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His Ch 11-3 MOBILIZING FOR WAR

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 
 
Congress Gives Power to Wilson

The war economy likewise caused far-reaching changes in American lives. Many people moved from one region to another, lured by promises of higher wages . And women, who usually had limited roles in the nation's industrial economy, filled many positions left open by men who had joined the armed forces, providing the hardware those men needed to fight. Many African Americans moved from the South to the North to fill important jobs in American industry.

Winning the war was not a job for American soldiers alone. It was necessary to mobilize the entire economy, to shift from producing consumer goods to producing weapons, ammunition, and other war supplies . This was too complicated and important a job for private industry to handle on its own, so business and government cooperated in the effort . Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy, including the power to fix prices and to regulate-even to nationalize-certain war-related industries.
 

 1. 

President Wilson said that the war
a.
was going to be won or lost by the soldiers in the field
c.
must involve the civilian population as well as the military forces
b.
was going to be won or lost by the navy
d.
was most likely not going to be won
 

 2. 

The Congress
a.
gave Wilson vast new powers over the country to help win the war
c.
gave Wilson power over everything except the economy
b.
put restrictions on Wilson regarding civil rights
d.
did not help Wilson at all
 
 
WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD

The main regulatory body was the War Industries Board (WIB) . It was established in 1917 and reorganized in 1918 under the leadership of Bernard M. Baruch. The board encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques  to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products-for instance, by making only 5 colors of typewriter ribbons instead of 150. The WIB set production (Quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted psychological testing to help people find the right jobs

Under the WIB, industrial production in the United States increased by about 20 percent. However, the WI13 applied price controls only at the wholesale level. As a result, retail prices soared, and in 1918 they were almost double what they lead been before the war. Corporate profits soared as well, especially in such industries as chemicals, copper, lumber, meat packing, oil, and steel.

The activities of' the WIB had several side effects, including changes in women's clothing . For example, Banrch pointed out that corsets required 8,000 tons of steel a year, which could be better employed in building two battleships . Accordingly, women stopped wearing corsets with steel ribs. Tall leather shoes, which were fashionable but not functional, disappeared, and the extra leather went into soldiers' hoots . Hemlines rose, and the fabric that had formerly gone into long skirts went into military uniforms instead.

The WI B was not the only federal agency to regulate the economy in the interests of the war effort . The Railroad Administration controlled the nations railroads, and the Fuel Administration monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and heating oil . In addition, mares people voluntarily adopted "gasless Sundays" and -liglitless nights" to Help conserve fuel . In March 1918, the Fuel Administration introduced another conservation measure: daylight-saving time, which lead first been proposed by Benjamin Franklin in the 1770s as a way to take advantage of the longer days of sunlight..
 

 3. 

What was the purpose of the War Industries Board
a.
plan strategy for the ground war in France
c.
put a plan for the draft in action
b.
mobilize industry and plan strategy for getting the most out of our resources.
d.
help Wilson find personnel for planning the war strategy
 

 4. 

The WIB had very little impact on the civilian population. It only effected industrial workers.
a.
true
b.
false
 
 
WAR ECONOMY

Wages in some industries-especially the metal trades, shipbuilding, and meat packing-rose during the war years by as much as 20 percent. By contrast, white-collar workers, like clerks, managers, and lawyers, lost about 35 percent of their purchasing power because of inflation . As a result of the uneven treatment of workers, union membership climbed from about 2 .5 million in 1916 to more than 4 million in 1919, and more than 6,000 strikes broke out during the war months in protest against stagnant wages at a time of rising prices .

In 1918, President Wilson established the National War Labor Board to deal with disputes between management and labor. Employers warned workers who were reluctant to go along with board decisions that they would lose their exemption from the draft. "Work or fight," they were told. However, the War Labor Board did try to improve working conditions . It pushed for the eight- hour day and urged~factory owners to allow safety inspections . It also pressured all manufacturers- to observe the federal ban on child labor.

To help produce and conserve food, President Wilson set up the Food Administration and placed Herbert Hoover in charge . Hoover's entire staff except for clerks, consisted of volunteers . Instead of rationing food, he organized a tremendous publicity campaign that called on people to follow the "gospel of the clean plate." He declared one day a week "meatless," another "sweetless," "wheatless," and two other days "porkless ."  Restaurants removed sugar bowls from the table and served bread only after the first course . Since Europeans were accustomed to eating wheat, Hoover urged Americans to eat corn so that they could send their wheat abroad

Homeowners planted "victory gardens" in their yards. There was even a victory garden in one corner of the White House lawn . Schoolchildren joined the United States School Garden Army and spent their after-school hours growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks.

As a result of these and similar efforts, American food shipments to the Allies increased. Farmers responded by putting an additional 40 million acres into production. In the process, they increased their income by almost 30 percent.

The wartime need for labor brought over a million more women into the work force. The suffragette Harriet Stanton Klatch visited a munitions plant in New Jersey
 

 5. 

Who did President Wilson appoint to head the Food Administration?
a.
Tom Clark
c.
Herbert Hoover
b.
Blackjack Pershing
d.
General House
 

 6. 

What was the purpose of the Food Administration?
a.
Make industries more profitable
c.
Help the United Nations Food Project
b.
Make farming more profitable
d.
Conserve food for the war effort
 

 7. 

What was the purpose of the National War Labor Board?
a.
recruit more farm workers
c.
keep peace between labor and management
b.
recruit more factory workers
d.
insure adequate wages for the workers
 
 
Selling the War

"It is not an army we must shape and train for war," argued President Wilson ; "it is a nation ." Not only did soldiers need to learn to fight, but civilians needed to learn how to sacrifice for the war effort . Since the war was not universally popular, the government embarked on a massive propaganda campaign to justify civilian sacrifices and sell the war to the public . The campaign had two aspects. On one hand, it promoted patriotism. On the other hand, it manufactured hate

WAR FINANCING

The United States spent about $33 billion directly on the war effort . The government raised about one-third of this amount through taxes, including a steeper income tax (which taxed high incomes at a higher rate than low incomes), a war-profits tax, and higher excise taxes on tobacco, liquor, and luxury goods. It raised the rest through public borrowing by selling war bonds.

The government sold bonds through tens of thousands of volunteers who never received any sales commission . Movie stars such as Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and Charlie Chaplin spoke at rallies in factories, in schools, and on street corners. Newspapers and billboards carried advertisements for bonds free of charge . Salesmen delivered speeches between theater acts and film screenings. Towns held war-bond parades . All told, the government ran four great "Liberty Loan" drives and one "Victory Loan" drive. As Treasury Secretary William G. McAdoo put it, only "a friend of Germany" would refuse to buy war bonds.
 

 8. 

Why did Wilson believe he needed to “sell the war” with a propaganda campaign?
a.
make the public more patriotic
c.
make the public patriotic and hate the Germans
b.
make the public hate the Germans
d.
it helped the TV stations with advertising
 

 9. 

Why did the government sell war bonds?
a.
to curb inflation
c.
to promote savings
b.
to raise money for the war
d.
to promote investments
 
 
COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION

To directly popularize the war, the government set up the nation's first propaganda agency, the Committee on Public Information. The head of the CPI was a former muckraking journalist George Creel. An imaginative individual, Creel mobilized the nation's artists and advertising people, who created thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. He persuaded choirs, social clubs, and religious institutions to join "the world's greatest adventure in advertising. He recruited some 75,000 men to serve as "Four Minute Men" who would deliver a speech anytime, any place. The Four Minute Men spoke about everything relating to the war: the draft, rationing, bond drives, victory gardens, and topics such as "Why We Are Fighting,"

It is estimated that by the end of the war, the Four Minute Men had delivered more than 7.5 million speeches to 314 million listeners. He did not convince everyone, but he certainly succeeded in reaching them .
 

 10. 

What was the purpose of the CPI?
a.
to raise money for the war effort
c.
to raise money for new hospitals
b.
to mobilize industry for the war effort
d.
to sell the war to the American Public
 

 11. 

Why did Wilson pick a “muckraking journalist” to head the CPI?
a.
he most likely knew how to influence the public
c.
he was a Progressive
b.
he was an important Democrat
d.
he was the only person who would take the job
 
 
Attacks on Civil Liberties

Early in 1917, President Wilson expressed some apprehension about U.S . attitudes
toward the war. The president's prediction was correct. As soon as war was declared, conformity indeed became the order of the day. Attacks on civil liberties, both unofficial and official, erupted.

ANTI-GERMAN ATTITUDES

The main targets of the drive for conformity were Americans who had emigrated from other nations, especially those from Germany and Austria-Hungary. The most bitter attacks were directed against the 2 million Americans who had been born in Germany.  Many Americans with German -sounding names lost their jobs. Orchestras refused to play the music of Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, and Braluns. Some towns with German names changed them . A mob in Collinsville, Illinois, wrapped a German flag around a German-born miner named Robert Prager and lynched him . A jury later cleared the mob's leaders .

Finally, in a burst of anti-German fervor, Americans changed the name of German measles to "liberty measles." Hamburger-named after the German city of Hamburg-became "Salisbury steak" or "liberty sandwich," depending on whether you were buying it in a store or eating it in a restaurant. Sauerkraut was renamed "liberty cabbage," and dachshunds turned into "liberty pups."

ESPIONAGE AND SEDITION ACTS

In June 1917 Congress passed the Espionage Act, and in May 1918 it passed the Sedition Act. Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts a person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the draft, obstructing the sale of government bonds, or saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort .

Like the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, these laws clearly violated the spirit of the First Amendment. Their passage led to some 6,000 arrests for loosely defined antiwar activities and 1,500 convictions, including the five anarchists of the Abrains   case. By 1918 even mainstream publications like the New York Times and The Saturday Evening Post had lost their mailing privileges, at least temporarily The House of Representatives refused to seat Victor Berger, a socialist congressman from Wisconsin, because of his antiwar views. Columbia University fired a distinguished psychologist from its faculty because lie too opposed the war. A colleague who supported the war thereupon resigned in protest, saying, "if we have to suppress everything we don't like to hear, this country is resting on a pretty wobbly basis."

The Espionage and Sedition Acts targeted socialists and labor leaders .Eugene V Debs was handed a ten-year prison sentence for delivering a speech in which he discussed the economic causes of the war, but he was pardoned by President Warren G. Harding after serving only three years . The anarchist "Red Emma" Goldman received a two-year sentence and a $10,000 fine for organizing the No Conscription League. When she left jail, the authorities deported her to Russia. "Big Bill" Haywood and other leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World were accused of sabotaging the war effort because they urged workers to strike for better conditions and higher pay. Haywood received 30 years, while most of the other Wobblies received 5 to 10. Under such federal pressure, the IWW faded away. On the whole, the civil liberties record of the Wilson administration was not one to make Americans proud.
 

 12. 

What was the main group of immigrants that were attacked during the war?
a.
Irish
c.
Latino’s
b.
African Americans
d.
Germans
 

 13. 

Why did the Alien and Sedition Act target Socialists for prosecution?
a.
their activities were helping the Russians to win the war
c.
their activities were patriotic
b.
their activities were hurting the war effort
d.
they were just a disliked minority
 

 14. 

We can tell from the deportation of Emma Goldman that the Anarchists were considered to be part of the _____ movement by the government
a.
Capitalist
c.
religious
b.
Communist
d.
Nazi
 
 
Social Changes During the War

Wars often unleash powerful social forces . The period of World War I was no
exception, and important changes occurred among African Americans and women. The war also contributed to one of the worst epidemics in history-the 1918 flu epidemic.

AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE WAR

Black public opinion about the war was divided . On one side were people like W E. B . Du Bois, who editorialized in The Crisis, the NAACP newspaper, that blacks should support the war effort. Du Bois recognized the German imperial threat .  Du Bois believed that it made sense for African Americans to cooperate with the Wilson administration because African-American support for the war would lend strength to calls for racial justice . On the other side were people like William Monroe Trotter, founder and editor of the Boston. Guardian, who believed that victims of racism should not support a racist government. Trotter condemned Du Bois's accommodationist approach and favored protest instead . Nevertheless, despite grievances over continued racial inequality in the United States, most African Americans backed the war

THE GREAT MIGRATION

In concrete terms, the greatest effect of the First World War on African Americans' lives was that it accelerated the Great Migration, the large scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to cities in the North. As early as the late 19th century African Americans had trickled northward to escape the Jim Crow South, but in the decade between 1910 and 1920, the trickle became a tidal wave. Several factors caused the tremendous growth in black migration . First, many African Americans sought to escape the racial discrimination in the South, which made it hard to make a living and often threatened their lives. Also, a boll weevil infestation, aided by floods and droughts, had ruined much of the South's cotton fields by 1916.

In the meantime, Henry Ford had opened his automobile assembly line to black workers in 1914 . Then the outbreak of World War I and the drop in European immigration increased job opportunities for African Americans in steel mills, munitions plants, and stockyards.  So Southern blacks boarded trains and moved away from the, South. Between 1910 and 1930, hundreds of thousands of African Americans migrated to such cities as Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia. The migration was heaviest from about 1915 to 1925.

Black migrants faced many problems in their new surroundings, however, the concentration of African Americans in particular areas encouraged them to set up their own commercial institutions . Some were in businesses that provided personal services, such as hairdressing and undertaking. Others entered areas of finance that whites considered too risky-such as insuring blacks' lives and property or arranging credit for them . African Americans established thousands of such enterprises in Northern communities .
 

 15. 

What was the “Great Migration?”
a.
African Americans followed Marcus Garvey in the “Back to Africa” movement
c.
African Americans moved from the North to the South to work on farms
b.
African Americans moved from the South to the North to work in industry
d.
A locust infestation of the cotton crop in the South
 

 16. 

What was W.E.B Dubois and most African Americans position on the war?
a.
were against it
c.
supported the Communist position
b.
supported the war effort
d.
supported the Socialist position
 

 17. 

Long before America entered World War I, _______ hired African Americans to work in his factories.
a.
J.P. Morgan
c.
John Rockefeller
b.
W.E.B. Dubois
d.
Henry Ford
 
 
WOMEN IN THE WAR

While African Americans carved new lives for themselves in unfamiliar places, women increasingly found themselves filling unfamiliar social roles as they moved into jobs that had formerly been held exclusively by men. Women began driving cabs and delivery tracks . They became railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, and bricklayers . They even mined coal and took part in shipbuilding . At the same time, women continued to fill more traditional jobs as nurses, clerks, and teachers. Many women worked as volunteers, serving at Red Cross facilities and encouraging the sale of bonds and the planting of victory gardens. In contrast, other women were active in the peace movement. For example, Jane Addallis helped found the Women's Peace Party in 1915 and remained a pacifist even after the United States entered the war.

In general, women made notable contributions to the nation's war effort . As President Wilson acknowledged, "The services of women during the supreme crisis have been of the most signal usefulness and distinction; it is high time that part of our debt should be acknowledged ." While acknowledgment of that debt did not include equal pay for equal work, it did help bolster public support for woman suffrage . In 1919, Congress finally passed the Nineteenth Amendment, and the states ratified it the following year giving women the right to vote..
 

 18. 

We can safely say that the activities of women in World War I
a.
made them even more dependent on men
c.
delayed woman’s suffrage
b.
hurt the cause of womens rights
d.
helped women to finally get the vote
 

 19. 

What amendment to the Constitution gave women the right to vote?
a.
14th
c.
17th
b.
15th
d.
19th
 
 
THE FLU EPIDEMIC

In the fall of 1918 the United States suffered a homefiont crisis that affected both men and  omen, white and black alike. An international flu epidemic gripped the nation . It apparently came from France, to which it had been brought by Chinese war workers . About one-quarter of the U.S . population fell ill with high fever, headaches, and aching muscles, often followed by pneumonia. The effect of' the epidemic on the economy was devastating. Mines shut down, telephone service was cut in half, and factories and offices staggered working hours to avoid contagion . Cities ran short of coffins, and the corpses of poor people lay unburied as long as a week. Doctors did not know what to do, other than to recommend cleanliness and quarantine . One epidemic survivor recalled that "so many people died from the flu they just rang the bells ; they didn't dare take [corpses] into the church ."

In all, about 500,000 Americans perished before the epidemic disappeared in 1919. Historians believe that the influenza virus killed as many as 40 million people worldwide . Like the flu epidemic, the war ended, and Americans across the country hoped that this "war to end all wars" would do just that. Their hopes rested on the peace settlement, and President Wilson traveled to Europe to ensure it. In
 

 20. 

Which statement is true
a.
the flue epidemic was serious but it did not really hurt the war effort
c.
the flue epidemic only took place in China and the United States
b.
the flu epidemic hurt the war effort in America
d.
the flu epidemic was a gift from France because they did not like Americans
 



 
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