HIS CW-15 CHINA

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HIS CW-15 CHINA

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The emergence of the People's Republic of China signals a new and dangerous phase in the Cold War. But later on (through the efforts of Richard Nixon), a split between Moscow and Beijing opens the door for a change in U.S.-Chinese relations.
A NEW CHINA
For many years the United States and China had been allies. Americans felt a special bond to the Chinese people. It was because of Japan’s invasion of Chinese Manchuria that the U.S. placed an embargo on Japan, leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor. In dismay, America watched its former ally become its enemy.
In 1949, the People's Liberation Army arrived in Beijing -- celebrating a communist victory and the end of their decades-long civil war against the Nationalists. Led by Mao Tse-tung, the communists establish the People's Republic of China. The U.S. government, which had considered China among its allies in Asia, is devastated by the "loss" of China to the communists.

Mao and Stalin

Exhausted by the long war, Mao needed external help for China's reconstruction. One of his first acts is to visit Moscow, seeking military protection and economic aid. Mao wanted to conclude a Chinese-Soviet friendship treaty with Stalin -- but the two leaders remained wary of each other. After several months of negotiation, the Chinese and the Soviets signed a mutual defense treaty -- which also guaranteed aid for China. For Stalin it was proof that communism was the wave of the future. The largest nation in the world was now communist.

What is the largest communist nation in the world?

a.	China	c.	Soviet Union
b.	Russia	d.	Eastern Europe (including East Germany)

Who were the communists fighting in the civil war in China?

a.	The Socialists	c.	The nationalists
b.	The Capitalists	d.	The democrats

What did Mao need from Stalin?

a.	military protection	c.	military protection and economic aid
b.	economic aid	d.	military aid and economic protection

Why did the U.S. place an embargo on Japan in the 1930’s

a.	Japan invaded Chinese Manchuria	c.	Japan was selling too many cars in the U.S.
b.	Japan invaded Korea	d.	Japan was trying to control the TV business.

REFORM/WAR
China's new rulers embarked on radical land reforms. Land was taken from private owners and handed to the peasants. Former landowners were denounced and humiliated. One million people lost their lives. Later the land was taken from the peasants and turned over to the communist government.

Former land owners put on trial

In 1950 North Korea -- with Soviet and Chinese backing -- attacked South Korea. Forces under a U.S.-led United Nations command pushed the North Korean invaders back to the Chinese border. China feared an attack on its own territory -- and sent more than 1 million troops across the border into Korea. More than 500,000 Chinese were killed in the Korean conflict

After the communists took over in China, land was taken from the former owners and given to the peasants. This was called

a.	commune farming	c.	land reform
b.	proletariat farming	d.	peasant power

Who, eventually, controlled all of the land in China?

a.	The former owners	c.	The capitalists
b.	The peasants	d.	The government

Which countries supported North Korea’s attack on South Korea?

a.	The Soviets	c.	The Soviets and the Chinese
b.	The Chinese	d.	The Soviets, Chinese and Vietcong

Why did China attack the U.N forces in Korea

a.	They did not like the U.N.	c.	They wanted to use Korea as a staging area to attack Japan
b.	They wanted to make sure North Korea stayed communist	d.	They wanted a unified Korea

China shares a border with

a.	South Korea	c.	The United Nations
b.	North Korea	d.	Japan

TENSIONS
Stalin's death in 1953 had a deep impact in China. Despite Mao's misgivings, he had long respected Stalin's iron authority. Nikita Khrushchev soon emerged from the Kremlin power struggle as the new Soviet leader and Mao was not sure he was a powerful leader.. Khrushchev and his Politburo visited China to maintain the Beijing-Moscow alliance -- a move that made the new Eisenhower administration in Washington increasingly anxious. As part of its policy to contain communism, the United States financed a military buildup on Taiwan -- home for the Chinese Nationalists.
But Mao did not give way to the American show of strength. His forces shelled the Nationalist-held islands of Quemoy and Matsu in the Taiwan Straits.

The U.S. sent its fleet to patrol the Taiwan Straits and also to send a message to Communist China that it had better not invade Taiwan. Mr. Schneemann was in the Taiwan straits during the shelling so China backed off.

The rising U.S.-Chinese tensions concerned Khrushchev -- who told Beijing that war with imperialism was no longer inevitable.

10.

What is the capital of the Soviet Union

a.	Beijing	c.	Stalingrad
b.	Moscow	d.	Taipei

11.

What is the capital of China?

a.	Beijing	c.	Moscow
b.	Taiwan	d.	Kaoshung

12.

A body of water between two land masses is called

a.	an island	c.	a straight
b.	an inland sea	d.	a gulf

13.

What was the Beijing-Moscow alliance?

a.	An alliance between Taiwan and Moscow	c.	An alliance between China and Russia
b.	An alliance between China and Taiwan	d.	An alliance between the Soviets and Asia

14.

Who were the Chinese Nationalists?

a.	They fought against the communists in the China civil war	c.	They were the Chinese communists
b.	They fought against China in the Korean war.	d.	They were allies of the Soviet Union and that is why Mao was nervous about them.

15.

Taiwan used to be called Formosa. Who controlled Taiwan in the 50’s and still does today?

a.	The Chinese Communists	c.	The North Koreans
b.	The Chinese Nationalists	d.	The U.S. and Japan

16.

Who was president of the U.S. when Stalin died in 1953?

a.	Kennedy	c.	Eisenhower
b.	Truman	d.	Nixon

SPLIT
Khrushchev's attempts to steer the U.S.S.R. away from its Stalinist past -- and his denunciation of Stalin as a criminal -- alarmed Mao, who took such actions as a threat to his own style of leadership. China, meanwhile, was chafing over Soviet attempts to control the Beijing government. In the late 1950s, Khrushchev visited China at least twice to renew Soviet support.
China and the Soviet Union share a very long border. China had long considered parts of Russian Siberia to be part of China. Both China and Russia had large numbers of troops stationed on their borders and there were minor conflicts from time to time.
But China's relations were already strained with its declared "big brother," and the Soviet leader could find no common ground with Chinese officials. Khrushchev, who had recently visited the United States, was accused by the Chinese of being an American stooge. Soon afterward, Soviet advisers were withdrawn from China. The struggle for pre-eminence in the communist world was now out in the open.

17.

Soon after coming to power, Khrushchev made a speech called, “Crimes of the Stalin Era,” in which he condemned Stalin for his brutal policies. Why would this alarm Mao Tsi Tung, the leader of China.

a.	Mao was a friend of Stalin	c.	Mao wanted China to become part of Russia
b.	Mao helped Stalin with his purges in Russia	d.	Mao behaved similar to Stalin and thought Khrushchev might come after him next

18.

How did Mao feel about Soviet attempts to control his nation?

a.	He resented it	c.	He welcomed it because he believed that the Russians were smarter than the Chinese
b.	He welcomed it because China had many problems that Mao could not solve	d.	He ignored it

19.

Why did Mao call Khrushchev a “U.S. stooge?”

a.	Khrushchev visited the U.S.	c.	Khrushchev became a capitalist
b.	Khrushchev took down the Berlin wall at America’s request	d.	Khrushchev gave up his idea of Soviet domination of Eastern Europe

20.

Even though there were problems between the Soviets and China, they were still communist and united in there desire to make the entire world communist.

true

false

FAMINE/REVOLUTION
In 1958, Mao had thought up a new policy -- the Great Leap Forward -- a grandiose plan to transform China into a rich world power. Mao's method was a more extreme version of Stalin's brutal collectivization of the 1930s. People were told to produce steel in backyard furnaces. Crops were left to rot. Scientific knowledge and common sense were ignored. No one dared to tell the truth for fear of arrest -- or worse. Peasants' food was taken from them to make up bogus quotas. The result was one of the worst man-made disasters in history. More than 30 million people starved to death.
By 1966, haunted by the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao was fighting to maintain his domination in China. He launched the Great Cultural Revolution. Millions of young people were recruited into Mao's Red Guards. Their idealism was exploited to create mayhem and destroy every vestige of the past. The upheaval of the Cultural Revolution coincided with escalating tensions between China and the U.S.S.R. -- including a series of military clashes along the Chinese-Soviet border.

The Cultural Revolution and the young Red Guard intended to purify China rid itself of capitalist tendencies

21.

Mao’s, “Great Leap Forward” can be characterized as

a.	a small failure	c.	a disaster for China
b.	a break even policy for China	d.	a moderate success

22.

When the leadership of the Mao government was threatened, how did they react?

a.	they called out the Chinese military to suppress revolt against the Mao government	c.	They looked for ways to reform the culture and make it more open and democratic.
b.	they mobilized the young people into a cultural revolution that persecuted everyone who did not support Mao	d.	They turned away from the Soviets and toward capitalism.

23.

Who were the Red Guards”

a.	young people who supported Mao	c.	military people who were against Mao
b.	intellectuals and scientists who supported Mao	d.	young people who condemned Mao

PINGPONG DIPLOMACY
Mao, fearful of Moscow's belligerence, decided he wanted better relations with the United States. The new U.S. President, Richard Nixon, was a lifelong anti-communist. But Nixon, wanting to limit Soviet power and end the Vietnam War, drew closer to China. The first sign of a thaw in U.S.-Chinese relations came in 1971 -- when a U.S. table tennis team, playing in Japan, was suddenly invited to China.
For years there had been no contact between China and the U.S. To most Americans, China was a mysterious communist nation that we had to fear. When China invited the U.S. ping pong team to compete in China most Americans welcomed the thaw in relations.
The so-called "pingpong diplomacy" led to more breakthroughs -- culminating with Nixon's historic trip to China in February 1972. The visit was mostly symbolic -- formal diplomatic relations were not restored until 1979 -- but it helped reduce tensions between the two nations and brought new pressure on a shared rival: the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union was now afraid that China might align itself with the U.S. against Russia. Because Nixon had been such a strong anti-communist, people trusted him and believed that communist China could not take advantage of him. Most historians agree that Nixon was a genius in foreign affairs and his visit to China was the beginning of the end of the cold war.

Pingpong Diplomacy Resulted in Nixon’s Visits to China

24.

There is a famous saying, “Only Nixon Could Go To China.” What does that ;phrase mean.

a.	The Chinese did not trust Democrats	c.	Since Nixon had the reputation of being an anti-communist, the American people trusted him to deal with China.
b.	Nixon was not very bright so the Chinese communists trusted him	d.	Nixon was president when the ping pong team was invited to China

25.

Nixon and his National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, caused the split between the Soviets and China to grow wider. This split had the effect of drawing China and the Soviets closer to the United States. After 1972 China looked to the U.S. as _____ Russia.

a.	an enemy of Russia	c.	an allie of
b.	a balance against	d.	the leader of

Problem

26.

Explain how President Nixon’s trip to China effected the U.S., China and the Soviet Union.