Ch16 Dictators

Name:

Ch16 Dictators

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

FAILURES OF THE WORLD WAR 1 PEACE SETTLEMENT

The Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I did not create a "just and secure peace." Germans saw nothing fair in a treaty that blamed them for starting the war. Nor did they find much security in a settlement that stripped their country of territories they had long seen as German. Similarly, the Soviets resented the carving away of parts of Russia to create an independent Poland and the nations of Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia.

In addition, the peace settlement did not make the world "safe for democracy," as Wilson had hoped. At the end of the war, new democratic governments did emerge in many European nations, including Germany Austria, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece . Most of these nations lacked democratic traditions, though, and their newly elected leaders needed to made democracy succeed. However, the Versailles treaty did nothing to help the war torn nations of Europe rebuild. Instead, many of the new democracies were expected to pay off huge war debts while trying to deal with widespread hunger, homelessness, and unemployment.

Unable to cope with these problems, several new democracies collapsed and dictators seized power. Some of these dictators were content simply to collect taxes and keep order. A few, however, had far grander ambitions

The treaty that ended World War I was called the Treaty of

a.	Paris	c.	Versailles
b.	World War I	d.	London

_____ resented the fact that territory was taken away from them to create new countries after WWI.

a.	England and France	c.	Poland and Russia
b.	Russia and France	d.	Germany and Russia

Woodrw Wilson believed that WWI would make the world safe for democracy. Why did democracy fail in Europe after WWI?

a.	No new democracies were created after the war	c.	The United States was the only experienced democracy that fought in World War I
b.	Few of the new democracies had experience running their countries as democracies	d.	Fascism is a better form of government than democracy

Which statement is true about the treaty of Versailles

a.	It put unfair burdens on Germany and helped created an atmosphere where democracy could not succeed.	c.	It put unfair burdens on Poland and helped created an atmosphere where democracy could not succeed.
b.	It was unfair to England and France	d.	It treated all nations the same.

JOSEPH STALIN TRANSFORMS THE SOVIET UNION

In Russia, hopes for democracy gave way to civil war, resulting in the establishment of a Communist state, the Soviet Union, in 1922. When V I. Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, died in 1924, Joseph Stalin took control of the country. Stalin, took his name because it meant "man of steel," He was as iron-willed as his name implied. Stalin focused on creating a model Communist state in the Soviet Union. In doing so, he began an agricultural and industrial restructuring that trampled the rights of-and brought great suffering to-his people.

In 1927, Stalin launched his massive drive to transform the Soviet Union into a truly socialist country, which meant stamping out private enterprise, especially private farming. He began by ordering the collectivization of Soviet agriculture-that is, the organization of production under collective, or state, control . He forced Russia's peasants to give up their small plots of land so that they could be combined into large state-owned farms . They were then expected to work on the collective farms as wage earners .

Meanwhile, Stalin turned to his second great goal, the transformation of the Soviet Union from a backward rural nation into a great industrial power. By 1939, the Soviet Union had become the world's third largest industrial power, surpassed in overall production by only the United States and Germany.

The human costs of this transformation, however, were enormous. To accomplish his ambitious goals, the "man of steel" turned the Soviet Union into a vast police state-a state in which no one was safe from the prying eyes and ears of government spies and secret police . Anyone even suspected of criticizing the Soviet leader or his goals was arrested and shipped off to a forced labor camp in the frozen wastelands of Siberia.

Lenin and Joseph Stalin

Stalin sent millions to forced labor camps for criticizing the communist state.

Joseph Stalin was a

a.	democrat	c.	democratic communist
b.	democratic socialist	d.	communist dictator

Stalin wanted to turn the Soviet Union into

a.	a communist industrial world power	c.	capitalist state
b.	democratic republic	d.	capitalist industrial world power

Which statement is true about Stalin?

a.	he was a communist who was concerned about the civil liberties and freedom of the ordinary Soviet citizen	c.	he was a socialist who only cared about industrialization, reform of the farm system and protection of private property
b.	he was a brutal communist dictator who was responsible for the deaths of millions of his own people.	d.	he was none of these

THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY

Benito Mussolini

While Stalin was consolidating his power in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini was establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy. In 1919, Mussolini had begun his rise to power by advertising for war veterans to fight the politicians, who, in Mussolini's view, were destroying Italy. This mobilization was the beginning of fascism, a new political movement that consisted of a strong, centralized government headed by a powerful dictator. Fascism was rooted in the nationalism that had reshaped Europe over the past century. Mussolini dreamed of making Italy a great power in the world.

Unlike Stalin's Communist regime, Mussolini's Fascist state did not attempt to control farms and factories . In fact, many discontented veterans, jobless youth, and businesspeople greatly feared the spread of communism to Italy. These people became firm supporters of Mussolini. In 1921, Mussolini established the Fascist Party, which then won 35 seats in the Italian parliament. A year later, after Mussolini staged a march on Rome with thousands of his black-shirted followers, the Italian king allowed him to form a new government.

Calling himself Il Duce, or "the chief," Mussolini gradually extended Fascist control to every aspect of Italian life. Tourists marveled that Il Duce had even "made the trains run on time ." Mussolini achieved this efficiency, however, by crushing all opposition and by making Italy a totalitarian state.

Benito Mussolini was a

a.	Communist	c.	Republican leader
b.	Democratic leader	d.	Fascist leader

Benito Mussolini was elected to power and turned Italy into _____

a.	a Communist state	c.	a totalitarian dictatorship
b.	a monarchy	d.	a democratic state

10.

According to the author, European Facism is rooted in

a.	economics	c.	extreme internationalism
b.	extreme nationalism	d.	democracy

THE NAZIS TAKE OVER GERMANY In Germany,

Adolf Hitler
“One People, One State, One Leader”

Adolf Hitler had followed a path to power similar to Mussolini's, he too was a Facist. At the end of World War I, Hitler had been a jobless soldier drifting around Germany. In 1919, he joined a struggling group called the National Socialist German Workers' Party, better known as the Nazi Party. Despite the word Socialist in its name, this party had no ties to socialism and in fact hated it. Soon Hitler became the tiny party's furher, or leader.

Hitler laid out the basic beliefs of Nazism in his book Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"), published in two volumes in 1925 and 1927. A type of fascism, Nazism was based on extreme nationalism . Hitler, who had been born in Austria, dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German empire. To this element of nationalism, Hitler added his theories about race. In his view, Germans-especially blue-eyed, blond-haired "Aryans"-formed a "master race" that was destined to rule the world. He claimed that the Jews were destroying German culture.

A third element of Nazism was national expansion . Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive, it needed more lebensraum, or living space. One of the Nazis' aims, as Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf was "to secure for the German people the land and soil to which they are entitled on this earth," even if this could be accomplished only by "the might of a victorious sword."

The Great Depression helped the Nazis come to power. By 1932, some 6 million Germans were unemployed. Many of these desperate people turned to Hitler as their last hope. In elections held in March 1932, the Nazis won more votes than any other party, though not a majority. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor (prime minister) .

Once in power, the Fuhrer quickly dismantled Germany's democratic Weimar Republic. In its place he established what he called the Third Reich, or Third German Empire. Like the first German empire (the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne), and unlike the short-lived second empire established by Bismarck in the 19th century, the Third Reich, according to Hitler, would be a "Thousand-Year Reich."

11.

What was the name of the book in which Hitler laid out his basic ideas about government and society?

a.	Mein Kampf	c.	Mein Furher
b.	The Manifesto	d.	Das Capital

12.

One of the reasons Hitler invaded Eastern Europe and Russia is that Germany needed lebensraum. What is lebensraum?

a.	destruction of a nations enemies	c.	revenge
b.	superiority	d.	living space

13.

The Nazi’s used _____ to gain win elections in Germany in 1932

a.	the depression	c.	fear and suspicion of the Jews
b.	hatred of the Treaty of Versailles	d.	all of these

14.

Hitler said that he was building the new German state on the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne, and the short-lived second empire established by Bismarck in the 19th century. He called this empire

a.	the New Weirmar Republic	c.	the Weirmar Republic
b.	the Third Reich	d.	the German Republic

15.

Hitler and Mussolini were both

a.	Communists	c.	Anarchist’s
b.	Democratic	d.	Facists

MILITARISTS GAIN CONTROL IN JAPAN

Emporer Hirohito

General Tojo

Halfway around the world from Germany, nationalistic military leaders in Japan were trying to take control of their government. These leaders shared Hitler's belief in the need for more "living space" for a growing populationand the superiority of the Japanese race. The militarists launched a surprise invasion of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931 They considered the Chinese to be an inferior race. Within several months, Japanese troops controlled the entire province, a resource-rich area nearly as large as Alaska which they ruled with harsh brutality.

Japan also occupied Korea and treated the Korean people with the same contempt they had for the Chinese

The League of Nations had been established after World War I to prevent such aggressive acts. In this first test of its power, the League sent representatives to Manchuria to investigate the situation . Their report condemned Japan, which simply quit the League . Meanwhile, the success of the Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Japan's government.

16.

Japan and Germany shared the need for more living space and a belief in the superiority of their own race.

a.	true	c.	partly true
b.	false

17.

What did the League of Nations do when Japan invaded Manchuria

a.	investigated	c.	ignored Japan’s actions
b.	kicked Japan out of the League	d.	appealed to the United States to intervene

18.

What was the attitude of the Japanese toward the Chinese and Korean peoples?

a.	Japan saw Koreans and Chinese as Asian equals	c.	Japan thought the Chinese were inferior but not the Koreans
b.	Japan saw Koreans and Chinese as inferior to the Japanese race.	d.	Japan thought the Koreans were inferior but not the Chinese

19.

After the League of Nations condemed Japan for their invision of Manchuraia, what did Japan do?

a.	they started to withdraw their troops from Manchuria	c.	they quit the League of Nations
b.	they blamed the invasion on U.S. aggression	d.	they went to war against the League of Nations

AGGRESSION IN EUROPE

German troops invade the Rhineland

The failure of the League of Nations to take action against Japan did not escape the notice of Europe's dictators. In 1933, Hitler felt bold enough to pull Germany out of the League. In 1935, he began a military buildup in violation of the Versailles treaty. A year later, he sent troops into the Rhineland, a German region bordering France and Belgium which was demilitarized as a result of the Versailles treaty. He also signed the Rome- Berlin Axis Pact, which established a formal alliance between Germany and Italy. The League did nothing to stop Hitler.

Mussolini (left) and Haile Selassie (right)

Meanwhile, Mussolini began building his new Roman Empire. His first target was Ethiopia, Africa's only remaining independent country. By the fall of 1935, tens of thousands of Italian soldiers stood ready to advance on Ethiopia. The League of Nations reacted with brave talk of "collective resistance to all acts of unprovoked aggression."

When the invasion began, however, the League's response was an ineffective economic boycott-little more than a slap on Italy's wrist. By June 1936, Ethiopia had fallen . In desperation, Haile Selassie, the ousted Ethiopian emperor, appealed to the League for assistance. Nothing was done. "It is us today," he told them. "It will be you tomorrow."

20.

What did the Rome- Berlin Axis Pact do?

a.	made Germany and Italy enemies	c.	made Germany and Italy allies
b.	made Germany reject the Versailles treaty	d.	made it legal to persecute the Jews

21.

What area of the world did Italy attack?

a.	Southern Africa	c.	the Balkans
b.	North Africa	d.	Eastern Europe

22.

As a result of the Italian invasion of his country, who said "It is us today," he told them. "It will be you tomorrow."

a.	the Jews	c.	Anwar Sadat
b.	Mussolini	d.	Haile Selassie

United States Responds Cautiously

As disturbing as these events in Europe and Asia were to Americans, most believed that the United States should not get involved . In 1928, the United States had joined 61 other nations in signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact, in which they pledged never to make war again. But this agreement still permitted defensive war and did not provide for using economic or military force against nations that broke the pact.

CLINGING TO ISOLATIONISM
In the early 1930s, a flood of books argued that the United States had been dragged into World War I by greedy bankers and arms dealers. Public outrage led to the creation of a congressional committee, chaired by North Dakota senator Gerald Nye, that held hearings on these charges. The Nye committee fueled the controversy by documenting the large profits that banks and manufacturers made during the war.

The furor over these "merchants of death" made Americans more determined than ever to avoid war. A poll taken in 1937 revealed that fully 70 percent of Americans believed that the United States should not have entered World War I. Anti war feeling was so strong that the Girl Scouts of America changed the color of its uniforms from khaki to green to appear less militaristic. Across the country, college students staged antiwar rallies with banners proclaiming "Scholarships, not battleships."

Americans' growing isolationism eventually had an impact on President Roosevelt's foreign policy. When he had first taken office in 1933, Roosevelt had felt comfortable reaching out to the world in several ways. He officially recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 and agreed to exchange ambassadors with Moscow. He continued the policy of nonintervention in Latin America, begun by Presidents Coolidge and Hoover, with his Good Neighbor policy and withdrew armed forces stationed there. In 1934, Roosevelt pushed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act through Congress . This act lowered trade barriers by giving the president the power to make trade agreements with other nations and was aimed at reducing tariffs by as much as 50 percent.

Beginning in 1935, however, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts in an effort to keep the United States out of future wars. The first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war. The third act was passed in response to fighting that broke out in Spain in 1936, between the troops of the Fascist general Francisco Franco and forces loyal to the country's elected government. This act extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations undergoing civil wars.

23.

Which statement is true about the United States in the 1930’s

a.	America was anxious to get involved in Europe so it could show American superiority	c.	America wanted to stay out of the wars in Europe and Asia
b.	America wanted to get involved in Europe and Asia to profit financially from the wars	d.	Americans did not have any opinion about Japanese and German aggression

24.

What did President Roosevelt do in regards to the Soviet Union?

a.	he did nothing	c.	he condemned the atrocities of Joseph Stalin
b.	he offered diplomatic recognition	d.	he condemned the dictatorship of Stalin over the Russian people

25.

Who did the Nye committee label as the "merchants of death".

a.	the Fascists in Italy and Germany	c.	the Japanese because of their attacks on china
b.	the bankers and industrialists who made profits from World War I	d.	those who favored the death penalty

26.

What was the purpose of the Neutrality Acts passed by Congress in 1935

a.	keep the U.S. out of future wars	c.	condemn Germany and Japan
b.	force neutrality on Mexico and Latin America	d.	keep the U.S. out of the League of Nations

NEUTRALITY BREAKS DOWN

Despite congressional efforts to legislate neutrality, many Americans found it difficult not to take sides in the Spanish Civil War. When Hitler and Mussolini came to Franco's aid early in the war, some 3,000 volunteers from the United States responded by forming the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and traveling to Spain to fight Franco. 'We knew, we just knew," recalled Martha Gellhorn, "that Spain was the place to stop fascism ." Among the volunteers were African Americans still bitter about Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia the year before.

Such limited aid was not sufficient to stop the spread of fascism, however. Hitler and Mussolini, who saw the conflict as a testing ground for their military power, supported Franco with troops, weapons, tanks, and fighter planes. The Western democracies, fearful of triggering a larger war, sent only food and clothing to the anti- Fascist forces . In early 1939, after a loss of 600,000 lives and at a cost of more than $15 billion, the resistance to Franco had collapsed. Europe now had yet another totalitarian government.

Japan attacks Mancuria, China

Roosevelt himself found it impossible to remain neutral when Japan launched a new attack on China in July of 1937. Since Japan had not formally declared war against China, the president refused to enforce the Neutrality Acts . The United States continued sending arms and supplies to China.

A few months later, Roosevelt spoke out strongly against isolationism in a speech delivered in Chicago. He called on peace-loving nations to "quarantine," or isolate, aggressor nations in order to stop the spread o of war.

At last Roosevelt seemed ready to take a stand against aggression-that is, until isolationist newspapers exploded in protest and letters flooded the White House accusing the president of leading the nation into war. Roosevelt backed off. For the moment the conflicts remained "over there ."

27.

What was the purpose of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.

a.	to help the Communist anti-Soviet forces in Russia	c.	to aid the civil-rights movement in Spain
b.	to help the Communist anti-Franco forces in Spain	d.	to aid the civil-rights movement in Russia

28.

What did Roosevelt do in response to the Japanese attack on Manchuria, China?

a.	ignored it	c.	tried to justify it
b.	sent aid to China	d.	blamed it on the Republicans

29.

Which statement is true.

a.	Roosevelt saw the need for U.S. intervention in foreign affairs but the people remained isolationist.	c.	Roosevelt saw the need for U.S. intervention in foreign affairs and the people agreed with him
b.	Roosevelt did not see the need for U.S. intervention in foreign affairs but the people did.	d.	Roosevelt did not see the need for U.S. intervention in foreign affairs and the people agreed

30.

What did Hitler and Mussolini do about the civil war in Spain between the governemnt and Franco?

a.	sent military help to Franco	c.	tried to remain neutral
b.	sent military help to the Spanish government	d.	declared war on Spain

Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall

On November 5, 1937, Hitler met with his most trusted military advisers for a top-secret briefing. The Third Reich's future, he told them, depended on solving the need for lebensraum . Where would new living space come from? Not from overseas colonies, he declared, but from those nations nearest Germany- Austria and Czechoslovakia . When someone protested that annexing those countries could provoke war, Hitler replied, "Germany's problems can be solved only by means of force, and this is never without risk.

31.

Why was Hitler willing to risk war in 1937?

a.	Germany needed a place to imprison the Jews	c.	Germany needed a buffer zone to protect against Russia
b.	Germany needed more living space	d.	Germany wanted revenge (lebensraum) against its old enemies from World War I

UNION WITH AUSTRIA

Berchtesgaden - Hitler’s Villa	Hitler invited Austrian chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg to meet with him at his villa at Berchtesgaden, high in the Bavarian Alps. Austrian chancellor began making polite conversation about the view and the lovely day, For the next few hours, Hitler demanded that Schuschnigg appoint Austrian Nazis to key government posts .

By the end of the meeting, Hitler had bullied Schuschnigg into signing an agreement to bring Austrian Nazis into his government. On returning home, Schuschnigg had second thoughts about the agreement and informed Hitler . Hitler was furious. On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria unopposed, to cheering Austrian people, forcing Schuschnigg to resign . Two days later, Germany announced that its Anschluss, or "union," with Austria was complete . The United States and the rest of the world did nothing.

32.

Hitler was able to annex Austria with ease because most of the Austrian people wanted union with Germany. When Hitler marched into Austria, what did the rest of the world do to oppose him?

a.	they did nothing	c.	appealed to the League of Nations
b.	they protested the action	d.	they threatened Germany with an embargo

33.

Hitler was born in Austria and fought in World War I for Germany. We can infer that Hitler considered Austria to be

a.	a neutral state	c.	a part of Germany
b.	an enemy state	d.	a buffer between Serbia and Germany

BARGAINING FOR THE SUDETENLAND

Hitler enters Czechoslovakia

Hitler then turned to Czechoslovakia . When the Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up at the end of World War I, the Sudetenland, a mountainous region inhabited by 3 million German-speaking people, had been joined to Czechoslovakia . In the spring of 1938, Hitler charged that the Czechs were abusing the Sudeten Germans, and he began massing troops on the Czech border. The American correspondent William Shirer, then stationed in Berlin, wrote in his diary: "The Nazi press [is] full of hysterical headlines. All lies. Some examples : `Women and Children Mowed Down by Czech Armored Cars,' or `Bloody Regime-New Czech Murders of Germans ."'

Early in the crisis, both France and Great Britain promised to protect Czechoslovakia. Then, just when war seemed inevitable, Hitler invited French premier Edouard Daladier and British prime minister Neville Chamberlain to meet with him in Munich. When they arrived, the Fuhrer declared that the Sudetenland would be his "last territorial demand." In their eagerness to avoid war, Daladier and Chamberlain chose to believe him. On September 30, 1938, they signed the Munich Pact, which turned the Sudetenland over to Germany without a shot being fired.

Chamberlain fooled by Hitler

Chamberlain returned home to wildly cheering crowds . Waving a copy of the Munich agreement, he proclaimed: "My friends . . . . there has come back from Germany peace with honor. I believe it is peace in our time." The crowd joyously responded by chanting "Good old Neville" and singing "For he's a jolly good fellow."

These sentiments were not shared by Winston Churchill, Chamberlain's political rival for the leadership of Great Britain. In Churchill's view, by signing the Munich Pact, Daladier and Chamberlain had adopted a shameful policy of appeasement, or giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

As Churchill bluntly put it, "Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war." Nonetheless, the House of Commons approved Chamberlain's policy toward Germany by a vote of 366 to 144. Churchill responded with a warning.

34.

Why were the Germans upset about the Sudetenland situation.

a.	former German territory was given to the country of Czechoslovakia by the Versailles treaty	c.	the Nazi’s thought all German speaking people should be part of Germany
b.	the Germans in the Sudetenland claimed they were being mistreated	d.	all of these are true

35.

What did England and France do about Hitler’s demands regarding Czechoslovakia?

a.	They told Hitler they would go to war if he invaded	c.	They asked Hitler to wait a year before invading
b.	They gave in to Hitler demands. (appeased him)	d.	They told Hitler the Germans in Czechoslovakia should learn to speak Czech.

36.

This person has become a symbol for appeasing dictators because he returned from Germany waving the Munich Agreement signed by Hitler and claimed, “there will be peace in our time”

a.	Edouard Daladier	c.	Winston Churchill
b.	Rudolf Hess	d.	Neville Chamberlain

37.

What was the name of the agreement signed by Hitler, Daladier of France, and Chamberlain of England that allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia?

a.	The white Paper	c.	The Munich Pact
b.	The Treaty of Versailles	d.	The Sudetenland Treaty

38.

What did Winston Churchill have to say about he agreement between Hitler and Chamberlain?

a.	Chamberlain did the right thing.	c.	England should stay out of European affairs because it could lead to war
b.	England will have to go to war because Chamberlain did not stand up to Hitler	d.	Hitler can be trusted but Chamberlain can not

German Offensive Begins

Contrary to his promise at Munich, Hitler was not finished expanding the Third Reich. As dawn broke on March 15, 1939, German troops poured into what remained of Czechoslovakia. At nightfall Hitler gloated, "Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist." After that, the German dictator turned his land-hungry gaze toward Germany's eastern neighbor, Poland.

The Soviet Union paves the way for Germany to invade Poland

Like Czechoslovakia, Poland had a sizable German-speaking population. In the spring of 1939, Hitler began his familiar routine, charging that Germans in Poland were mistreated by the Poles and needed his protection. Some people thought that this time Hitler must be bluffing . After all, an attack on Poland might bring Germany into conflict with the Soviet Union, Poland's eastern neighbor. At the same time, such an attack would most likely provoke a declaration of war from France and Britain-both of whom had promised military aid to Poland . The result would be a two-front war. Fighting on two fronts had exhausted Germany in World War I. Surely, many thought, Hitler would not be foolish enough to repeat that mistake.

Hitler took the chance, though, and his luck held. As tensions rose over Poland, Stalin, despite his deep dislike and distrust of the Nazis, decided he had more to lose than to gain in a war against Germany. On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed a nonaggression pact, in which they agreed not to fight each other. They also signed a second, secret pact, agreeing to divide Poland between them. With the danger of a two-front war eliminated, the fate of Poland was sealed. In this way, the Soviet Union allowed Hitler to invade Poland.

39.

Why was Germany afraid of fighting a two front war in Western and Eastern Europe

a.	Germany was afraid of Poland	c.	Germany had the bad experience of fighting a two front war in World War I
b.	Germany had no air force	d.	Germany had never fought a two front war before

40.

Why did Germany want to invade Poland?

a.	there were many Germans living in Poland because the Versailles treaty took territory away from Germany and gave it to Poland	c.	most of Germany’s concentration camps were in Poland
b.	Poland was a Jewish country	d.	France and England had a treaty with Poland

41.

What event made Germany feel comfortable that it could invade Poland without having to worry about a two front war?

a.	the non-aggression pact with Russia	c.	the non-aggression pact with England
b.	the non-aggression pact with France	d.	the pacifist attitude of the United States

42.

When Germany invaded Poland from the west, what did the Soviet Union do?

a.	nothing	c.	sided with the Poles and threatened Germany
b.	invaded Poland from the east	d.	protested to the League of Nations

43.

What is a two front war?

a.	a war in which you are fighting two different enemies, at different places at the same time	c.	a war that you fight with maps and strategy instead of troops
b.	a war in which you try to keep your enemies in front of you	d.	a war that you fight on land and at sea

BLITZKRIEG IN POLAND

As day broke on September 1, 1939, German warplanes roared over Poland, raining bombs on military bases, airfields, railroads, and cities . At the same time, German tanks rumbled across the Polish countryside, spreading terror and confusion. This invasion was the first test of Germany's newest military strategy, the blitzkrieg, or lightning war. The new tactics enabled the Germans to take the enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force . Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3.

44.

What was the new German military strategy called

a.	lebensraum	c.	tank warfare
b.	blitzkrieg	d.	chemical warfare

45.

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. What did England and France do?

a.	protested to the League of Nations on September 3	c.	declared war on Germany on Sept. 3 1939
b.	requested a peace conference with Hitler	d.	nothing

THE PHONY WAR

For the next few months, an eerie calm settled over Europe . Bored French and British troops on the Maginot Line, a system of fortifications along France's eastern border, sat staring into Germany, waiting for something to happen. Equally bored German troops sitting on the Siegfried Line a few miles away stared back. The blitzkrieg had given way to what the Germans called the sitzkrieg ("sitting war"), and the English called the phony war. To fight the tedium, French officer Denis Barlone made sure that his men were well fed

This deceptive peace was first broken not by Germany but by the Soviet Union. After occupying eastern Poland, Stalin began annexing other regions that the Soviet Union had lost at the end of World War I. The Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania fell with little struggle . However, Finland-a country that journalist William Shirer admired as "the most decent and workable little democracy in Europe"-resisted. Late in 1939, Stalin sent his Soviet army into Finland. After three months of fierce winter fighting, the outnumbered Finns surrendered. Shirer wrote in his diary, "Stalin reveals himself of the same stamp as Hitler."

On April 7, 1940, a leading German newspaper announced, "Germany is ready. Eighty million pairs of [German] eyes are turned upon the Fuhrer." Two days later, the rest of the world stared, unbelieving, as Hitler launched a surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway. Germany said this action was necessary in order "to protect [those countries] freedom and independence ." Next, the German blitzkrieg was turned against the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, which were overrun by the end of May. The phony war had suddenly become painfully real.

46.

What did Stalin do after he invaded Russia?

a.	He took over many of the smaller countries on the Soviet border	c.	He turned on Hitler and invaded Germany
b.	He made peace with his neighbors	d.	nothing

47.

What small country held off the entire Soviet army for three months?

a.	Poland	c.	Lithuania
b.	Latvia	d.	Finland

48.

After taking control of Poland, what new country did Hitler attack in 1940?

a.	Denmark	c.	Belgium
b.	Norway	d.	all of these

49.

The French thought that the Maginot Line would protect them from a German invasion such as the invision that happened in World War I. What was the Maginot Line?

a.	An imaginary line between France and Germany that France warned Germany not to cross	c.	A series of forts between England, France and Germany
b.	An earthquake fault between Germany, England and France	d.	A series of forts and fortifications along the border between Germany and France

Britain Fights On While France Surrenders

The Maginot Line

Before the war, France had built the massive fortifications of the Maginot Line on its border with Germany. With the invasion of Belgium, however, Germany threatened to bypass the line. French and British troops were sent north into Belgium . Hitler's generals had anticipated this reaction and sent their tanks slicing through the Ardennes, a region of wooded ravines in northeast France that the Allies thought was impassable.

THE FALL OF FRANCE
Suddenly, the Allied forces in the north were cut off. Outnumbered, outgunned, and pounded from the air, they fled to the beaches of Dunkirk, on the English Channel. In less than a week, a makeshift fleet of fishing trawlers, tugboats, river barges, pleasure craft, and almost anything else that would float ferried about 340,000 Allied troops to safety across the Channel.

Marshal Petain

A few days later, Italy entered the war on the side of Germany and invaded France from the south as the Germans closed in on Paris from the north. On June 17, 1940, Marshal Henri Petain, an aged military commander and World War I hero, told his country, "We must stop fighting." Four days later, at Compiegne, as William Shirer and the rest of the world watched, Hitler handed French officers his terms of surrender. Germans would occupy the northern part of France, and a Nazi-controlled puppet government, headed by Marshal Petain, would be set up at Vichy, in southern France

After France fell, a French general named Charles de Gaulle fled to England, where he set up a government-in-exile . De Gaulle proclaimed defiantly, "France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war."

50.

France built a long line of fortifications that it believed would protect it against a German invasion. What was it called.

a.	the Siegfried Line	c.	the Normandy Beach Fortifications
b.	the Maginot Line	d.	the White Cliffs of Dover

51.

The German generals outflanked the British and French armies and the British found themselves stranded on the beaches of

a.	Norway	c.	Dunkirk
b.	Ardienne	d.	Compiegne

52.

France surrendered to Germany and the French Vichy government became allies of Germany. Who was head of the Vichy government?

a.	Marshall Petain	c.	Winston Churchill
b.	Charles DeGaulle	d.	Adolf Hitler

53.

Which country joined Germany in occupying France

a.	Austria	c.	Finland
b.	Italy	d.	Soviet Union

THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN

"The final German victory over England is only a matter of time," wrote a German general after the fall of France. In the summer of 1940, the Germans began to assemble an invasion fleet along the French coast. Because its naval power could not compete with that of Britain, however, Germany launched an air war at the same time. The Luftwaffe, or German air force, began making bombing runs over Britain . Its goal was to gain total control of the skies by destroying Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) . Hitler had 2,600 planes at his disposal. On a single day-August 15-1,000 of his planes ranged over Britain . Every night for two solid months, bombers pounded London. The Battle of Britain raged on through the summer and the fall. Night after night, up to a thousand German planes pounded British targets . At first the Luftwaffe concentrated on airfields and aircraft factories. Next it targeted cities .

The RAF fought back brilliantly. With the help of a new technological device called radar-which accurately plotted the flight paths of German planes, even in darkness-British pilots unleashed deadly air strikes against the enemy. On September 15, the RAF shot down 56 German planes. They lost only 26 aircraft . Two days later, the Fuehrer called off the invasion of Britain indefinitely. "Never in the field of human conflict," said Churchill in praise of the RAF pilots, `was so much owed by so many to so few."

54.

What was the British air force called.

a.	Luftwaffe	c.	USAF
b.	RAF	d.	Royal Air

55.

What new technological device helped the British Air Force to hold off the German Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain?

a.	radar	c.	radio
b.	television	d.	code breaking machines

56.

By the end of 1940 all of Europe and North Africa was controlled by the Axis powers. Only one country stood between Germany and total domination of the continent. What was it.

a.	Russia	c.	France
b.	England	d.	Norway

57.

What famous city was bombed in 1940 in the Battle of Britain?

a.	Paris	c.	Moscow
b.	Berlin	d.	London

58.

Most historians agree that war with Germany became inevitable because England and France ________ Hitler and did not stand up to him when he started invading the countries of Europe..

a.	opposed	c.	appeased
b.	overestimated	d.	liked

The Persecution Begins

On April 4, 1933, barely three months after Hitler took power in Germany, he ordered all "non-Aryans" to be removed from government jobs. This order was one of the first moves in a campaign for racial purity that would become the Holocaust-the systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews

WHY THE JEWS?

Although Jews were not the only victims of the Holocaust, they were the center of the Nazis' target . Anti-Semitism, or hatred of Jews, had deep roots in European history. For decades, many Germans looking for a scapegoat, or someone to blame for their failures and frustrations, had targeted the Jews . As a result, when Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's defeat in World War I and for its economic problems following the war, many Germans were more than ready to support him

As the Nazis tightened their hold on Germany, their persecution of Jews increased. In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their civil rights and property if they tried to leave Germany. To make identification easier, Jews over the age of six had to wear a bright yellow Star of David on their clothing

Kristallnacht

Worse was to come. On November 9, 1938, a night that came to be known as Kristallnacht, or "crystal night"-the night of broken glass-gangs of Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany. An American who witnessed the violence in Leipzig wrote, "Jewish shop windows by the hundreds were systematically and wantonly smashed. . . . The main streets of the city were a positive litter of shattered plate glass." Afterward, the Nazis blamed the Jews for the destruction. More than 20,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. At the same time, a German official announced, "The Jews will pay a collective fine of one billion marks, 20 percent of their property."

59.

What were the laws called that took away the civil rights of the Jews?

a.	Berlin Doctrine	c.	Nuremberg Laws
b.	anti-Semitic laws	d.	Nazi Laws

60.

When did hatred of the Jews start in Europe?

a.	1910	c.	throughout European history
b.	World War I	d.	1930

61.

What did they call November 9, 1938 when Jewish shops were destroyed throughout Germany and Jews were harassed

a.	Kristallnacht	c.	Nuremberg Night
b.	Storm Trooper Night	d.	Anti-Semitic Night

62.

Who did the Nazi’s blame for the night of the broken glass?

a.	out of control teens	c.	the Jews
b.	the Communists	d.	the Brown Shirts

THE PLIGHT OF JEWISH REFUGEES

Beginning in 1933, tens of thousands of Jews fled Germany each year. After Kristallnacht, the Nazis tried to speed Jewish emigration but encountered difficulty. France already had 40,000 Jewish refugees and did not want more. The British, who were already admitting about 500 Jewish refugees a week, worried about fueling anti-Semitism if that number were to increase . Late in 1938, Germany's foreign minister observed, "We all want to get rid of our Jews. The difficulty is that no country wishes to receive them ."

About 60,000 refugees-including such distinguished people as physicist Albert Einstein, author Thomas Mann, architect Walter Gropius, and theologian Paul Tillich-fled to the United States . More could have come if the United States had been willing to relax its strict immigration quotas . This was not done, partly because of widespread anti-Semitism among Americans and partly because many Americans feared that letting in more refugees during the Great Depression would mean competition for scarce jobs.

After war broke out in Europe in 1939, Americans also feared that opening the door to refugees from Germany would allow "enemy agents" to enter the United States . President Roosevelt said that while he sympathized with the Jews, he would not "do anything which would conceivably hurt the future of present American citizens ."

Official indifference to the plight of Germany's Jews was so strong that when the St. Louis-a German luxury liner filled with refugees passed Miami in 1939, the Coast Guard followed it to prevent the passengers from attempting to leave the ship for the United States . This decision was made even though 740 of the liner's 943 passengers had U.S . immigration papers . Passenger Liane Reif-Lehrer, who was just four years old at the time, recalled, "My mother and brother and I were among the passengers who survived, about a fourth of those on the ship. We were sent back to Europe and given haven in France, only to find the Nazis on our doorstep again a few months later."

63.

The Nazi’s tried to deport Germany’s Jews. Why did they have trouble doing so?

a.	It was too hard to get them to the U.S. who had agreed to take them	c.	There were not enough trains to do so
b.	No other countries wanted them	d.	The concentration camps were full

64.

What reason did Roosevelt give for not allowing more Jews to enter the U.S. after war broke out in Europe

a.	he did not want to anger the Germans	c.	he said that America was a Christian nation
b.	he said we already had too many Jews	d.	he was afraid it would opened the door for foreign agents to enter the U.S.

65.

What did the St. Louis-a German luxury liner situation show ?

a.	Cuba and the United States hated the Jews	c.	North and South America did not care about the Jews
b.	The world though the Jews deserved what they were getting from the Nazi’s	d.	North and South America were afraid of the Nazi’s

66.

In addition to anti-semitisim, what other reason did Americans have for not wanting additional immigrants in the country?

a.	Americans thought the Jews might spread their religion	c.	Most Americans supported Hitler
b.	Americans were afraid that Jews might take jobs away from Americans	d.	Americans were afraid that Germany would open concentration camps in the U.S.

	The Final Solution Unable to rid Germany of its Jews by forcing them to emigrate, the Nazis adopted a new approach following Kristallnacht . Jews healthy enough to work were sent to labor camps to perform slave labor. The rest would be sent to extermination camps. This horrifying plan amounted to genocide, or the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire people . THE CONDEMNED The Nazis' "final solution" rested on their belief that "Aryans" were a superior people and that the strength and purity of this "master race" must be preserved. To accomplish this, the Nazis condemned to slavery and death not only the Jews but other groups that they viewed as inferior or unworthy or as "enemies of the stat
After taking power in 1933, the Nazis had concentrated on silencing their political opponents-Communists, Socialists, liberals, and anyone else who spoke out against the government. Once the Nazis had eliminated these enemies, they turned against other groups in Germany. In addition to Jews, these groups included " Gypsies-whom the Nazis believed to be an "inferior race" " Freemasons-whom the Nazis charged to be supporters of the "Jewish conspiracy" to rule the world " Jehovah's Witnesses-who refused to join the army or salute Hitler The Nazis also targeted other Germans whom they found unfit to be part of the "master race," such as homosexuals. Beginning in 1939, the German government rounded up these individuals and shipped them off to "special treatment" centers, where they were "accorded a mercy death." By 1941, children near one of these centers had become so used to seeing the special buses that were used to transport victims that they would call out to each other, "Look, there's the murder box coming again." As the Nazis moved eastward, they added Poles, Ukrainians, and Russians to their growing list of Untermenschen, or "subhumans," who were standing in the way of the expanding "master race." After the invasion of Poland, for example, hundreds of thousands of Poles were killed or shipped to Germany to perform slave labor. The emptied Polish towns and farms were resettled with Germans seeking lebensraum

67.

What is the formal name for killing an entire race or nation of people?

a.	Kristallnacht	c.	genocide
b.	emigration	d.	pesticide

68.

Why did the Nazi’s imprison homosexuals, the mentally retarded, the insane, the disabled, the incurably ill and the Jews?

a.	They believed they were costing the German economy too much money	c.	They wanted to maintain the purity of the Aryan race
b.	They thought these groups could become spies for Britain	d.	These groups would not join the Nazi party.

69.

The Jehovah's Witnesses are Christians. Why were they sent to concentration camps?

a.	They would not say, “Heil Hitler”	c.	They were anti-German
b.	They were pro Israel	d.	They were different

70.

Which statement below would compare to a statement a Nazi might make?

a.	There are no good Jews	c.	We must maintain the purity of our race
b.	Your group is responsible for the problems of my group	d.	All of these attitudes are typical of Nazi attitudes

71.

Why did the Nazi’s create the “Final Solution” to the Jewish problem?

a.	they were unable to get all of the Jews to emigrate to other countries	c.	The Jews refused to serve in the German military
b.	they did not want to use the Jews as slave labor in German factories	d.	the Jews were lazy and just wanted to attend school

72.

The Nazi’s deported Jews from Germany to other countries in Europe. But as they conquered these European countries the Jews ended up in German territory again. What was the plan called to rid Europe of all Jews?

a.	Kristallnacht	c.	The Genocide Plan
b.	The Final Solution	d.	Mien Kampf

	CONCENTRATION CAMPS The Nazis began implementing their "final solution" in Poland. Nazi murder squads were assigned to round up Jews, strip them of their clothing, and then shoot them in cold blood. Other Jews were herded into dismal ghettos, or Jewish sections, in Polish cities and were left to starve or die from disease . Still others were dragged from their homes and herded into trains and trucks for shipment to concentration camps. In this process, families were often separated, sometimes forever
Life in the camps was a cycle of hunger, humiliation, and work that only ended with death. The prisoners were crammed into crude wooden barracks that held up to a thousand people each. They shared their crowded quarters- as well as their meager meals of thin soup and occasional scraps of bread or potato-with hordes of rats and fleas. Hunger was so intense, recalled one survivor, "that if a bit of soup spilled over, prisoners would converge on the spot, dig their spoons into the mud and stuff the mess into their mouths ." The prisoners worked from dawn to dusk, seven days a week, until they collapsed . Those too weak to work were killed. Some, like Rudolf Reder, endured. He was one of only two Jews to survive the camp at Belzec, Poland.

73.

What were sections of Polish cities, were Jews were imprisoned called?

a.	urban war camps	c.	slums
b.	city prisons	d.	ghetto’s

74.

Which statement is true about the concentration camps?

a.	if a Jewish person worked hard there was a good chance he or she would survive the camps	c.	none of these statements are true
b.	only Jewish children were able to survive the camps	d.	very few Jews survived the camps

	EXTERMINATION As deadly as overwork, starvation, beatings, and bullets were, they did not kill fast enough to satisfy the Nazis. Late in 1941, the Germans built six death camps in Poland. Each camp had several huge gas chambers in which as many as 6,000 lives could be snuffed out daily.
When prisoners arrived at Auschwitz, the largest of the death camps, they had to parade by several SS doctors . With a wave of the hand, the doctors separated those strong enough to work from those who would die that day. Both groups were told to leave all their belongings behind, with a promise that they would be returned later. Those destined to die were then led into a room outside the gas chamber and were told to undress for a shower. To complete the deception, they were even given pieces of soap. Finally, they were led into the chamber and poisoned with cyanide gas that spewed from vents in the walls. This orderly mass extermination was sometimes carried out to the accompaniment of cheerful music played by an orchestra of camp inmates who had temporarily been spared execution At first the bodies were buried in huge pits. At Belzec, Rudolf Reder was part of a 500-man death brigade that labored all day, he said, "either at grave digging or emptying the gas chambers." But the decaying corpses gave off a stench that could be smelled for miles around. Worse yet, mass graves left evidence of the mass murder. At some camps, to try to cover up the evidence of their slaughter, the Nazis installed huge crematoriums, or ovens in which to burn the dead. At other camps, the bodies were simply thrown into a pit and set on fire . Gassing was not the only method of extermination used in the camps. Prisoners were also shot, hanged, or injected with poison. Still others died as a result of horrible medical experiments carried out by camp doctors . Some of these victims were injected with deadly germs in order to study the effect of disease on different groups of people. Others were forced to exist only on seawater in experiments to determine how long shipwrecked seamen could survive . Many more were used to test methods of sterilization, a subject of great interest to some Nazi doctors in their search for ways to improve the "master race."

75.

Why did the Jews march into the gas chambers without protest?

a.	they did not go into the gas chambers quietly	c.	they wanted to die because there was no hope
b.	they thought they were going to take showers after the long train trip	d.	they thought gas chambers were dining rooms

76.

It was possible to kill up to ____ persons a day in each death camp.

a.	1000	c.	6000
b.	2000	d.	15000

77.

Which method did the Nazi’s use to exterminate Jews in the concentration camps?

a.	gassing	d.	poison injections
b.	shooting	e.	all of these methods were used
c.	hanging

78.

Why did the Nazi’s prefer to burn the dead bodies of Jews in crematoriums?

a.	they wanted to get rid of evidence of genocide	c.	they wanted to insult the Jewish religion
b.	they used the ovens to create electricity	d.	they did not prefer to burn the dead bodies and left them to rot because it was too much trouble

Elie Wiesel

THE SURVIVORS

Six million Jews died in the death camps and in Nazi massacres . But some miraculously escaped the worst of the Holocaust . Many had help from ordinary people who were appalled by the Nazis' treatment of Jews. These people risked death by hiding Jews in their homes or by helping them escape to neutral countries such as Sweden and Switzerland .

Some Jews even survived the horrors of the concentration camps. In Gerda Weissmann Klein's view, survival depended as much on one's spirit as on getting enough to eat . "I do believe that if you were blessed with imagination, you could work through it," she wrote. "If, unfortunately, you were a person that faced reality, I think you didn't have a chance." Those who did come out of the camps alive were forever changed by what they had witnessed . For survivor Elie Wiesel, who entered Auschwitz in 1944 at the age of 14, the sun had set forever.

79.

About how many Jews died in the Nazi death camps?

a.	11 million	c.	6 million
b.	20 million	d.	2 million

80.

Most Jews who survived the concentration camps were able to put it out of their minds and lead normal lives

true

false

The United States Musters Its Forces

As German tanks thundered across Poland, Roosevelt issued an official proclamation of neutrality as required by the Neutrality Acts. At the same time, he began to prepare the nation for the struggle he feared lay just ahead.

MOVING CAUTIOUSLY AWAY FROM NEUTRALITY

	On September 8, 1939, Roosevelt announced that he was calling a special session of Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts. When Congress met two weeks later, the president asked for a "cash-and-carry" provision, which would permit nations to buy American arms as long as they paid cash and carried the goods home in their own ships. Providing the arms that would help France and Britain defeat Hitler, Roosevelt argued, was the best way to keep America out of the war.
	Isolationists in Congress, such as Senator Arthur Vandenberg, argued just the opposite, however. "I do not believe that we can become an arsenal for one belligerent without becoming a target for another," Vandenberg said. After six weeks of heated debate, Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939, and cash and- carry went into effect .

81.

Why did Roosevelt ask Congress to revise the Neutrality Act?

a.	so the U.S. could profit from increased arms sales	c.	so he could remain neutral but restricting sales of arms to European countries
b.	so he could help France and England with military weapons	d.	so he could help the Soviet Union with weapons

82.

What did the “Cash and Carry provision of the Lend Lease act say?

a.	if nations that bought arms did not have cash to pay the U.S. would carry them until they could pay	c.	nations had to pay cash for the arms and carry them in United States ships so the U.S. could make additional profit.
b.	nations had to pay cash for the arms and carry them to Europe in their own ships	d.	Cash and carry did not mean any of these things

THE AXIS THREAT

Over the next few months, America's cash-and-carry policy began to look like too little, too late. By the summer of 1940, France had fallen and Britain was under siege by the German Luftwaffe. Then, in September, Americans were jolted by the news that Japan, Germany, and Italy had signed a mutual defense treaty, the Tripartite Pact. The three nations became known as the Axis powers.

The Tripartite Pact was clearly aimed at keeping the United States out of the war. Under the treaty, each Axis nation agreed to come to the defense of the others in case of attack. This meant that if the United States were to declare war on any one of the Axis powers, it would face its worst military nightmare-a two-ocean war, with fighting in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.

Hoping to avoid this situation, Roosevelt scrambled to provide the British with "all aid short of war." In June 1940, he sent Britain 500,000 rifles and 80,000 machine guns to help replace those lost at Dunkirk. In September, the United States traded 50 old destroyers for leases on British military bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland. Even British prime minister Winston Churchill later called this deal "a decidedly unneutral act."

83.

Which countries were part of the Tripartite (Axis) powers?

a.	Germany, Russia, and Italy	c.	Germany, Italy, Spain and Japan
b.	Germany, Russia and Turkey	d.	Japan, Germany and Italy

84.

In 1940 England was he only country left in Europe that Germany had not conquered. Roosevelt wanted to help England but had to be careful not to provoke Germany. Why was Roosevelt being so cautious?

a.	There were many German voters in the United States and he did not want to loose their votes in the upcoming elections	c.	Roosevelt agreed with the approach that Neville Chamberlain took toward Germany, rather than the Churchill approach
b.	If the U.S. went to war with Germany it would also have to fight Russia and Roosevelt did not think we were strong enough to fight a war against the armies of both nations	d.	If the U.S. went to war with Germany it would also have to fight Japan and Roosevelt did not think we were strong enough to fight a war in the Atlantic and the Pacific

85.

Because Roosevelt was so concerned about Germany he did nothing at all to help England in 1940

true

false

BUILDING AMERICA'S DEFENSES

Meanwhile, Roosevelt asked Congress to increase spending for national defense. After years of isolationism, the United States was militarily weak. Critics pointed out that 18 countries had larger armies, that the navy could hardly protect the Panama Canal, and that Italy's air force had more firepower than that of the United States

In response, Congress dramatically boosted defense spending in 1940. It also passed the nation's first peacetime military draft. Under the Selective Training and Service Act, 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35 were registered. Of these, 1 million were to be drafted for one year. Roosevelt himself drew the first draft numbers . "This is a most solemn ceremony," he told a national radio audience . "It is accompanied by no fanfare no blowing of bugles or beating of drums. There should be none."

ROOSEVELT'S REELECTION

REP WILKIE VS DEM FDR

That same year, Roosevelt decided to break the tradition of a two-term presidency, begun by George Washington, and to run for reelection. To the great disappointment of isolationists, Roosevelt's Republican opponent, a public utilities executive named Wendell Willkie, supported Roosevelt's policy of aiding Britain. At the same time, both Willkie and Roosevelt promised to keep the nation out of war. Because there was so little difference between the candidates, the majority of voters chose the one they knew best. Roosevelt was reelected with nearly 55 percent of the votes cast.

86.

Which statement below is true about American defenses in 1940?

a.	The U.S. army was strong but the navy and air force was weak	c.	The air force was weaker than Italy’s and the army was also weak, but the navy was very strong and controlled the Panama canal
b.	The U.S. forces were stronger than the top 18 military forces in the world	d.	none of these statements are true

87.

What did the Congress do about American defenses in 1940?

a.	ignored American defenses	c.	restricted any defense spending until 1941
b.	increased spending and tried to build up American defenses	d.	said the Japanese would have to attack the American navy before they would even think about war

88.

What American tradition did Roosevelt break in 1940?

a.	The tradition set by George Washington that a president should only serve two terms	c.	The tradition set by Washington that presidents should not leave office during wartime
b.	The tradition set by Washington that England should fight its own wars	d.	The tradition set by Washington that sitting presidents should not run for office

"The Great Arsenal of Democracy"

Not long after the election, President Roosevelt held another of his fireside chats on the radio. There was no hope of negotiating a peace with Hitler, he told the nation . "No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it." He also warned that if Britain fell, the Axis powers would be left unchallenged to conquer the world, at which point, he said, "all of us in all the Americas would be living at the point of a gun." To prevent such a situation, the United States had to help defeat the Axis threat by turning itself into "the great arsenal of democracy."

THE LEND-LEASE PLAN

By late 1940, however, Britain had no more cash to spend in the arsenal of democracy. Consequently, Roosevelt suggested replacing cash-and-carry with a new plan that he called lend-lease . Under this plan, the president would lend or lease arms and other supplies to "any country whose defense was vital to the United States ."

Even though the isolationists were losing the support of the American public, they argued bitterly against lend-lease. Congress finally passed the Lend-Lease Act in 1941 and supported it with $7 billion. In all, the United States eventually spent $50 billion under the act .

Britain was not the only nation to receive lend-lease aid . On June 22, 1941, Hitler ignored his peace treaty with Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union with 3 million troops. The Fuehrer confidently predicted victory within six weeks . But the Soviets resisted fiercely. As they pulled back from the Nazi advance, they employed a scorched-earth policy, destroying everything that might be of use to the invaders . Six weeks stretched into six months. Then, as the bitter Russian winter set in, the German invasion ground to a halt.

Meanwhile, Roosevelt began sending lend-lease supplies to the Soviet Union. Some Americans opposed providing aid to Stalin . They even argued that Hitler was doing the United States a favor by attacking the Communists. But Roosevelt agreed with Winston Churchill, who once remarked that "if Hitler invaded Hell," the British would be prepared to work with the devil himself.

89.

When Roosevelt said that the U.S. would become the Arsenal of Democracy, what did he mean?

a.	the U.S. would try to promote democracy in Germany and Japan so as to ease tensions.	c.	since the U.S. could not get involved in the war directly, we would supply the arms necessary to fight Hitler
b.	the U.S, would not take any military action because we were a democracy	d.	it meant none of these

90.

How was Lend Lease different from Cash and Carry

a.	With Lend Lease we would lend the arms to friendly nations if they could no pay for them	c.	With Lend Lease the allies had to pay cash and carry the supplies in their own ships
b.	With Lend Lease only England would be permitted to buy arms	d.	Lend Lease and Cash and Carry were exactly the same

91.

What did the United States do in response to the German attack on the Soviet Union?

a.	We sent supplies to the Soviet Union	c.	We sent troops to help the Soviets
b.	We ignored the German attack	d.	We sent American ships to guard the Soviet coast

92.

Which statement is true.

a.	The Germans planned for a long war in Russia and prepared for the Russian winter.	c.	The Germans knew that the war in Russia would be a long one
b.	After initial successes, the German army got stuck and were unprepared for the Russian winter.	d.	The Germans thought it would only take them six weeks to defeat the Soviets but it took them six months

GERMAN WOLF PACKS

For lend-lease aid to be of any use to Britain and the Soviet Union, supply lines had to be kept open across the Atlantic Ocean. To prevent delivery of lend-lease shipments, Hitler deployed hundreds of German submarines-or U-boats-in the North Atlantic. There, groups of 15 to 20 submarines, known as wolf packs, searched shipping lanes for cargo ships.

During five weeks in April and May 1941, the Germans sank 1.2 million tons of British shipping. They were sinking ships faster than the British could replace them. Something had to be done to protect cargo ships, supporters of lend-lease argued. Otherwise, the United States might just as well dump its lendlease shipments into the ocean.

In June 1941, Roosevelt ordered the U.S . Navy to protect lend-lease shipments as far east as Iceland . He also gave American warships permission to attack German Uboats in self-defense.

93.

How did Roosevelt respond to attacks by the German wolf packs

a.	We sent the U.S. Navy out to attack the Germans	c.	He sent the navy to protect ships as far as Iceland and gave permission for our navy to protect itself
b.	He sent bombers to attack German ports	d.	He did nothing

Planning for War

With each step Roosevelt took against the Axis powers, the roar of the isolationists grew louder. In August 1941, they voiced their opposition to a bill that would extend the draft for another 18 months . Congress passed the draft-extension bill, but only by a razor-thin margin of 203 to 202 in the House of Representatives. Roosevelt was not discouraged by this narrow victory, however. With the army provided for, he began planning for the war he thought was certain to come.

THE ATLANTIC CHARTER

While Congress voted on the draft extension, Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly aboard a warship off the coast of Newfoundland. Churchill had come hoping for a military commitment from the United States . Instead, he settled for a declaration of principles called the Atlantic Charter. In this document, the two leaders spelled out the causes for which World War II was fought-even before the United States officially entered the conflict.

The charter pledged both Great Britain and the United States to (1) seek no territorial expansion, (2) pursue no territorial changes without the consent of the inhabitants, (3) respect the right of people to choose their own form of government, (4) promote free trade among nations, (5) encourage international cooperation to improve peoples' lives, (6) build a secure peace based on freedom from want and fear, (7) work for disarmament of aggressors, and (8) establish a "permanent system of general security."

Later in 1941, the Atlantic Charter became the basis of a new document called "A Declaration by the United Nations." The term "United Nations" was suggested by Roosevelt to express the common purpose of the Allies, those nations that had joined together to fight the Axis powers. The declaration was signed by 26 nations, including the Soviet Union and China. Together, observed Churchill, these nations represented "four-fifths of the human race ."

94.

What was the Atlantic Charter?

a.	A declaration of the common principles of the U.S. and Britain	c.	A declaration of war on Germany and Japan
b.	A declaration of war of the nations of the world against the Axis powers	d.	A secret agreement between the U.S. and England that the U.S. would begin military action against Germany

95.

What was the Declaration of the United Nations?

a.	A declaration of war by the nations of the world against Germany	c.	A declaration of war of the United Nations against Germany and Japan
b.	The nations of the world that opposed the Axis powers adopted the principles of the Atlantic Charter.	d.	An offer of peace by the nations of the world to the Axis powers.

THE SHOOTING BEGINS

"How near is the United States to war?" That was the question Churchill asked after his August 1941 meeting with Roosevelt. For the moment, the answer still seemed to be "not very." Then, on September 4, a German U-boat fired two torpedoes at the U.S. destroyer Greer. President Roosevelt responded with the announcement that the U.S. Navy had been ordered to fire on German ships on sight. "When you see a rattlesnake poised to strike," the president explained, "you do not wait until he has struck before you crush him. These Nazi submarines and raiders are the rattlesnakes of the Atlantic ."

Two weeks later, the Pink Star, an American merchant ship, was sunk off Greenland. Its lost cargo included machine tools, evaporated milk, and enough cheddar cheese to feed more than 3 .5 million British laborers for a week. In mid-October, the U.S . destroyer Kearny was torpedoed near Iceland and 11 lives were lost. "America has been attacked," Roosevelt announced grimly. "The shooting has started . And history has recorded who fired the first shot." A few days later, German U-boats sank the U.S . destroyer Reuben James in the same waters, killing at least 100 sailors.

As the death toll mounted, the Senate finally repealed the ban against arming merchant ships. The vote was so close, however, that Roosevelt knew that something far more dramatic than German attacks on U.S. ships would be needed to persuade Congress to declare war. Churchill knew this as well, advising his impatient war cabinet to "have patience and trust to the tide which is flowing our way, and to events."

96.

Why did the German U boats attack American cargo ships and destroyers?

a.	The Germans attacked American ships by mistake	c.	American ships were helping to supply England who was at war with Germany
b.	The Germans did not like Americans	d.	The Germans wanted to hijack the supplies being sent to Europe for their own use

97.

Which statement is true?

a.	Roosevelt was convinced that he could negotiate with the Axis power to bring peace to Europe and Asia	c.	Roosevelt wanted war with the Axis while the isolationists wanted America to become allies of the Axis
b.	Roosevelt and the isolationists were in agreement on what America should do about the Axis aggression	d.	Roosevelt was convinced that the U.S. needed to go to war with the Axis but couldn’t act because of the isolationists in Congress

98.

Who was the leader of Great Britain in the Summer of 1941?

a.	Franklin Roosevelt	c.	Winston Churchill
b.	Neville Chamberlain	d.	Sir Reinem James

Japan Attacks the United States

The tide pushing the United States toward war was flowing much faster than either leader knew. To almost everyone's surprise, however, the attack that brought the United States into the war came from an unexpected country-not from Germany but from Japan.

JAPAN'S AMBITIONS

In Japan, expansionists had long dreamed of creating a vast colonial empire that would stretch from Manchuria and China south to Thailand and Indonesia . This dream had motivated Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and of China in 1937 . South of China, though, Japan's ambitions for expansion brought them into conflict with other colonial powers . These powers included France (in French Indochina), the Netherlands (in the Dutch East Indies), Britain (in Burma, India, and Malaya), and the United States (in Guam and the Philippines) . By 1941, France and the Netherlands had fallen to Germany, and the British were too busy fighting Hitler to block Japanese expansion . Only the United States and its Pacific islands remained in Japan's way.

The Japanese began their southward push in July of 1941 by taking over French military bases in Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) . The United States protested this new act of aggression by cutting off trade with Japan. The embargoed goods included the one thing Japan could not live without-oil to fuel its war machine . Japanese military leaders warned that, without oil, Japan could be defeated without its enemies ever striking a blow. The leaders declared that Japan must either persuade the United States to end its oil embargo or seize the oil fields in the Dutch East Indies .

99.

What was the source of tensions between the United States and Japan in 1941?

a.	Japanese exports to the United States	c.	Japan’s refusal to buy oil from the United States
b.	Japan’s desire to conquer and control Asia by force.	d.	American aggression in China

100.

Which statement is true?

a.	Japan attacked China even though China did nothing to provoke Japan	c.	Japan attacked China because it was an ally of the United States
b.	China attacked Japan causing the Japanese invasion	d.	The U.S. was responsible for Japanese aggression in Asia

In October, the militant Japanese general Hideki Tojo became the new prime minister of Japan. Shortly after taking office, Tojo met Japan's revered emperor, Hirohito . At that meeting, Tojo promised the emperor that the government would make a final attempt to preserve peace with the Americans. If the peace talks failed, Japan would have no choice but to go to war. But on November 5, 1941, the very day that Tojo's special "peace" envoy flew to Washington for talks, the prime minister ordered the Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on the United States. This demonstrates that neither Tojo or Hirohito was interested in peace with the United states.

The U.S. military had broken Japan's secret communication codes and knew that Japan was preparing for a strike. What it didn't know was where the attack would come. Late in November, Roosevelt sent out a "war warning" to military commanders in Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines . If war could not be avoided, the warning said, "the United States desires that Japan commit the first overt act." And the nation waited.

The peace talks went on for a month. Then, late on December 6, 1941, the president received a decoded message that had been intercepted. This message instructed Japan's peace envoy to reject all American peace proposals . "This means war," Roosevelt told his friend and adviser Harry Hopkins . "It's too bad we can't strike first and prevent a surprise," Hopkins replied . "No, we can't do that," Roosevelt reportedly responded. "We are a democracy of peaceful people . We have a good record . We must stand on it."

101.

How did we know that Japan was preparing for war with the U.S. and would not accept our peace offers?

a.	The Japanese emperor was controlled by the military leaders	c.	We were informed by the German ambassador
b.	We broke the Japanese codes and could listen to their communications	d.	Japan told the U.S. that it wanted war and would attack soon

102.

Who was the Japanese military general who became prime minister in 1941?

a.	General Hiroheto	c.	Hideki Tojo
b.	A military leader cannot be a civilian leader	d.	General Hideki Godzilla

103.

What did changes in the Japanese government in October 1941 mean?

a.	Japan would probably become a more peaceful nation	c.	The military was out of favor with the Japanese government
b.	The military was now in control of the Japanese government	d.	There would be restrictions and controls placed on the Japanese military

104.

Which statement is true?

a.	Roosevelt knew Japan was going to attack the U.S. but didn’t know when and where	c.	Roosevelt had no idea that Japan was going to attack the U.S.
b.	Roosevelt knew that Japan was going to attack Pearl Harbor on December 7	d.	Roosevelt wanted to attack Japan first and that is what prompted the Japanese attack

THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR

Early the next morning, a Japanese dive-bomber swooped low over the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor the largest U.S . naval base in the Pacific. The bomber was followed by more than 180 Japanese warplanes launched from six aircraft carriers. As the first Japanese bombs found their targets, a radio operator flashed this message: "Air raid on Pearl Harbor. This is not a drill." For an hour and a half, the Japanese planes were barely disturbed by American antiaircraft guns and blasted target after target . By the time the last plane soared off around 9:30 A.M ., the devastation was appalling. John Garcia, a pipe fitter's apprentice, was there.

	For Japan, the attack on Pearl Harbor was a stunning victory. The Japanese navy all but crippled the entire U.S. Pacific Fleet in one blow. Its own casualties numbered only 29 planes . In Tokyo, the elated Tojo visited a shrine to thank the spirits of his ancestors for this favorable opening of Japan's campaign to rule East Asia.

In Washington, the mood ranged from outrage to panic. At the White House, Eleanor Roosevelt watched closely as her husband, with a "deadly calm," absorbed the news from Hawaii, "each report more terrible than the last." The surprise raid had sunk or badly damaged 18 ships . About 350 planes had been destroyed or severely damaged. Some 2,400 people had died, and another 1,178 had been wounded. These losses constituted more damage than the U.S . Navy had suffered in all of World War I .

Beneath the president's calm, Eleanor could see how worried he was. "I never wanted to have to fight this war on two fronts," Roosevelt told his wife. "We haven't the Navy to fight in both the Atlantic and the Pacific . . . so we will have to build up the Navy and the Air Force and that will mean that we will have to take a good many defeats before we can have a victory." The next day, President Roosevelt addressed Congress. He asked for a declaration of war against Japan, which Congress quickly approved. Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States

For all the damage done at Pearl Harbor, perhaps the greatest was to the cause of isolationism. "The only thing now to do," said the isolationist senator Burton Wheeler after the attack, "is to lick (kick) the hell out of them."

105.

What was the response of President Roosevelt to the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese?

a.	Asked Japan for a peace treaty	c.	He did nothing
b.	Asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan the next day.	d.	Asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan and Germany the next day.

106.

Which statement is true?

a.	The attack on Pearl Harbor was a big victory for Japan	c.	The attack on Pearl Harbor was a victory for Hitler
b.	The attack on Pearl Harbor was a big loss for Japan	d.	The Japanese army led the attack on Pearl Harbor

107.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan, and the declaration of war against the U.S. by Germany, Roosevelt knew America would have to fight a two front war in Asia and Europe. How did FDR feel about fighting a two front war?

a.	He was confident that it would be a short war	c.	He wanted to ask Germany for peace so he could concentrate on Japan
b.	He was concerned and thought it would take a long time to defeat Germany and Japan	d.	He was happy that America would finally be able to show it’s strenght

108.

Which is not true of Joseph Stalin?

a.	totalitarian	c.	Launched massive drive to collectivize agriculture
b.	Communist	d.	entered into a pact or alliance with Germany in 1936

109.

Which does not match Benito Mussolini

a.	fascist	c.	launched invasion of Ethiopia
b.	nationalist	d.	supported government ownership of property

110.

Which does not match Adolf Hitler

a.	nationalist	c.	supported Treaty of Versailles
b.	was elected to office	d.	militaristic expansionism

111.

Which does not match japan's militarists

a.	expansionists	c.	forced Japan to become China's ally
b.	launched an invasion of Manchuria	d.	came to power through acts of aggression

112.

Which does not match Francisco Franco

a.	Spanish	c.	totalitarionist
b.	Socialist	d.	aided by Hitler and Mussolini

113.

Which nation won the Battle of Britain?

a.	England	c.	Germany
b.	France	d.	Poland

114.

This British prime minister signed the Munich Pact

a.	Charles de Gaulle	c.	Neville Chamberlain
b.	Winston Churchill	d.	Sir Richard Burton

115.

After the fall of France, he set up a government in exile in Britain.

a.	Charles de Gaulle	c.	Neville Chamberlain
b.	Winston Churchill	d.	Candide

116.

The result of this led Hitler to call off the invasion of Britain indefinitely.

a.	Non-aggression pact	c.	D Day
b.	Battle of Britain	d.	Dunkirk

117.

This German military strategy of "lightning war" was first used in Poland.

a.	Luftwaffe	c.	Calvary charge
b.	Liebenstram	d.	blitzkrieg

118.

This nation was the first country to be invaded and taken over by Germany.

a.	France	c.	Austria
b.	Britain	d.	Poland

119.

Prior to the invasion of Poland, this is what Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to.

a.	nonaggression pact	c.	foreign aid
b.	NATO	d.	Warsaw Pact

120.

This nation ceased to exist after it was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union.

a.	Austria	c.	Poland
b.	France	d.	Britain

121.

This country invaded Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

a.	Germany	c.	Italy
b.	Japan	d.	Soviet Union

122.

By signing the Munich Pact, Britain and France agreed to take this policy toward German Aggression

a.	aggression	c.	"walk softly and carry a big stick"
b.	appeasement	d.	state of war

123.

About the Munich Pact, he said, "Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. they chose dishonor. they will have war."

a.	Neville Chamberlain	c.	Winston Churchill
b.	Charles de Gaulle	d.	Joseph Stalin

124.

The terms of surrender forced on this nation included, German occupation of the northern part of the country and the establishment of a Nazi-controlled puppet government in the southern part.

a.	Austria	c.	Poland
b.	France	d.	Norway

125.

Congress passes the _____, which permits nations to buy American armaments as long as they pay cash and carry the goods home in their own ships.

a.	Neutrality Act of 1939	c.	Lend Lease Act
b.	Atlantic Charter	d.	the Trade Embargo Act

126.

The _____ (Germany, Italy and Japan) form an alliance.

a.	Central powers	c.	Axis powers
b.	United Nations Charter	d.	Allies

127.

Congress boosts defense spending and creates the first peacetime _____ in U.S. history.

a.	trade embargo	c.	draft
b.	declaration of war	d.	charter

128.

The _____ passes, allowing the president to lend or lease arms and other supplies to "any country whose defense was vital to the United States."

a.	Lend-Lease Act	c.	Trade Embargo Act
b.	Neutrality Act	d.	Smoot Hawley Act

129.

Germany invades _____ in spite of the peace treaty signed between the two nations just prior to the invasion of Poland.

a.	China	c.	France
b.	Austria	d.	the Soviet Union

130.

Japan takes over French military bases in Indochina. In response, the United States places a _____ on Japan.

a.	blockade	c.	cultural exchange prohibition
b.	trade embargo	d.	fine

131.

Churchill and Roosevelt meet secretly aboard a warship off the coast of Newfoundland. Together, they draft the _____.

a.	Atlantic Charter	c.	Rio Pact
b.	U.N. Charter	d.	NATO alliance

132.

Hideki Tojo becomes prime minister of _____ .

a.	China	c.	the Philippines
b.	Viet Nam	d.	Japan

133.

Japan launches a surprise attack on the naval base at

a.	Long Beach	c.	Pearl Harbor
b.	Formosa	d.	Yokuska

134.

the United States declares war on _____ .

a.	Germany	c.	the Soviet Union
b.	Japan	d.	the Warsaw Pact

135.

Germany and Italy declare war on _____ .

a.	Japan	c.	Sicily
b.	China	d.	the United States

136.

What did the Nuremberg laws do?

a.	declare war on Poland	c.	restricted civil rights for Jews
b.	established the German draft	d.	guaranteed a new car for every German

137.

What happened during Kristallnacht?

a.	Santa Claus came to Germany	c.	The German universities burned all non-German books.
b.	The Grinch stole Germany's Christmas	d.	Persecution of Jews and breaking of glass in Jewish owned businesses.

138.

All of the following were leaders of totalitarian governments except ...

a.	Joseph Stalin	c.	Benito Mussolini
b.	Francisco Franco	d.	Neville Chamberlain

139.

At the end of World War I, Many new democracies were established in Europe. In the years between the two world wars, most of these democracies ...

a.	thrived	c.	Were torn apart by civil wars
b.	became Communist	d.	were replaced by dictatorships

140.

Where was the first Fascist government formed?

a.	Italy	c.	Spain
b.	Japan	d.	Germany

141.

Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler shared similar attitudes toward all of the following except ...

a.	nationalism	c.	centralized government
b.	ownership of property	d.	militaristic expansionism

142.

Which of the following did Adolf Hitler oppose?

a.	Kristallnacht	c.	the Nuremberg Laws
b.	the Munich Pact	d.	the Treaty of Versailles

143.

Britain and France were drawn into war with Germany because ...

a.	Hitler had taken power in Germany	c.	Germany had attacked Czechoslovakia
b.	they had promised military aid to Poland	d.	Germany had pulled out of the League of Nations

144.

Which nation(s) signed a nonagression pact with Germany that led to the invasion and division of Poland.

a.	Italy	c.	Italy and Japan
b.	Spain	d.	the Soviet Union

145.

The Battle of Britain forced Germany to ....

a.	join the Axis powers	c.	put off the invasion of Britain
b.	fight a three-front war	d.	enter into a nonaggression pack with Britain.

146.

The Nazis practiced genocide, which is the ...

a.	acting out of anti-Semitic beliefs	c.	terrorizing of the citizens of a nation by a government
b.	deliberate extermination of specific group of people	d.	killing of people for the express purpose of creating terror.

147.

The German blitzkrieg was a military strategy that depended on ...

a.	a system of fortifications	c.	surprise and overwhelming force
b.	"out-waiting" an opponent	d.	the ability to make a long steady advance.

148.

Britain and France adopted a policy of appeasement toward Germany ...

a.	before the war began	c.	when the U.S. declared war
b.	when they declared war	d.	after France was invaded and divided

149.

the United States entered WWII as a direct result of ...

a.	the attack on Pearl Harbor	c.	the invasion and division of Italy
b.	the invasion and division of France	d.	attacks on U.S. ships in the Atlantic

150.

Who or what did President Roosevelt describe as "the rattlesnakes of the Atlantic?"

a.	Axis nations and their leaders	c.	German U-boats and their crews
b.	U.S. Navy ships and their crews	d.	Japanese warplanes and their pilots

Matching

a.	fascism	l.	Winston Churchill
b.	appeasement	m.	totalitarian
c.	Holocaust	n.	Charles de Gaulle
d.	Joseph Stalin	o.	Neutrality Acts
e.	blitzkrieg	p.	Kristallnacht
f.	Adolf Hitler	q.	Benito Mussolini
g.	concentration camp	r.	Axis powers
h.	Neville Chamberlain	s.	nonaggression pact
i.	genocide	t.	Nazism
j.	Lend-Lease Act	u.	Atlantic Charter
k.	Hideki Tojo	v.	Allies

151.

Laws passed by Congress to ban the sale of arms or loans to nations at war

152.

Agreement between Germany and Russia not to fight each other

153.

Name given the night of November 9, 1938, when Nazis in Germany attacked Jews, their businesses, and their synagogues

154.

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union

155.

Head of the French government in exile in England

156.

British and American statement of goals for fighting World War II

157.

Government that has complete control over its citizens and puts down all opposition

158.

Germany, Italy, and Japan

159.

Fascist political philosophy of Germany under Nazi dictator Hitler

160.

Group of nations, including the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, who opposed the Axis powers

161.

Nazi dictator of Germany

162.

Prime minister of Japan during World War II

163.

Prime minister of Great Britain before World War II. Signed non-aggression pact with Hitler and came home saying, “Peace in our time.”

164.

Deliberate and systematic killing of an entire people

165.

Lightning war strategy used by Germany against Poland

166.

Prison camps operated by the Nazis where Jews and others were starved while doing slave labor or murdered

167.

Political system based on a strong, centralized government headed by a dictator

168.

Trying to pacify an aggressor in order to keep the peace

169.

Law that allowed lending or leasing arms to any nation “whose defense was vital to the United States”

170.

Fascist dictator of Italy

171.

Prime minister of Great Britain during World War II. Warned England about the dangers of Hitler.

172.

Systematic murder of 11 million Jews and other people in Europe by the Nazis