HIS CH 6-1 INDUSTRIALISM

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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Natural Resources Fuel Industrialization

After the Civil War, the United States was still largely an agricultural nation. By the 1920s-a mere 60 years later-it had become the leading industrial power in the world. This immense industrial boom was due to three major factors: a wealth of natural resources, an explosion of inventions, and a growing urban population that provided markets for new products.

What happened between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the 1920’s

a.	The U.S. went from being an industrial country to an agricultural country	c.	The U.S. went from being a minor agricultural country to a major farming country
b.	The U.S. became a rural country.	d.	The U.S. went from being a farming country to an industrial country.

Which of the following is not a reason for the U.S. industrial boom.

a.	the growth of agriculture	c.	natural resources
b.	the growth of the cities	d.	new inventions

BLACK GOLD

Crude oil is a product that comes naturally from the earth. It can be used for fuel, lubrication and many other products. Though eastern Native American tribes had made fuel and medicine from crude oil long before Europeans arrived on the continent, they lacked the knowledge or expertise to develop it into an industrial product. In 1840 the Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner realized that kerosene could be used to light lamps and discovered how to distill it from oil or coal. It wasn't until 1859, however, when Edwin L. Drake successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania, that removing it from beneath the earth's surface became practical. This breakthrough started an oil boom that spread to Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. Petroleum-refining industries arose in Cleveland and Pittsburgh as entrepreneurs rushed to transform the oil into kerosene.

Gasoline, a byproduct of the refining process, originally was thrown away. But after the automobile became popular, gasoline became the most important form of oil.

Oil has many uses. What motivated the oil boom after it became practical to extract it from the earth?

a.	The use of oil for in making medicines	c.	The Drake system for extracting oil from the earth
b.	The use of oil for lighting and later for gasoline	d.	The use of oil by the Indians

What does the term, “Black Gold,” suggest?

a.	Oil can be extracted from the earth just as gold is.	c.	Some thought oil could be refined into gold nuggets
b.	The oil is black before it is refined	d.	Oil is valuable

BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS

Oil was not the only natural resource that was plentiful in the United States. There were also abundant deposits of coal and iron to make steel. In 1887, prospectors discovered iron ore deposits more than 100 miles long and up to 3 miles wide in the Mesabi Range of Minnesota. At the same time, coal production was skyrocketing-from 33 million tons in 1870 to more than 250 million tons in 1900.

As early as the 1600’s American settlers had been producing iron and shaping into a wide range or products. Iron is a strong metal, but it is heavy and tends to break and rust. It also generally contains other elements, such as carbon. Removing the carbon from iron produces a lighter, more flexible, rust-resistant metal-steel. The raw materials needed to make steel were readily available; all that was needed was a cheap and efficient manufacturing process.

The Bessemer process, developed independently by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and the American iron maker William Kelly around 1850, soon became widely used. This technique involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and transform it into steel. By 1880, manufacturers were using the new method to produce more than 90 percent of the nation's steel. In this age of rapid change and innovation, even the successful Bessemer process was bettered by 1886. It was eventually replaced by the open-hearth process, with which manufacturers could produce quality steel from scrap metal as well as from raw materials.

What is the Bessemer process?

a.	A method of changing iron into steel by injecting oxygen into the molten iron.	c.	A way of converting steel into iron bars
b.	A way of extracting iron ore from the earth	d.	A way of using oil to refine iron ore.

The above passage shows that American entrepreneurial business people are good at using natural resources and science to create industries that will make products that improve people’s lives.

true

false

What is the main idea of the passage above?

a.	Steel is better than iron	c.	The Bessemer process made steel production practical
b.	Steel has more uses than iron	d.	America has abundant iron ore resources

NEW USES FOR STEEL

The railroads, with their thousands of miles of track, became the biggest customers for steel, but inventors soon found additional uses for it. Joseph Glidden's barbed wire and McCormick's and Deere's farm machines helped transform the plains into the food producer of the nation. Steel changed the face of the country as well, as it made innovative construction possible. One of the most remarkable structures was the Brooklyn Bridge. Completed in 1883, it spanned 1,595 feet of the East River in New York City. Its steel cables were supported by towers higher than any man-made structure except the pyramids of Egypt. Like those ancient marvels, the completed bridge was called a wonder of the world. Nonetheless, many people were skeptical about its structural soundness. P. T. Barnum-the flamboyant showman-helped dispel their doubts when he drove a herd of elephants across the bridge.

At about this time, setting the stage for a new era of expansion upward as well as outward, William Le Baron Jenney designed the first skyscraper with a steel frame-the Ilome Insurance Building in Chicago. Before Jenney had his pioneering idea, the weight of buildings was supported entirely by their walls. This meant that the taller the building, the thicker the walls had to be, so the height was limited. Witli a steel frame to support the building, however, architects could build as high as they wanted. As structures soared into the air, not even the sky seemed to limit what Americans could achieve

What is the main idea of the passage above?

a.	Steel has limited uses	c.	B.T. Barnum helped to prove that steel could be used to make bridges
b.	Steel helped to transform America into an industrial world power.	d.	Steel had many uses in urban America but few uses in rural parts of the country.

How did steel effect the building industry in America?

a.	all are true	c.	it allowed buildings to be taller
b.	It allowed stronger buildings	d.	it made sky scrapers possible.

Inventions Promote Change

By capitalizing on natural resources and their own ingenuity, inventors changed more than the physical shape of life. Their inventions affected the very way people lived and worked.

THE POWER OF ELECTRICITY

In 1876, Thomas Alva Edison became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when lie established the world's first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb there and followed up his invention with an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power. Another inventor, George Westinghouse, added innovations that made electricity safer and less expensive. Edison's company established power plants across the country, while Westinghouse encouraged scientists to create applications for the new source of energy. The harnessing of electricity completely changed the nature of business in America. By 189'0, electric power ran numerous machines, ranging from fans to printing presses. This inexpensive, convenient source of energy soon became available in homes and spurred the invention of increasing numbers of appliances. Electric streetcars made travel cheap and efficient and also promoted the outward spread of cities. More important, electricity allowed manufacturers to locate their plants wherever they wanted-not just near sources of power. This enabled industry to grow as never before. Huge operations, such as the meat packing plants of Armour and Swift, and the efficient processes that they used became the models for new consumer industries.

Thomas Edison and the electric light

The first phonograph

10.

Why was electricity important to business and industry?

a.	It was a cheap source of power	c.	It allowed factories to be located close to the source of the electricity, generated by rivers and dams
b.	It was important to the development of the railroads	d.	It helped to control labor unions

11.

When we think about the uses of electricity, what modern invention is most like electricity.

a.	the plow	c.	the computer
b.	the modern farm	d.	the microwave oven

12.

Which two men were important to the development of electricity in the late 1800”s

a.	George Pullman and JP Morgan	c.	none of these men were important
b.	Bessimer and Drake	d.	Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse

NEW PRODUCTS AND LIFESTYLES

The country's expanding urban population provided a potential market for new inventions and products. What people may not have foreseen, however, is how much their everyday lives would change as a result of the innovations of the industrial age. Inventions such as the typewriter and the telephone particularly affected office work and opened up new jobs for women. Although women made up less than 5 percent of all office workers in 1870, by 1910 they accounted for nearly 40 percent of the clerical work force. Most of these approximately 500,000 working women were single, white, native-born, and between 15 and 24.

New inventions also had a tremendous impact on factory work, as well as on jobs that traditionally had been done at home. Whereas most women had previously hand-sewn their families clothes, for example, the invention of the sewing machine created a demand for professional garment workers. These laborers-men, women, and children-worked long hours, often under unhealthy conditions.

Although machinery freed other factory workers from backbreaking labor, many, realizing that they were easily replaceable, felt a loss of self-worth and pride. While some workers lost power in the workplace as a result of industrialization, they gained some power back as consumers in the marketplace. New industries arose to advertise and promote consumer goods. Companies like American Tobacco, for example, offered trading cards, premiums, and prizes with their products. The consumer had become an important new force in American business. Overall, industrialization contributed to an improved standard of living. By 1890, the average workweek had been reduced by about ten hours. Goods such as phonographs, bicycles, and cameras provided new opportunities for recreation. Industrialization changed American society forever.

13.

Which statement below is true?

a.	The new inventions and products changed the lives of people in the country more than the cities	c.	The new inventions and products changed American culture and society
b.	The new inventions and products changed made life harder for the average citizen	d.	The new inventions and products had little effect on the lives of average Americans

14.

The new products and industries gave factory workers a new sense of pride and dignity about the work that they did.

true

false

15.

American workers got little benefit from the industrialization of America

true

false

16.

What is the main idea of the passage above?

a.	Industrialization caused basic changes in American life and society	c.	Industrialization was detrimental to life in America
b.	Industrialization benefited the rich but did not change the way ordinary Americans lived.	d.	Industrialization had little effect on American culture

Matching

Edison's incandescent light bulb, patented in 1880, was only one of several revolutionary developments. Another upheaval in the workplace took place after Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter in 1867 and James Densmore improved and marketed it in 1873. Next to the light bulb, however, perhaps the most dramatic invention was the telephone, unveiled by Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson in 1876. Although coast-to-coast phone service did not begin until 1915 and was initially slow and expensive, this invention laid the groundwork for a worldwide communications network

a.	telephone	e.	James Densmore
b.	Alexander Bell and Thomas Watson	f.	George Westinghouse
c.	Christopher Sholes	g.	Andrew Carnegie
d.	Thomas Edison

17.

invented the light bulb

18.

invented the typewriter

19.

improved and sold the typewriter

20.

Invented the telephone

21.

laid the groundwork for worldwide communications network