HIS CW-3 MARSHALL PLAN

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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The Marshall Plan 1947 - 1952
With hunger and discontent plaguing postwar Europe, the U.S. proposes an aid program to rebuild the ruined continent.
But the Marshall Plan also solidifies the deep ideological differences between East and West
POSTWAR EUROPE

	The events that brought about the *Marshall Plan* were spurred on by a combination of man-made and natural disasters. Immediately following World War II, much of Europe was in chaos. Millions of refugees roam the continent, some attempting to return home after the war, others fleeing westward, away from *Soviet* domination. Governments lie toppled, national economies remain in ruin.

Meanwhile, the harvest of 1946 is poor, and the winter of '46-47 is one of the worst in memory. The strife leads many in Western Europe to consider communism as an end to the hard life and injustices they suffer.

What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?

a.	Help Europe get back on its feet and prevent mass starvation	c.	Help prevent starvation in the Soviet Union
b.	Equip an army to confront the Russians	d.	Help to rebuild Eastern Europe and prevent starvation

How did World War II leave Europe?

a.	revitalized	c.	wealthy
b.	inspired	d.	devastated

The passage suggests that there was a danger that an economically devistatedd Europe with a starving population might

a.	turn to Capitalism	c.	turn to Hitler again
b.	turn to Communism	d.	become challenge U.S. economic power

Who were the refugees trying to escape from in Europe?

a.	The Nazi’s	c.	The Russians
b.	The Americans	d.	Great Britain

Who suffered most in Europe after World War II?

a.	The Soviet Military	c.	The civilian population
b.	The British and Americans	d.	The Communist Party members

President Harry Truman

TRUMAN DOCTRINE
After decades as a global power, Britain finds itself unable to cope with the growing postwar crisis on the European continent. England is exhausted by World War II, London wants to hold on to its traditional, imperial role. But the winter of 1946-47 brings an end to Britain's longtime status as a main player in world politics.
In February 1947, Britain informs the United States that London is ending aid to Greece and Turkey. U.S. President Harry Truman then seizes the moment. At a joint session of Congress, Truman successfully persuades lawmakers to authorize $400 million in aid for Turkey and Greece.
During that speech, he also establishes the Truman Doctrine -- a clear distinction between the capitalist and communist worlds.

Why was the President Truman so concerned about Greece and Turkey. Why did he feel he needed to give them aid?

a.	They were allies of the U.S. in both world wars.	c.	Truman wanted to build them up so the U.S. could trade with them.
b.	Truman’s family was Turkish	d.	Truman was afraid they might turn Communist.

What did Truman do that made the differences between Soviet totalitarianism and the Western democracies clear?

a.	Sent aid to Turkey and France	c.	Established the Truman Doctrine
b.	Sent aid to Greece and Turkey	d.	Held the Yalta Conference

George Marshall

GEORGE MARSHALL
Truman turns to his secretary of state, George Marshall, to put Europe back on its feet economically. Marshall had been famous for his logistical skills while U.S. Army chief of staff during the war. (logistical skill means the ability to get supplies for the troops)
Marshall meets with others from the so-called "Big Four" in Moscow, in an attempt to determine the future of then-occupied Germany. But the talks go nowhere. The Big Four were the U.S., England, France and the Soviet Union

Why did Truman pick Marshall to help feed the people of Europe?

a.	He had experience at supplying the troops in World War II	c.	He was a farmer in civilian life
b.	He was a Democrat	d.	He was a Republican

From the passage, how can you tell that George Marshall tried to “reach out” to the Soviet Union?

a.	He went to Moscow for talks	c.	He was an anti-capitalist
b.	He offered aid to Turkey and Greece	d.	He was an anti-communist

THE PLAN

Marshall formally announces what will become known as the European Recovery Program during a ceremony at Harvard University. The Marshall Plan offers billions of dollars in U.S. aid to European countries -- including those under Soviet occupation.
Soviet spies in London keep Moscow up to date on the Marshall Plan, which the Kremlin views with growing suspicion. Stalin orders his foreign minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, to pull out of a Paris conference designed to frame Europe's response to the Marshall Plan

Marshall formally announces what will become known as the European Recovery Program during a ceremony at Harvard University. The Marshall Plan offers billions of dollars in U.S. aid to European countries -- including those under Soviet occupation.
Soviet spies in London keep Moscow up to date on the Marshall Plan, which the Kremlin views with growing suspicion. Stalin orders his foreign minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, to pull out of a Paris conference designed to frame Europe's response to the Marshall Plan.
As Molotov leaves Paris, he accuses the West of working to divide Europe into two hostile camps. In fact, Czechoslovakia considers attending the Paris conference on the Marshall Plan -- only to be told in no uncertain terms that Moscow is against it.

10.

Which statement below is true about the Marshall Plan?

a.	If offered aid to Western, but not Eastern, Europe	c.	It was a conspiracy buy the big oil companies in the U.S. to control Iraq oil
b.	If offered aid to Western and Eastern Europe	d.	If offered food but not economic aid

11.

From the reading passage, how can you tell that the Soviets had established a dictatorship over Easter Europe?

a.	The Soviets spied on the U.S.	c.	The soviets would not talk to the Eastern European countries
b.	The Soviets were cruel to Germany	d.	The Soviets ordered Czechoslovakia not to attend the Marshall Plan Conference

12.

How did the Soviets react to the Marshall Plan?

a.	They wanted it to succeed	c.	They were suspicious of it and thought it would make Europeans feel they owed something to the U.S.
b.	They preferred to work through the U.N.	d.	They liked the plan but did not like Marshall

Communist COUP (A coup is the overthrow of a government.)
In September 1947, as the Marshall Plan gets under way, the Soviets set up the Cominform, the Communist Information Bureau. They also establish Comecon, the Warsaw Pact's version of an economic trading bloc. The Warsaw Pact was an alliance of Eastern European countries into a single military force.
But these new ties among European communists mean an end to Eastern European hopes for any kind of freedom under Soviet domination. That reality is driven home in February 1948 -- when a communist coup topples the government of Czechoslovakia.

13.

What was the Warsaw Pact?

a.	An economic development group based in Warsaw Poland	c.	A polish group organized to fight Communism
b.	A Communist Eastern European army	d.	An organization started in Warsaw Poland for distributing food from the Marshall Plan

AID TO EUROPE
Just weeks after the communist coup in Czechoslovakia, the U.S. Congress approves the first $5 billion in Marshall Plan aid. Twenty percent of the aid is in loans, 80 percent in grants. (a grant is money given away for free) The first shipments are food and fertilizer, followed by machinery.
In the four years of the plan, the Marshall agency spends $13.5 billion in 16 countries. In turn, Europe's purchase of U.S. goods and machinery brings many Marshall Plan dollars back into the American economy, fueling a postwar boom.
One of the European countries most desperate for aid is Greece -- devastated by years of Nazi occupation and civil war. One novel and successful program sent big U.S. mules to Greek farmers

14.

The first aid to Europe under the Marshall plan was designed to

a.	promote the economy of Europe	c.	help the Greek and Turkish army
b.	feed the starving people	d.	establish a military challenge to the Soviet Union

15.

The Marshall Plan shows that America is

a.	uncaring and cruel	c.	only concerned about itself
b.	concerned first about its military	d.	a kind, generous and caring nation.

16.

A majority of the aid to Europe under the Marshall plan was

a.	donated to the Europeans	c.	in the form of heavy machinery
b.	loaned to the Europeans	d.	in loans to farmers

FEAR AND RESPONSE
There were groups and individuals living in Western Europe and the United States who supported the Soviet Union. The Communists had the ability to call out these groups to strike and demonstrate whenever they needed them. These groups were called, “Communist Front organizations.” For example, in the 1930’s these front organizations demonstrated against Nazi Germany. As soon as Germany and Russia signed the non-aggression pact, the demonstrations switched in favor of Nazi Germany.

	The Soviet Union urges its communist colleagues in Western Europe to take action against the Marshall Plan. In response, a series of strikes and demonstrations sweep through Italy and France. Threats by the United States to withdraw Marshall Plan aid have an impact, though, and the strikes eventually fail. What does the cartoon on the left mean???

Fears that Italy's Communist Party would win the 1948 elections bring about a propaganda campaign in the United States, as well as a campaign of covert operations from the newly formed CIA. Following the Christian Democrats' victory in Italy, Washington unleashes a wave of aid, reviving the Italian economy. Meanwhile, Yugoslavia under Marshal Tito breaks with Moscow after several years of uneasy alliance. Those nations that remain behind the Iron Curtain would continue to live in subjugation until the late 1980’s.

17.

Why did the Communists want the Marshall plan to fail?

a.	The Marshall Plan showed that the West was concerned about the common people.	c.	The Marshall Plan made the Communists look bad.
b.	The Marshall Plan helped to create “stability” in Europe.	d.	All of these are reasons the Communists wanted the Marshall plan to fail.

18.

When the people of Italy were given a chance to vote for Communism or a Western Style free government in 1948. What did they do?

a.	Voted to elect a Communist Government	c.	Elected the Christian Democrats
b.	Elected a Fascist style state	d.	Refused to vote at all.