True/False Indicate whether the
statement is true or false.
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1.
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Active fighting in the war began when Germany invaded France
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Multiple Choice Identify the choice that
best completes the statement or answers the question.
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![nar001-1.jpg](cst_ch-11_files/nar001-1.jpg) Both the House and the Senate voted overwhelmingly
in favor of U.S . entry into World War I, thus abandoning American neutrality three years after
hostilities first began. And even then, there was considerable debate as to whether the United States
should join the fight. Woodrow Wilson had won a second term in 1916 on the antiwar slogan "He
Kept Us Out of War." What, then, made the United States change its mind in
1917?
Long-Term Causes of World War I
The First World War began on August 4,
1914, when German troops poured into Belgium . Although many Americans wanted to stay out of the war,
several factors made American neutrality difficult to maintain . As an industrial and imperial power,
the United States felt many of the same pressures that had led the nations of Europe into devastating
warfare. Historians generally cite four long-term causes of the First World War: nationalism,
imperialism, militarism, and the formation of a system of alliances.
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2.
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What were the long range causes of World War I?
a. | militarism | d. | imperialism | b. | nationalism | e. | all of these | c. | alliances with other
nations |
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3.
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How long after the start of World War I did the United States enter the
war?
a. | one year | c. | three years | b. | two years | d. | four years |
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NATIONALISM
Nationalism-the belief that national interests and national unity
should be placed ahead of global cooperation and that a nation's foreign affairs should be
guided by its own self-interest-grew in Europe throughout the 19th century. In other words, “my
country first”. Often, it was expressed as competitiveness with, and even antagonism toward,
other nations .
France and Germany jockeyed for European leadership. Germany was a new nation
and wanted to protect its newly industrializing economy by ensuring open markets in Europe and access
to overseas territories
Russia regarded itself as the protector of Europe's Slavic
peoples, no matter which government they lived under. Among these were the Serbs Serbia-located in
the Balkans-was an independent nation at the time, but millions of ethnic Serbs lived under the rule
of Austria-Hungary. As a result, Russia and Austria-Hungary were rivals for influence over
Serbia.
In addition, various ethnic groups resented domination by others and hoped to create
nations of their own . Poland, for example, had been divided among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
Russia. Poles wanted to reunite as an independent Polish nation . The Czechs were restless under the
domination of Austria-Hungary, which would not let them use their own language.
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4.
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A country that puts its own interests above everything else is considered
nationalistic.
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5.
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Germany and Austria-Hungary were the only nationalistic nations in Europe at the
beginning of World War I
a. | true - they were the main cause of the war | b. | false - all of the nations were
nationalistic |
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6.
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Why did Russia feel it needed to protect the Serbian people?
a. | the Russian people and the Serbs lived in the same country | c. | the Russian and
Serb armies were united | b. | the Serbs and Russians were both Slavic
people | d. | the Serbian people
were communist |
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7.
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Before World War I some ethnic people, such as the Poles and Czechs were living
under the rule of _____ and wanted their own country.
a. | Russia | c. | France | b. | England | d. | Austria-Hungry |
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IMPERIALISM
Nationalist competition often worsened imperial conflicts among
the major powers of Europe. To some degree, industrialization and imperialism were closely linked .
As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain in the contest for colonies, which
supplied imperial powers with raw materials such as cotton, oil, and rubber, as well as markets for
manufactured goods. Colonies also added to the imperialist nations' prestige.
The late
19th and early 20th centuries witnessed several quarrels and small wars over colonies . The
Russo-Japanese War was an imperial war over Korea and Manchuria. France and Britain nearly went to
war over Africa
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8.
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Why did many of the imperialist nations of the world battle in small wars prior
to World War I?
a. | they were industrial nations that needed raw materials | c. | they were anxious to supply raw
materials to the colonies in Africa and Asia | b. | they were agrarian nations that needed
food | d. | they wanted the
industrial products supplied by the colonies |
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MILITARISM
Empires were expensive to build and to defend. The growth of
nationalism and imperialism caused military budgets to rise. Because each nation wanted its armed
forces to be stronger than those of any potential enemy, the imperial powers followed a policy of
militarism-the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.
By 1890 the
strongest nation on the European continent was Germany, which had set up an army reserve system that
drafted young men, trained them, and returned them to civilian life until they were needed. At first
Great Britain was not concerned about Germany's military buildup. An island nation, Great
Britain had always relied on its navy for defense and protection of its shipping routes-and the
British navy was the strongest in the world. However, in 1897, Wilhelm II, Germany's Kaiser, or
emperor, decided that his nation should also become a major sea power in order to compete more
successfully against the British. Soon British and German shipyards competed to build the largest
battleships and destroyers. France, Italy, Japan, and the United States quickly joined the naval arms
race.
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9.
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In 1890 which nation had the strongest army in Europe?
a. | Japan | c. | England | b. | France | d. | Germany |
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10.
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Why did England (Great Britain) feel it did not have to fear Germany’s
army?
a. | England had a stronger army | c. | England was protected by
France | b. | England was an island and protected by the strongest navy | d. | Even though England had a weak navy it was an
island |
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11.
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Once Germany decided to build a strong navy, what did the other nations of
Europe and Japan do?
a. | they also build strong navies | c. | they increased the size of their
armies | b. | they tried to form alliances with Germany | d. | nothing |
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ALLIANCE SYSTEM
All these mutual hostilities, jealousies, fears, and desires
led the nations of Europe to sign treaties of assistance that committed them to support one another
if they faced attack . By 1914 there were two major mutual-defense alliances. The Triple Entente,
later known as the Allies, consisted of France, Great Britain, and Russia . (Russia also had a
separate treaty with Serbia .) Germany and Austria-Hungary, together with the Ottoman Empire,
an empire of mostly Middle Eastern lands controlled by the Turks-were later known as the Central
Powers . The alliances provided a measure of international security because nations were
reluctant to disturb the balance of power. As it turned out, though, a spark set off a major
conflict
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12.
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Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey were called the _____
a. | Allies | c. | Triple Entante | b. | Central Powers | d. | The Warsaw Pact |
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13.
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Russia, England, and France were known as the
a. | Triple Entente | c. | neither of these | b. | Central Powers | d. | both of these |
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14.
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The countries in each of the alliances agreed that if anyone was attacked, the
other nations in the alliance would come to the defense of each other.
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An Assassination Leads to War
The Balkan Peninsula. was known as "the
powder keg of Europe ." Most of the continent's leading powers had interests there. Russia
wanted to gain an outlet to the Mediterranean Sea. Germany wanted to extend the railroad between
itself and the Ottoman Empire . Austria-Hungary-which had annexed Bosnia in 1908- objected to
Serbia's role in encouraging Bosnians to reject the rule of Austria-Hungary. The "powder
keg" was ready to explode
On June 28, 1914, the streets of Sarajevo, the capital of
Bosnia, were jammed with people who had gathered to see Archduke Franz Ferdinand. A nephew of Emperor
Franz Joseph, the archduke was heir to the Austrian throne . Suddenly a young man leaped toward them
from the curb. Before the guards could react, he fired a series of shots, killing the archduke and
his wife.
The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, turned out to be a member of a secret society called
the Black Hand. The society's aim was to unite all Serbs, including those living in Bosnia,
under one govern government. The assassination immediately touched off a diplomatic crisis .
Austria-Hungary hoped to make an example of Serbia On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared what it
expected to be a "bright, brisk little war" against Serbia .
The alliance system
pulled one nation after another into the conflict.
On July 29 Russia ordered full
mobilization of its armies to help Serbia On August 1, Germany, obligated by treaty to support
Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia On August 3, Germany declared war on Russia's ally
France . Great Britain, linked by treaty to France, declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.
The Great War had begun.
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15.
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Bosnia was a country in the Balkans ruled by _____
a. | Serbia | c. | Poland | b. | Austria-Hungry | d. | Russia |
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16.
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the nephew of the Emperor of Austria-Hungary who
went to visit
a. | Poland | c. | Russia | b. | Bosnia | d. | England |
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17.
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A _____ revolutionary who wanted Bosnia to be independent of Austria-Hungary
shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife
a. | Russian | c. | British | b. | Serbian | d. | German |
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18.
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As a result of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: *
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia * Russia got ready to defend Serbia * Germany then
declared war on Russia to defend Austria-Hungary * England and France then declared war on Germany
and Austria to defend Russia
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The Fighting Starts
Germany began its war offensive by invading Belgium on
August 4, 1914 . The Germans followed a strategy that Count Alfred Von Schlieffen, chief of the
German General Staff, had planned in 1905. The Schlieffen Plan called for a holding action against
Russia, combined with a quick drive through the Belgian lowlands to Paris. Then, after France
had fallen, the two German armies would join to defeat the Russian czar. As German troops swept
across Belgium, thousands of refugees fled in terror. The American war correspondent Richard Harding
DaWs described the Belgians' reaction as the troops entered the capital, Bru
Unable to
save Belgium, the British and French retreated to the Marne River in France, where they managed to
stop the German advance in September 1914. By the spring of 1915, lines of deep, rat-infested
trenches zigzagged across northern and eastern France . German soldiers occupied one line, Allied
soldiers the other line. Between them lay "no man's land"-a barren expanse of mud
pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire entanglements. Every once in a while, the
soldiers would climb out of their trenches and try to overrun enemy lines, while machine guns blazed
and poison gas filled the air.
The slaughter was unbelievable . For example, during the First
Battle of the Somme-which began on July l, 1916, and lasted until mid-November-the British lost
60,000 men the first day alone . Final casualties totaled "about 1.2 million-650,000 Germans,
420,000 British, and nearly 200,000 French . Yet only seven miles of ground changed hands. This
bloody trench warfare, i which armies fought and died for mere ,yards, continued for more than three
years. Elsewhere, the fighting was equally devastating and equally inconclusive . On the Eastern
Front, Russian and German armies advanced and retreated in turn. The Italian Front, between
Austria-Hungary and Italy, was likewise deadlocked. The Allied assault on the Dardanelles, part of
the waterway between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, ended after almost a year of trench
warfare. In Africa, German and British troops were stalemated after two years of battle. It seemed as
if neither side would be able to gain a decisive victory.
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19.
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Germany began the war with the Von Schlieffen plan by attacking France
through
a. | Poland | c. | Belgium | b. | Italy | d. | Russia |
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20.
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Neither side was able to over run the other so by 1915 the Allies and the
Central Powers settled into a long line of ______ were there confronted each other.
a. | trenches | c. | bunkers | b. | forts | d. | tanks |
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21.
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Which statement is true
a. | Compared to the Spanish American War, very few people were killed in
WWI | c. | Even though there were many casualties in WWI, very little progress was made by
either side | b. | There were many casualties in WWI and both sides made great
advances | d. | Because of trench
warfare, the Russians were cleanly the winners. |
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22.
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All of the following have historically been considered to be causes of World War
I except
a. | American isolationism | c. | the stockpiling of weapons | b. | imperialist
competition | d. | the nationalism
of ethnic groups |
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23.
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The event that triggered World War I was an assassination that occurred
in
a. | Bosnia. | c. | Alsace-Lorraine | b. | Belgium. | d. | the Ottoman
Empire |
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24.
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The German population suffered widespread starvation during the war, largely as
a result of
a. | a severe drought | c. | the British blockade of Germany | b. | the devaluation of
German currency | d. | the Allied
bombing of German farms. |
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25.
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The United States was able to overcome the threat of German U-boats by
using
a. | airplanes. | c. | ships flying neutral flags | b. | groups of guarded
ships. | d. | heavily armored
battleships |
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26.
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World War I was the first time that the U.S. Army
a. | inducted drafted soldiers | c. | allowed women in combat
positions | b. | segregated troops by race | d. | trained African Americans as officers |
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27.
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Most of the American troops sent to Europe participated
a. | in noncombat roles. | c. | as replacements in British divisions. | b. | as an independent
unit. | d. | as replacements in
French divisions. |
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28.
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In addition to President Wilson, the “Big Four” were the leaders of
all of the following nations except
a. | Italy | c. | Russia. | b. | France. | d. | Great Britain. |
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29.
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The U.S. Senate’s opposition to U.S. membership in the League of Nations
centered on the belief that it would
a. | lead to international instability | c. | interfere with free-trade
agreements | b. | be a drain on American finances. | d. | drag the country into European
conflicts. |
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30.
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What country did Austria-Hungary blame for the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand?
a. | Serbia | c. | France | b. | Russia | d. | Great Britain |
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31.
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Which of the following was most responsible for turning American public
opinion against Germany?
a. | German U-boat activities | c. | the British naval blockade of
Germany | b. | Germany’s actions in Belgium | d. | Germany’s war efforts on the Eastern
Front |
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32.
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The United States needed to build up its navy mainly so that it
could
a. | carry on warfare at sea. | c. | ship goods and troops to
Europe. | b. | blockade German ports | d. | place protective patrols along its coast. |
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33.
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All of the following contributed to Germany’s decision to surrender
except
a. | severely limited resources | c. | a civilian revolutionary
movement | b. | a mutiny of its naval forces | d. | a successful Allied invasion of its
borders |
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34.
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Most labor disputes during the war centered on
a. | wages | c. | the length of the workday | b. | job
security. | d. | dangerous working
conditions. |
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35.
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Effects of the war and the war effort included increases in all of the following
except
a. | support for women’s suffrage. | c. | the number of women in paying
jobs | b. | public commitment to civil liberties | d. | the number of African-American
businesses. |
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36.
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Which of the following nations suffered the fewest casualties in the
war?
a. | France | c. | Austria-Hungary | b. | Great Britain | d. | the United
States |
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37.
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Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” peace plan was rejected by
a. | Allied leaders | c. | the U.S. Senate. | b. | the Germans | d. | the League of
Nations |
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Wilson at Versailles
Rejection was probably the last thing Wilson
anticipated when he arrived in Europe . Everywhere he went, people gave him a hero's welcome .
Italians displayed his picture in their windows; Parisians strewed the road with flowers.
Representatives of one group after another-Armenians, Jews, Ukrainians, and Poles-appealed to him for
help in setting up independent nations for themselves . Even the normally restrained British showed
their regard as men removed their hats and women bowed and waved as he passed
FOURTEEN
POINTS
Even before the war was over, Wilson presented his plan for world peace. On January
18, 1918, he delivered his famous Fourteen Points speech before Congress . The points were divided
into three groups . The first five points addressed issues that Wilson believed had caused the
war:
1 . Nations should engage only in open covenants (agreements) openly arrived at. There
should be no secret treaties among nations. 2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained for
all. 3. Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order
to foster free trade. 4. Arms should be reduced "to the lowest point consistent with domestic
safety" in order to lessen militaristic impulses during diplomatic crises . 5. Colonial
policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the
imperialist powers
The next eight points dealt with specific boundary changes. Wilson based
these provisions on the principle of self-determination ,"along historically established
lines of nationality." In other words, national groups would claimed distinct ethnic identities
were to decide for themselves what nations they would belong to.
The fourteenth point called
for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises like those that had
sparked the war. This League of Nations would provide a forum for nations to discuss and
settle their grievances without having to resort to war.
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38.
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What was wilson’s plan for world peace called
a. | The League of Nations | c. | The Wilson Plan | b. | The United Nations | d. | The Fourteen
Points |
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39.
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Under Wilson’s 14 Points, would Germany and England be allowed to enter
into secret agreements and treaties?
a. | yes | c. | the Points do not say | b. | not |
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40.
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What did the 14 Points say about colonialism?
a. | The colonial powers should be eliminated | c. | The colonial nations should show
more consideration toward the peoples they were ruling | b. | The colonial countries should expand their
colonial empires | d. | The
colonial powers should withdraw from the colonial nations |
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41.
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What did the 14 Points say about the oceans?
a. | All nations should be allowed to increase their navies to guard their own
countries | c. | Freedom of the seas should be limited to European countries and
Japan | b. | All nations should be free to travel and trade on the oceans of the
world | d. | The Fourteen Points
does not address this issue |
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42.
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What was the name of the organization that the 14 Points wanted to create to
reduce tensions and settle disputes between the nations of the world?
a. | The United Nations | c. | The Treaty of Versailles | b. | The League of
Nations | d. | The North Atlantic
Treaty Organization |
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43.
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points said that the boundaries of the nations in Europe
should be drawn in such a way as to benefit the native people rather than the
governments of Europe.
a. | true | b. | false the Points do not address this issue |
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THE ALLIES REJECT WILSON'S PLAN
Wilson’s naivete about
the political aspects of securing a peace treaty showed itself in his failure to grasp the anger felt
by the Allied leaders. The French premier, Georges Clemenceau, had lived through two German invasions
of France and was determined to prevent future invasions . The British prime minister, Lloyd George,
had just won reelection on the slogan "Make Germany Pay." The Italian prime minister,
Vittorio Orlando, wanted control of Austrian territory. Contrary to custom, the peace conference did
not include the defeated Central Powers . Nor did it include Russia or the smaller Allied nations.
Instead, the "Big Four"U.S., England, France and Italy worked out the treaty's details
among themselves . Wilson conceded on most of his Fourteen Points in return for the establishment of
the League of Nations .
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44.
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How did the allies receive Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
a. | They accepted them | c. | They accepted them at first but then rejected
them | b. | They rejected them | d. | They though the Points were too harsh |
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45.
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Why didn’t the allies accept Wilson’s Fourteen Points at the
Versailles peace talks?
a. | the allies wanted revenge on Germany, Austria and Turkey | c. | the allies did not
respect Wilson the same way they do not respect President Bush | b. | the allies thought
they did not go far enough in helping the Central Powers to recover from the war | d. | the allies turned against each
other |
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46.
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Wilson agreed to give-up on his Fourteen Points if the Allies would
a. | make the U.S. an equal power in Europe | c. | agree to create the League of
Nations | b. | help Germany to get back on its feet | d. | Wilson did not give up on his Fourteen
Points |
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Treaty of Versailles
On Tune 28, 1919, the Big Four and the
leaders of the defeated nations gathered in the Great Hall of the Palace of Versailles to sign the
treaty. After four years of devastating warfare, everyone hoped that the; treaty would create
stability for a rebuilt Europe . Instead, anger held sway.
PROVISIONS OF THE
TREATY
The Treaty of Versailles established nine new nations-including Poland,
Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia and shifted the boundaries of other nations . It carved four areas out
of the Ottoman Empire and gave them to France and Great Britain as mandates, or temporary colonies .
The two Allies were to administer their respective mandates until the areas were ready for self rule
and then independence . The mandates included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine (now Israel and
Jordan).
The treaty demilitarized Germany, stripping it of its air force and most of its navy
and reducing its army to 100,000 men. The treaty also required Germany to return Alsace-Lorraine to
France and to pay reparations, or war damages, in the amount of 133 billion to the Allies . Also,
the treaty contained a war-guilt clause that forced Germany to acknowledge that it alone was
responsible for World War I .
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47.
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Where was the Treaty of Versailles negotiated and signed
a. | Versailles England | c. | Versailles Germany | b. | Versailles France | d. | Versailles
Russia |
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48.
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Overall we can say that the Treaty of Versailles was
a. | very unfair to Germany, Austria and Turkey | c. | mildly unfair to
Germany | b. | fair to Germany, Austria, and Turkey | d. | a good treaty |
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49.
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The Treaty of Versailles put all of the guilt for WWI on
a. | Austria | c. | The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) | b. | Germany | d. | France |
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50.
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The Treaty of Versailles
a. | allowed Germany to keep its armed forces | c. | allowed Germany to keep its navy
but not its army | b. | allowed Germany to keep its army but not its navy | d. | reduced Germany’s armed forces to
extremely low levels |
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51.
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The Treaty of Versailles gave England and France control (mandates) over large
areas of
a. | Asia | c. | South America | b. | the Middle East | d. | North America |
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THE TREATY'S WEAKNESSES
Such treatment of Germany weakened
the ability of the Treaty of Versailles to serve as the basis of a lasting peace: in Europe. Three
basic weaknesses provided the seeds of postwar international problems that eventually led to the
Second World War.
First, the treaty humiliated Germany. Although German militarism had
played a major role in starting the war in Europe, other nations had been no less guilty in provoking
diplomatic crises before the war. The war-guilt clause caused Germans of all political viewpoints to
detest the treaty. Furthermore, there was no way Germany could pay the huge financial reparations
demanded by the Allies
Second, the Bolshevik government in Russia felt that the Big Four
ignored its needs. For three years the Russians had fought with the Allies, suffering higher
casualties than any other nation . However, Russia was excluded from the peace conference.
Consequently, Russia lost more territory than Germany did. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(or Soviet Union), as Russia was officially called after 1922, became determined to regain its former
territory.
The third issue that contributed to international instability resulted from
decisions about what should be done with colonial territories . Germany was stripped of its colonial
possessions in the Pacific, which might have helped it pay its reparations bill . Also, the treaty
ignored the claims of colonized people for self-determination, as in the case of Southeast Asia.
In the early 20th century, much of Southeast Asia was a French colony called French
Indochina. For decades, nationalist movements for independence had developed in what is now Vietnam.
At Versailles, a young Vietnamese man later known as Ho Chi Minh appealed to President Wilson for
help. Ho Chi Minh wanted a constitutional government that would give the Vietnamese people the same
civil and political rights as the French . Wilson refused to consider Ho Chi Minh's proposal. Ho
Chi Minh later founded the Indochina Communist Party and led the Vietnamese fight against French, and
later American, forces until his death in 1969
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52.
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All of the following were weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles
except
a. | the treaty created the League of Nations | c. | the treaty humiliated
Germany | b. | the treaty did not address the colonial issue | d. | the treaty excluded the Soviet Union from the
negotiations |
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53.
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We can safely say that the Treaty of Versailles was one of the major causes of
World War Two
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54.
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How did Germany feel about the Treaty of Versailles?
a. | they respected it | c. | they hated it | b. | they accepted it | d. | they had no opinion about the
treaty |
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55.
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Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese revolutionary who wanted Wilson to help him get the
country of _____ to give up control of Vietnam
a. | Germany | c. | France | b. | England | d. | Turkey |
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Opposition to the Treaty
When Wilson returned to the United States, he
found several groups opposed to the treaty. Some people including Herbert Hoover, believed it was too
harsh. Hoover noted, “The economic consequences alone will pull down all of Europe and thus
injure the United States.” Others considered the treaty a sellout to imperialism that simply
exchange one set of colonial rulers for another.
Some ethnic groups objected to the treaty
because the new national boundaries it established did not satisfy their particular demands for
self-determination. For example. before the war many Poles had been under German rule.; Now many
Germans were under Polish rule. Furthermore, Wilson hadn’t tried to obtain Ireland’s
independence from Great Britain.
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56.
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When Wilson returned to the United States
a. | he found most Americans in agreement with the Treaty of Versailles | c. | most Americans
willing to trust his judgement | b. | a great deal of opposition to the Treaty of
Versailles | d. | most Americans
were unconcerned about the Treaty of Versailles |
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57.
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Ethnic groups in the U.S., such as the Poles and Germans,
a. | Were very concerned about the fate of their people in Europe | c. | Were embarrassed
about the way their native countries behaved in Europe | b. | Were unconcerned about
Europe | d. | hated each
other |
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Debate over the league of Nations
The main domestic opposition however,
centered on the issue of the League of Nations.A few opponents believed that the League threatened
the U.S . foreign policy which said we should stay clear of European entanglements.
Conservative senators, headed by Henry Cabot Lodge, were suspicious of the provision for joint
economic and military action against aggression, even though it was voluntary. They wanted the
constitutional right of Congress to declare war also included in the treaty.
Wilson could have
smothered these concerns if he had chosen the membership of the American delegation more carefully
None was a senator, although the Senate would have to ratify the peace treaty.
Also, if
Wilson had been more willing to accept a compromise on the League, it is quite likely that the Senate
would have approved the treaty. Wilson, however, was exhausted from his efforts at Versailles . As a
result, he became more cold, aloof, and rigid than ever.
Realizing that the Senate might not
approve the treaty, Wilson decided to appeal directly to the people . Despite warnings from friends
and doctors that his health was fragile, he set out in September 1919 on an 8,000-mile tour. He
delivered 35 speeches in 22 days, explaining why the United States should join the League of Nations.
On October 2, he collapsed and was rushed back to the White House . Wilson had suffered a stroke (a
blood clot in the brain) and lay partially paralyzed for more than two months . He could not even
meet with his cabinet, and his once-powerful voice was no more than a thick whisper
When the
treaty came up for a vote in the Senate in November 1919, Senator Lodge introduced a number of
amendments. Lodge and a large group of senators feared that U.S. membership in the League would force
the United States to form its foreign policy in accord with other members of the League . Most
Americans opposed such limitations on American action . Although the Senate rejected the amendments,
it also failed to ratify the treaty. Wilson, however, refused to compromise with Lodge and
other senators over their reservations about the League . "I will not play for position," I
cannot stand retreat from conscientious duty." The treaty came up again in March 1920. The
Senate again rejected the Lodge amendments and again failed to muster enough votes for ratification
.
The United States finally signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921, after Wilson was no
longer president. The United States never joined the League of Nations, but it maintained an
unofficial observer at League meetings
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58.
|
A large part of the reason the U.S. rejected the League of Nations was due
to
a. | American hatred for Europe | c. | Wilson’s
wife | b. | poor planning on the part of Wilson and lack of leadership | d. | the German people in
America |
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59.
|
The main opposition to the League of Nations came from
a. | the House of Representatives who had to ratify it | c. | the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Army,
Navy) | b. | the Senate who had to ratify it | d. | the business
community |
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60.
|
The main concern that Americans had about the League of Nations was that the
U.S. might
a. | take away American sovereignty | c. | take away America’s
colonies | b. | make Europe more powerful than the U.S. | d. | make Germany and Japan too
strong |
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The Legacy of the War
In 1923, General Pershing delivered a speech
in which he complained about the aftermath of the war.
Pershing believed that, because the
kaiser's government had censored newspapers during the war, most Germans were unaware that the
Allies had been pushing their soldiers back or that the German General Staff itself had demanded an
end to the war. Many Germans were shocked by the armistice and incensed at the Treaty of
Versailles
To make matters worse, postwar economic conditions-although bad all over
Europe-were especially desperate in Germany. A severe depression developed in 1923, and millions of
workers lost their jobs. The mark, the German currency unit, was nearly worthless. People burned
paper money for fuel and carted baskets of marks with them when they went grocery
shopping
Circumstances in Germany drove many Germans to search for scapegoats . One former
Austrian corporal, Adolf Hitler, blamed German problems on Jews and socialists in the Weimar
Republic, the government in Germany following World War I. In 1933, Hitler and his Nazi Party won
control of the German government and embarked on a militaristic policy that led directly to the
Second World War. In the 1920s, most Americans did not want to be bothered with the future of
Europe . The war had strengthened their desire to stay out of European affairs. Most desired a
"return to normalcy."
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61.
|
World War One was supposed to be the “war to end all wars.” It was a
major cause for
a. | World War Two | d. | all of these | b. | the rise of Adolf Hitler | e. | none of these | c. | the slaughter of the
Jews in Europe |
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|
62.
|
Which statement is true
a. | Both Germany and America were angry about the Treaty of Versailles and wanted to
overturn it | c. | the U.S. wanted to ignored the problems in Europe and get back to
normal | b. | Germany learned to ignore the Treaty of Versailles | d. | the U.S. realized that World War Two was coming
and worked to avert it |
|
Matching
|
|
|
a. | Central Powers | n. | Archduke Franz Ferdinand | b. | Espionage and
Sedition Acts | o. | Eddie
Rickenbacker | c. | Selective Service Act | p. | Allies | d. | Alvin York | q. | Treaty of Versailles | e. | war-guilt clause
| r. | convoy system
| f. | militarism | s. | conscientious objector | g. | reparations | t. | mechanized warfare | h. | Bernard M. Baruch
| u. | League of Nations
| i. | War Industries Board (WIB) | v. | no man’s land | j. | Zimmermann note | w. | Fourteen Points | k. | George Creel
| x. | Lusitania
| l. | Henry Cabot Lodge | y. | Great Migration | m. | trench warfare |
|
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63.
|
British passenger ship attacked and sunk by Germans
|
|
64.
|
Building up armed forces to prepare for war
|
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65.
|
A person who believes fighting is wrong and therefore does not want to serve in
the military
|
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66.
|
An international peace-keeping organization proposed by Wilson and founded in
1920
|
|
67.
|
Part of the Treaty of Versailles in which Germany took responsibility for the
war
|
|
68.
|
Fighting between fortified ditches
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|
69.
|
Message proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico
|
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70.
|
Conservative senator who wanted to keep the United States out of the League of
Nations
|
|
71.
|
Wilson’s plan for world peace following World War I
|
|
72.
|
Law requiring men to register for military service
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|
73.
|
The 1919 treaty that ended World War I
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|
74.
|
American war hero
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|
75.
|
Fighting based on machines like tanks and planes
|
|
76.
|
One side in World War I: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman
Empire
|
|
77.
|
Laws that enacted harsh penalties against anyone opposing U.S.
participation in World War I
|
|
78.
|
Movement of many African Americans to northern cities from the South in the
early 1900s
|
|
79.
|
One side in World War I: Great Britain, France, and Russia, later joined by the
U.S.
|
|
80.
|
Leader of the War Industries Board
|
|
81.
|
The space between armies fighting each other
|
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82.
|
Agency to improve efficiency in war-related industries
|
|
83.
|
Payments made by defeated countries after a war
|
|
84.
|
Young man whose assassination triggered the war
|
|
85.
|
Famous American fighter pilot
|
|
86.
|
Having merchant ships travel in groups protected by warships
|
|
87.
|
Head of the Committee on Public Information (CPI), the government’s
propaganda agency
|