bombing campaign against Hanoi and Haiphong, the two largest cities in North Vietnam . In what became known as the “Christmas bombings,” U.S . planes dropped 100,000 bombs for 11 straight days, pausing only on Christmas Day.
At this point, members of congress began to demand that the war be ended. The Soviet Union and China were also demanding that the U.S. pull out of Vietnam. Everyone, it seemed, had finally grown weary of the war. The warring parties returned to the peace table, and on January 27, 1973, the United States signed an “agreement on ending the war and restoring peace in Vietnam.” Under the agreement, North Vietnamese troops would remain in South Vietnam, which had Nixon’s promise to respond “with full force” to any violation of the peace agreement. On March 29, 1973, the last U.S. combat troops left for home. For America, the Vietnam War had ended but the war went on between South Vietnam and North Vietnam.

THE FALL OF SAIGON
Within months of the United States’ departure, the cease-fire agreement between North and South Vietnam collapsed. In March of 1975, after several years of fighting, the North Vietnamese launched a full-scale invasion against the South. Thieu (president of South Vietnam) appealed to the United States for help. America provided economic aid but refused to send troops . President Gerald Ford, who was now president, captured the nation’s mood during a speech in New Orleans: “America can regain its sense of pride that existed before Vietnam. But it cannot be achieved by re-fighting a war that is finished as far as America is concerned.” On April 30, 1975, North Vietnamese tanks rolled into Saigon and captured the city. Soon after, South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnam.

160.

Vietnam was

a.	America’s shortest war	c.	America’s bloodiest war
b.	America’s longest war	d.	Not part of the cold war

161.

What was the key issue between the U.S. and North Vietnam that prevented an end to the war?

a.	An end to U.S. bombing of North Vietnam	c.	The placement of North Vietnam troops in South Vietnam
b.	An end to U.S. bombing of South Vietnam	d.	The placement of South Vietnam troops in North Vietnam

162.

At the Paris peace talks _____ was the negotiator for the U.S. and _____ was the negotiator for North Vietnam.

a.	Henry Kissinger - Ho Chi Minh	c.	Robert McNamara - Le Due Tho
b.	George Ball - Cho En Lai	d.	Henry Kissinger - Le Due Tho

163.

Kissinger and the U.S. finally agreed to allow North Vietnam troops to be stationed in South Vietnam. North Vietnam now agreed to sign the peace treaty. What did South Vietnam do?

a.	Agreed to end the fighting	c.	Asked the U.N to take up the issue
b.	Refused to agree with North troops in the South and continued fighting.	d.	Bombed North Vietnam

164.

All of the following groups were demanding that the U.S. pull out of Vietnam except

a.	Soviet Union	d.	North Vietnam
b.	Communist China	e.	South Vietnam
c.	Liberal Members of Congress

165.

After the U.S. finally pulled out of Vietnam, what happened next?

a.	There was peace throughout Vietnam	c.	Within months North Vietnam and South Vietnam began to fight again
b.	The U.S. continued bombing, even though American troops had been withdrawn.	d.	The North and South retreated behind their borders

166.

In 1975 North Vietnam was pushing to take over South Vietnam. President Thieu asked the U.S. president for help. What did the president of the U.S. do.

a.	told him to surrender	c.	sent American planes to bomb the North
b.	offered money, medicine and supplies but no U.S. troops	d.	sent in U.S. troops

167.

Who was president of the United States when the war finally ended for the U.S.?

a.	Richard Nixon	c.	Gerald Ford
b.	Jimmy Carter	d.	Henry Kissinger

VIETNAM’S EFFECT ON AMERICA Even after it ended, the Vietnam War remained a subject of great controversy for Americans. Many hawks continued to insist that the war could have been won if the U.S. had employed more military power. They also blamed the antiwar movement at home for destroying American morale. Doves countered that the North Vietnamese had displayed incredible resiliency and that an increase in U.S. military force would have resulted only in a continuing stalemate. In addition, doves argued that an unrestrained war against North Vietnam might have prompted a military reaction from China or the Soviet Union and a World War	*Jane Fonda visiting North Vietnam and sitting at an anti-aircraft gun used to shoot down American aircraft*
The war resulted in several major U.S . policy changes. First, the government abolished the draft, which had stirred so much antiwar sentiment. The country also took steps to curb the president’s war-making powers. In November 1973, Congress passed the War Powers Act, which stipulated that a president must inform Congress within 48 hours if U. S. forces are sent into a hostile area without a declaration of war. In addition, the troops may remain there no longer than 90 days unless Congress approves the president’s actions or declares war. In a broader sense, the Vietnam War significantly altered America’s views on foreign policy. In what has been labeled the Vietnam syndrome, Americans now pause and consider possible risks to their own interests before deciding whether to intervene in the affairs of other nations. Many thought the U.S. lost the war in Vietnam and they did not want to suffer another defeat. The war led to a deep division between liberal and conservative groups in the United States. The moral of the country was low and some doubted America’s role in the world as a great nation. Many people called people like Jane Fonda (movie star) and other antiwar activist’s traitors to the United States for supporting North Vietnam while we were at war. The country had to wait another five or six years for Ronald Reagan to become president and restore America’s confidence.

168.

What effect did the Vietnam war have on American morale and belief in itself?

a.	damaged it	c.	no effect at all
b.	helped it	d.	improved American confidence

169.

During the Vietnam war America was concerned with the involvement of the Soviet Union and Communist China. Why?

a.	A confrontation could provoke World War III	c.	We were afraid that China and the Soviets would get into a war.
b.	The Soviets and China were good trading partners of the U.S.	d.	We did not want the Soviets and China to get kicked out of the U.N. over Vietnam

170.

Which law, passed by congress after Vietnam, restricted the presidents ability to make war on his own without congress.

a.	Vietnamization Act	c.	Vietnam War Act
b.	War Powers Act	d.	Presidential War Restriction Act

171.

What do they call it when the U.S. acts nervous about getting involved in wars or the affairs of other countries, even if it is necessary to protect America.

a.	Vietnamization	c.	Vietnam involvement anxiety
b.	war powers anxiety	d.	Vietnam syndrome